© 2005 pearson education, inc., publishing as pearson longman chapter 5: patterns of organization...

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman

Chapter 5: Patterns of Organization

PowerPoint by JoAnn Yaworski

and Mimi Markus

Bridging the Gap, 8/eBrenda Smith

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman

In this Chapter You Will Learn about:

Transitional words that signal organizational patterns

Different patterns of organization used in textbooks

Combinations of organizational patterns

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What Is a Pattern of Organization?

A pattern of organization is the

presentation of a plan, format, or

structure for the messageServes as blueprintSignals how facts and ideas will be

presented

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Finding Patterns of Organization in Textbooks

Identify the main ideaBe alert to the signal wordsAnticipate the overall pattern of

organizationPlace the major supporting details into

the outline

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Transitional Words

Transition words signalLevels of importanceConnectionsDirections of thoughts

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Signal Words Used as Transitions

Addition: in addition, furthermore, moreover Examples: for example, for instance, to illustrate,

such as Time: first, secondly, finally, last, afterward Comparison: similarly, likewise, in the same

manner Contrast: however, but, nevertheless, whereas,

on the contrary, conversely, in contrast Cause and effect: thus, consequently, therefore,

as a result

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Simple Listing

Items are randomly listed in a series of supporting facts or details

Supporting elements are of equal value The order in which they are presented is of no

importance Changing the order of the items does not change the

meaning of the paragraph Examples of transitional words used for this pattern

are in addition, also, another, several, for example, a number of

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Definition

Concept is defined firstExamples and restatements expand the

conceptDefined term is usually signaled by italicized

or boldfaced type

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Description

Similar to listingCharacteristics are similar to a definition or a simple list of details

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Time Order or Sequence

Items are listed: In the order in which they occurred

(Ex: time order) In a specifically planned order in which they

must develop (Ex: narrative writing, tells a story)

Examples of transition words used are first, second, third, after, before, when, until, at last, next, later

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Contrast

Items are presented according to differences between or among them

Examples of transition words are different, in contrast, on the other hand, but, however, bigger than

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Comparison

Items are presented according to similarities between or among them

Examples of transition words are similar, in the same way, in comparison

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Comparison and Contrast

Combines both comparisons and contrasts together into a single paragraph

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Cause and Effect

An element is shown as producing another element--One is the cause or the “happening”

--The other is the particular result or effect produced by the causeExamples of transition words are for this

reason, consequently, because

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Classification

Used to simplify a complex topic Information is divided into a certain number of

groups or categories The divisions are named The parts are explained Examples of transition words are two divisions,

three groups, four elements, five classes, six levels, seven categories

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Addition

Provides more information to something already explained

Example of transition words are furthermore, again, also, further, moreover, besides, likewise

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Summary

Comes at the end of an article or chapterCondenses the main idea into a short

concluding statementExamples of transition words are in

conclusion, briefly, to sum up, in short, in a nutshell

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Location or Spatial Order

Identifies the whereabouts of a place or an object

Examples of transition words are north, next to, near, below, close by, within, around

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Generalization and Example

A general statement or conclusion is supported with specific examples

Examples of transition words are to restate that, that is, for example, to illustrate, for instance

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Mixed Organizational Patterns

A long article may have one

general overall pattern and contain

individual paragraphs that follow

other patterns

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Visit the Longman English Pages

http://www.ablongman.com/englishpages

Take a Road Trip to the Maine Woods, the St. Louis Arch, and Ellis Island!

Be sure to visit the Main Idea, Supporting Details, and Patterns of Organization

Modules in yourReading Road Trip CD-ROM

for multimedia tutorials, exercises and tests.