© 2014 pearson education, inc. global ecology landscape ecology ecosystem ecology community ecology...
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Global ecology
Landscape ecology
Ecosystem ecology
Community ecology
Population ecology
Organismal ecology
1
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atmosphere
Low angle of incoming sunlight
Sun overhead at equinoxes
Low angle of incoming sunlight
Latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity
90S (South Pole)
0 (Equator)
23.5S (Tropic of Capricorn)
90N (North Pole)
23.5N (Tropic of Cancer)
2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Global air circulation and precipitation patterns
30N
Northeast trades
66.5N (Arctic Circle)
30S
60S
Southeast trades
Westerlies
0
66.5S (Antarctic Circle)
30N
60N
Westerlies
Ascendingmoist airreleases moisture.
0
Descendingdry airabsorbs moisture.
3
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Constant tiltof 23.5
June solstice30N
December solstice
September equinox
60N
0 (equator)30S
March equinox
4
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CaliforniaCurrent
PACIFICOCEAN
Gulf Stream
ATLANTICOCEAN
LabradorCurrent
5
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Mountainrange
Air flow
Ocean
Leeward sideof mountains
6
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Temperate broadleaf forest
30S
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
30NTropic ofCancer
Northern coniferous forest
High mountains
Tundra
Polar ice
Tropical forest
Savanna
Chaparral
Desert
Temperate grassland
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Temperatebroadleafforest
Northernconiferousforest
Annual mean precipitation (cm)
15
Tropical forestDesert Temperate grassland
Arctic andalpinetundraA
nn
ual
mea
n t
emp
erat
ure
(C
)
15
0
0
30
100 200 300 400
8
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A tropical rain forest in Costa Rica
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A savanna in Kenya
10
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Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona
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An area of chaparral in California
12
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A grassland in Mongolia
13
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A coniferous forest in Norway
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A temperate broadleaf forest in New Jersey
15
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Dovrefjell National Park, Norway
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A basin wetland in the United Kingdom
17
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An oligotrophic lake in Alberta, Canada
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A headwater stream in Washington
19
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A rocky intertidal zone on the Oregoncoast
20
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A coral reef in the Red Sea
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Open ocean near Iceland
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A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community
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Zonation in a lake
Littoralzone Limnetic
zone
Pelagiczone
Photiczone
Aphoticzone
Benthiczone
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Chemicalfactors
Why is speciesX absent froman area?
Does dispersallimit its
distribution?
Area inaccessibleor insufficient time
Predation, parasitism,competition, disease
Water, oxygen, salinity,pH, soil nutrients, etc.
Do biotic factors(other species)
limit itsdistribution?
Temperature, light,soil structure, fire,moisture, etc.
Do abiotic factorslimit its
distribution?
Physicalfactors
Yes
No
YesNo
25
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Births andimmigrationadd individuals toa population.
Deaths andemigrationremove individualsfrom a population.
Births
Immigration
Deaths
Emigration
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(a) Clumped
(c) Random(b) Uniform
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1,000
Percentage of maximum life span
III
Nu
mb
er o
f su
rviv
ors
(lo
g s
cale
)
100
10
01
10050
II
I
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
1,000
Number of generations
Po
pu
lati
on
siz
e (N
)
1.0N
100
0 155
2,000
1,500
500
0.5N dt dN
dt dN
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
rmax N dt dN (K − N)
K
K carrying capacity
Number of generations
Po
pu
lati
on
siz
e (N
)
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
1,000
Number of generations
Po
pu
lati
on
siz
e (
N)
1.0N
100
0 155
2,000
1,500
500
1.0N
dt dN
Exponentialgrowth
Population growthbegins slowing here.
K 1,500
dt dN (1,500 N)
1,500
Logistic growth
32
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Dandelions growquickly and releasea large number oftiny fruits.
The Brazil nut tree(above), produces a moderate number oflarge seeds in pods (left).
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When populationdensity is low, b m. Asa result, the populationgrows until the densityreaches Q.
When populationdensity is high, m b, and the populationshrinks until the density reaches Q.
Equilibrium density (Q)
Density-dependentbirth rate (b)
Density-independentdeath rate (m)
Bir
th o
r d
eath
rat
ep
er c
apit
a
Population density
34
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Competition for resources
35
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Predation36
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Disease37
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Toxic wastes 5 m
38
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Territoriality
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Intrinsic factors
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nu
mb
er o
f w
olv
es
Nu
mb
er o
f m
oo
se
Year
Wolves Moose
0
10
20
30
1,000
0
2,500
1,500
500
1955 1985 1995 20051965 1975
2,000
50
40
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