ammonia combustion with near-zero pollutant...
TRANSCRIPT
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Knowledge. Innovation. Leadership. www.me.iastate.edu
Ammonia Combustion with Near-Zero
Pollutant Emissions
Terrence Meyer, Praveen Kumar, Miao Li,
Kyle Redfern, and Daniel Diaz
Iowa State University
Supported by the Iowa Energy Center
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Knowledge. Innovation. Leadership. www.me.iastate.edu
Motivation for NH3
Why use NH3 for heating and power when cheap
natural gas is available?
• 60% of the Northeast U.S. heated with fuel oil
• NH3 for remote heating and power
(to replace propane on farms, mountain/rural communities,
cell towers, etc.)
• NH3 can be used to sequester CO2 and makes more sense
to transport than natural gas
• NH3 can come from fossil fuels, biomass, wind, nuclear, etc.
• High thermal efficiency of gas turbines, professional users
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Knowledge. Innovation. Leadership. www.me.iastate.edu
Challenges
• NH3 is technically non-flammable (in liquid form), has high auto-
ignition temp (630 C), and low reactivity. (Flame speed of NH3 ~ 6-8 cm/s, CH4 ~ 40 cm/s, H2 ~ 140-150 cm/s)
• NH3 is a source of NOx in flames.
• NH3 is a potential contaminant, especially for marine life (e.g.,
97% efficiency may not be enough)
• Modern challenge is near-zero pollutant emissions (actually an advantage for NH3 if CO2 is a pollutant)
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Ammonia swirl-stabilized flame study (40 KW)
• H2/NH3, CH4/NH3 mixtures
• Strategies for 100% NH3 combustion & low emissions
Study of NH3 Chemistry
• Flame speed analysis
• Flame structure
• NO chemistry
Scope and Objectives
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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• Dimensions & heating capacity
• Equipped with thermocouple &
pressure transducers.
• Custom built swirl-plate stabilizer.
• Easily movable fuel nozzle.
• Laser diagnostics accessible flame.
• Exhaust section: Chilled water-line
& Sampling Locations with a optical
accessible window.
• Key feature: Self-sustained Heat
Exchanger.
Domestic Oil Heating
Furnace (40 KW)
Swirl-Stabilized Turbulent Flame
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Experimental Set-Up
Swirl-
Stabilized
Burner
flame front
reactants
products
swirl
vanes
fuel nozzle
Fuels
▪ Ammonia
▪ Natural gas
▪ Hydrogen
Oxidizer
▪ Air
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Combustion Optimization
Swirl-
Stabilized
Burner
reactants
swirl
vanes
fuel nozzle
Fuels
▪ Ammonia
▪ Natural gas
▪ Hydrogen
Oxidizer
▪ Air
Flame
Holder
Products Products
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Flame Comparisons
Fuel Oil
(28 kW)
34% NH3 by Energy
in CH4 (5 kW)
60% NH3 by Energy
in H2 (15 KW)
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Study of Natural Gas (CH4) and Hydrogen (H2)
Replacement by NH3
Effects of:
1. Preheated Air Temperature
2. Equivalence Ratio
3. Heat-Rate
4. Different Fuel Nozzle Positions
5. Swirl Geometries
6. Burner Configurations
•
Experimental Procedure
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Results: CH4/NH3 Fuel mixture
NH3 limited without a flame holder, but emissions sensitive to flame holder.
CH4/NH3/Air @ Tair = 300 C & Phi = 0.95, HR ~ 16 KW
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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CH4/NH3/Air @ Tair = 300 C, Q_total ~ 560 slpm, HR ~ 16 KW
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Results: CH4/NH3 Fuel mixture
NH3 limited without a flame holder, but emissions sensitive to flame holder.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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CH4/NH3/Air @ Tair = 300 C & Phi = 0.95, HR ~ 16 KW
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Results: CH4/NH3 Fuel mixture
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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H2/NH3/Air @ Tair = 300 C & Phi = 0.95, HR ~ 15 KW
H2/NH3 Fuel mixture
• Uniform temperature & low NOx with Flame-Holder.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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H2/NH3/Air, Tair = 300 C , Q_total ~ 300 slpm, E%NH3 ~ 50
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H2/NH3 Fuel mixture
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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H2/NH3/Air, Tair = 300 C , Q_total ~300 slpm, Equiv Ratio ~ 0.95
Effect of Nozzle Position
Reference condition “C” used for all tests
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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.
