amine plants - iron sulfides effect on amine plants

7/22/2019 Amine Plants - Iron Sulfides Effect on Amine Plants

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CORROS ION /MA INTENANCE

Iron S ulfideseffect on amine plantA mine plants trea ting gas containing H2S will have iron sulfides in thesystem. H ere's where they help and hinder p lant operationB. SPOONER and M. SHEILAN, A min e E xperts Inc., C algary, A lbe rta, C anada

I n sour-gas produc tion the two primary corrosion-causing spe-cies are hydrogen sulfide {H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO,).The corrosion products that torm from the reaction of thesegases with steel in rhe presence of water can provide a clue as tothe formation mechanism, severity ofthe potential corrosiveenvironment and degree co which the corrosion will affect amineunit operation.

In any amine system, piping and equipment corrosion is oneofthe worst ofthe potential prohlenis an operator or engineer canencounter. Amine plants treating gas containing H^S '///haveiron sulfides in the s}'stem. Are they a good thing? When do theyhelp and w hen do they hinder? This article will attem pt to clarifythe pros and cons ofth e presence of iron sulfides.The basics . Corrosion may he defined as the chemical or elec-trochemical reaction hetween a material, usually a metal, and itsenvironment. The reaction causes deterioration ofthe material.Corrosion is a natural process that is continuously takingplace everywhere within an am ine plant (piping systems, processvessels, etc.) to some degree. Steel, which h an iron alloy, is themost prone to d estruction hy corrosion in gas processing. Whenexposed to difFerenc oxidizing environments, a metallic iron triesto reach its natural state of iron oxide. Corrosion is a process thatcan be reduced but not eliminated.

Pure iron is not found in nature: rather, it is in the form of rediron oxide. To convert it to a usable metal, the oxygen is removed,leaving hehind pure iron. Pure Iron will eventually revert hack toits natural oxide state, which is comm only called rust. Iron m ayhe comhined with other metals to form alloys that improve itsproperties and retard (but not eliminate) iron oxide tormation.Oxygen is the main catalyst tor the corrosion process, and ofcourse oxygen is everywhere in the environ men t.Iron ioniza t ion. Iron can also corrode in the presence of anelectrolytic fluid, such as an aqueous amine solution, as a resultof ionization. The fundamental step in steel corrosion is the pro-cess by which the valence electrons are removed from iron in itsmetallic state. Whe n these electrons are removed, the iron atomis left with 3 positive charge and is no longer able to participate inthe metallic bo nding . Th e positively charged species must leavethe m etallic environmen t and go somewhere else. The process isrepresented as:Fe, Fe 4-2e (1)

stopping the reaction... unless the negative charge in the mesomehow reduced: H' ions can do this by reacting with the electron s (form atomic hydrogen If the "circuit" is completed in this way, corrosion wiltinue u ntil the system runs out of either Fe or H*Since pH is an inverse log relationship, for every decreas"pH poin t" the quan tity of H' ions is increased by a factor This explains the increased corrosive tendency of low-pH f(acids). They have orders of magnitude more H* ions thansolutions (amines) and, therefore, have almost an unlimitedply of H* ions to feed the corrosion cell (in eftect, low pH to an increased corrosion current feeding the corrosion "bulb").

Fe

H2S corrosion. HiS dissolves in water; however, the bovery weak. HiS will liberate itself from the water with the sest agitation, reduction in pH or contact with reactive matThe intent of this article is to provide a basic un derstandithe corrosion mechanisms associated with HiS attack on aplants, how to recognize the conditions that affect corrosion sity and to gain an understanding ofthe recommended operparameters to get the m ost out of ihe facility in terms of ha nthe ingress and formation of iron sulfide (FeS).Note th at there are a number of complex reaction mechaassociated with corrosion (especially in the presence of wThe study of these corrosion mechanisms is tar from triviabeyond the scope of this article. Presented here are simprepresentations ofthe primar)' reaction steps.

