amino acid biosynthesis - western oregon universityguralnl/451amino acid biosynthesis.pdfamino acid...
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Amino Acid Biosynthesis• Families of Amino
Acids• Essential vs Non-
Essential Amino Acids
• Synthesis• One carbon carriers• Synthesis from Amino
Acids
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Families of Amino Acids
• OAA • PEP + Erythrose 4P • pyruvate • Ribose 5P • ketoglutarate• 3-phosphoglycerate
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Essential vs Non-Essential Amino Acids
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Nitrogen
• Atmospheric N2 is the ultimate source of biological nitrogen
• Nitrogen fixation: a few bacteria possess nitrogenase which can reduce N2 to ammonia
• Nitrogen is recycled in nature through the nitrogen cycle
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Synthesis
• Prokaryotic cells• Nitrogenase reaction: • N2 + 8 H+ + 8 e- + 16 ATP • 2 NH3 + H2 + 16 ATP + 16 Pi • Ammonia assimilated in amino acids
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Transamination
• Transamination reaction • Determines chirality
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Ammonia Is Incorporated into Glutamate
• Reductive amination of α-ketoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase occurs in plants, animals and microorganisms
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Glutamine Is a Nitrogen Carrier
• A second important route in assimilation of ammonia is via glutamine synthetase
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Glutamate synthase transfers a nitrogen to α-ketoglutarate
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Synthesis of NonessentialAmino Acids
• Most bacteria and plants (not mammals) synthesize all 20 common amino acids
• Nonessential amino acids for mammals are usually derived from intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle
• Amino acids with the largest energy requirements are usually essential amino acids
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Synthesis of amino acids
• One step synthesis of some amino acids
• pyruvate to alanine• OAA to aspartate• ketoglutarate to
glutamate
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Aromatic Amino acids
• long biochemical pathways
• shikimate acid pathway
• produce phenylalanine, tyrosine & tryptophan
• glyphosphate(roundup) inhibits
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One carbon carriers • Tetrahydrofolate (THF) • one carbon carrier • different oxidation states • usually not reduced • sulfa drugs inhibit bacteria • mammals cannot synthesize
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THF
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S-Adenosylmethionine
• donates methyl groups • produced from methionine• uses ATP
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Methyl Cycle
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Synthesis from Amino Acids
• Creatine• glutathione • porphyrins• Nitric oxide • hormones: thyroxine,
epinephrine, histamine
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Hormones/lipids
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Heme
Degradation of Hemes
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Synthesis of Nitric Oxide (NO) from Arginine
• Nitric oxide (.N=O) is a gas which can diffuse rapidly into cells, and is a messenger that activates guanylyl cyclase (GMP synthesis)
• NO relaxes blood vessels, lowers blood pressure, and is a neurotransmitter in the brain (high levels of NO during a stroke kill neurons)
• Nitroglycerin is converted to NO and dilates coronary arteries in treating angina pectoris
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Conversion of arginine to NO via nitric oxide synthase