a small circle above the letter. it is used to signify the absence of a vowel, for example: بنْت...

Vowels, Diphthongs, NunationStress, Abbreviations and

Alphabet as Numbers.

Vowels

There are 6 vowels

The three long vowel sounds in Arabic

represented by three letters:

..

3 Long vowels

The three short vowel sounds in Arabic are represented using symbols .

3 short vowels

Small diagonal stroke above the

consonant.

It is natural a

vowel sound e.g. nun , woman

Small diagonal stroke below the

consonant.Similar to the sound of the

middle of word

did

above the letter واوWritten like a miniature

And pronounced like the u in bull.

A small circle above the letter.It is used to signify the absence of

a vowel, for example:

كن بن NOTتوE

Short vowels can be lengthened by adding a long vowel to them:

كات�بكتب

how many long syllables and short syllables are in each of the following words

ح�د�يق�ة

�شج�ار أ

ود و�ر�

Diphthongs

A diphthong is a combination of two vowel sound occurring next to each other within the same syllable.

2 Diphthongs in Arabic

ayبيت

aw

يوم

Nunation

-Nutation is found at the end of nouns and adjectives when

They are indefinite.. جميلة� : فتاة� مثال

-It is indicated using a doubled vowel sign.

Sound Un

Sound in

Sound an

NOTE

When the fatha is doubled, the letter alif is add except for four cases:

جميلة ) - و حمزة و فاطمة المربوطة بالتاء الكلمة تنتهي)

-) عصاوفتى ) مقصورة أو بألفقائمة الكلمة تنتهيمبتدأ ) (- قطع بهمزة الكلمة تنتهيبألف - مسبوقة السطر على بهمزة الكلمة تنتهي

فناء ) ( و سماء ممدودة

Stress

The Arabic language is a language of syllable length

NOT stress.

While reading Arabic all syllables should be given their full length, but no effort should be made to emphasize any syllable at the expense of the other. The result will sound as if some syllable are stronger than others, but this is because of their length .

Abbreviations

As in English language, some abbreviations

are used in the Arabic language such as:

Abbreviation in English

Abbreviation in Arabic

Full word

m م متر

kg كغ كيلوغرام

cm سم سنتيمتر

The AlphabetAs numbers

The letters of the Arabic alphabet are sometimes used for

numbering. The order followed is found in the following line :

Roman Numerals

the Roman numbers have different shapes, and also have

different ways to calculation and knowing a certain number

1 I

5 V

10 X

The main numbers

English numbers

Roman numbers

We can find the rest of numbers by adding and subtracting the main numbers with

each others

1+1 I+I 2= = II

And the same way with number

3

But from number 4 until number 8, there are two different ways to knowing them:

IV1 -if the number I in the left side of number V that means

subtract number one from number five, and the total is number four .

_

2 -if the number I in the right side of number V that means add number one to number five, and the total is number six .

VI+

We use the same ways with the numbers from 9 until 12 , but we will replace number V with number X ( because the English numbers are increasing and also the roman numbers will be increased )

=9_IX XI

+

=11

The Roman numbers