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100% NH3 Combustion?
• Redesigned fuel nozzle
• E%NH3 = 100
• Inlet Air 25 C
• Equiv Ratio ~ 0.95
• Heat Rate ~ 16.15 KW
• NOx < 3-5 ppm (Ultra Low)
• NH3 ~ 800 - 1300 ppm
(99.9% combustion efficiency)
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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What have we learned thus far?
• Yes 100% NH3 combustion is feasible
• Yes low emissions are feasible
• Maybe ultralow emissions are feasible
• All depends on the combustor design
What’s needed ?
• Predictive modeling tools (next study)
• Optimization of cracking and catalytic reduction
(future work)
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Chemical Kinetics Mechanisms
• Miller and Bowman – 19 species and 73 reactions
• Lindstedt – 22 species, 97 reactions
• GRI-Mech3.0 – 53 species and 325 reactions
• Tian – 84 species and 703 reactions
• Konnov – 127 species and 1207 reactions
• Konnov (without C) 31 species 241 reactions
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Experimental setup
E%NH3 I.D
(mm)
0 12 4.65
20 2 4.65
50 2 4.65
80 2 11.11
Equiv ratio (∅)
0.5 – 1.1
Average of 25 pictures
E%NH3 = 20 at ∅ = 1.0, for H2-NH3-Air
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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E%NH3 : 20% 50% 80%
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Results
E%NH3 = 0 (pure H2-Air)
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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E%NH3 = 20
• Overall, Z. Tian mechanism is in better agreement.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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E%NH3 = 50
• Overall, Z. Tian mechanism is fairly comparable with experimental data.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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E%NH3 = 80
• Konnov mechanism emerged as the best-fit mechanism for higher E%NH3.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Effects of Radicals on Flame Speed
• Free radicals O, H & OH determines flame speed for H2/NH3 mixtures.
Submitted in Fuel, 2011
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Results: NO mole fraction
Sensitivity & ROP Analysis: NO & NH3
(a) (b)
(c)
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Results: Sensitivity Analysis
• HNO & NH are identified as NO precursors
NH3 oxidation: NH2 oxidation:
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Tian & Modified GRI-Mech3.0
Equivalence Ratio 0.7
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Equivalence Ratio 1.1
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PLIF Set-Up
532 nm
ND: YAG
Laser
Dye Laser
(R590)
568 nm
283.925 nm
Amplifiers
Prism
Mirror
Lens Cylindrical
diverg. Lens
Doubling
Crystal
ICCD
8-10 mJ/pulse
10 Hz
900
Filter
30
• OH PLIF – flame structure
• NO PLIF – emissions
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Results - OH Flame Structure
E%NH3 = 20
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E%NH3 = 50
32
Results - OH Flame Structure
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E%NH3 = 80
33
Results - OH Flame Structure
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CFD vs. PLIF Images
• Example
comparison
between
experiment (left)
and CFD (right)
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CH4 without NH3 CH4 with 1% NH3
NO Sub-mechanisms
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H2/CO with 30% NH3 H2/CO with 1% NH3
Quantitative Comparisons
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Simulation of Reforming
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Simulation of Reforming
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Simulation of Reforming
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Summary
• Tian mechanism validated for range E%NH3 = 0 to 50%
• Konnov mechanism best fit for E%NH3 = 80%.
• GRI-Mech 3.0 not recommend for lean conditions and high
E%NH3 mixtures.
• O, H & OH play decisive role in determining laminar flame
speed of the H2/NH3 mixtures.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Acknowledgments
• Norm Olson, Tom Barton, Kevin Nordmeyer,
Iowa Energy Center
• John Holbrook, AmmPower
• Song-Charng Kong, ISU
• Matthias Veltman, ISU
• Aravind Vaidyanathan, ISU
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Thank You !!!
Questions !!!