I r o n s u l f i de s . FeS is the reaction product of iron (Fesulfur (S) in the absence of oxygen. More specifically to asystems, this reaction is between iron and HiS. This initial tion is a form of metal corrosion; however, under ideal con dthe FeS formed then "sticks" to the w alls o the piping and internals and acts as a protective film thus retarding further corrosion. This mechanism is actually one of the main rewhy carbon steel is used in amine plant construction.Th e reaction mechanism of Hi S with steel that results in

ing FeS is complex an d occurs hy several interm ediate reacTh e simplified reaction can he written as:


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C O R R O S I O N / M A I N T E N A N C EThis reaction only takes place in the presence of water.Rtist left in the system or pipeline can also lead to FeS forma-Fe ,O , (rust)-|~ 3H2S* 2FeS-f-3H2O -l-S (3)Several species or types of FeS; the most commonly found inMackinawiteFeSj., or Fe],,Sis the most soluble type ofas well as most reactive with oxygen.PyrrhotiteF ej.^Siron-deficient sulfide. More stable thanPyriteFeSi most stable form of FeS.O ther types of FeS that may be found;GreigiteFe3S4 - product of sulphidisation of m ackinawiceTroiliteFeS - stoichiometric iron sulfide - rarely found inHiS will attack steel very fast. The reaction is partly the solid-fusion of iron in Fei.^S, and partly the fracturing of the

fieldmethods to differentiate one FeS spedes from another,Mackinawite is the inicial FeS form that normally develops ina protective layer on the piping wall compared to pyrrhotite

ponen ts are hydrocarhon and polymerized amine. TTierel be some FeS scale on piping and vessel walls when the FeSis much faster than therate back iitto the amine.

As more and more H2S reacts with th e mackinawite the ratioCO iron grows and will eventually change che molecularthe FeS molecule. With adequate HjS partial pre.ssure,

ve 43 ' 'C( 10r F) .Pyrrhotite is less soluble than mackinawite and makes a very15O'*C (109-3 02''F).Pyrite is formed when the ratio of suIftir to iron reaches 2:1.

le, is not a preferred procective film . If even the small-sts between it and carbon steel, a galvanic cell can berates.

The properties of an FeS film depend on the surroundinge, pH , fluid dynamics, H jS and CO 3

wax, asphalcenes, calcite, etc. These "extras", depen dinghow much of each is present, can cause tbe scale to be soft and

o n s u l f i d e a d v a n t a g e s . If the FeS scale is strong enou gh,a number ofussed later), this film pre\'ents further pipe and

T A B L f 1 . typical types of FeS scale form ationPlant areaAbsorber uppei sectionAbsorberlower sectionRich piping bEpfore lean/rich exchangerRich piping after lean/rich exdiangwR egeneratorupper sectionRegeneratorlower sectionReboilerLean piping before lesn/rich exchangerLean piping after lean/rich exchanger

(including cooler)

High HjSpartial pressureM ackinawite

PyrrhotitePyrrhotite

Pyrrhotite/pyritePyrrhotite/pyrite

PyritePyritePyrite

M ackinawite

t.ow HjSpartial pressureM ackinawiteM ackinawiteM ackinawite

PyrrhotitePyrrhotrte

PyritePyritePyrite

M ackinawite

Th e main adv antage of FeS in an am ine system then , is thatonce formed and adhering to the piping and vessel walls, theFeS protects the plant from further corrosion. It is importantto note, however, that FeS may have formed a strong protectivelayer in one p an of a plant bu t n ot in others (Table I).I ro n s u l f i d e d i s a d v a n t a g es . Fiaving H^S in the inlet gasdoes not necessarily mean [he resulting FeS formed in the systemwill form a protective layer on the p iping wails. As previously dis-cussed, H2S partial pressure appears to make a large contributionto che scale depth and quality. O nce the scale is compromised, thechance of developing a galvanic-tj'pe corrosion cell is increased.Weaker scales are also easily removed or subject to d elamin ation,allowing for the potential ingress of CO ji und er the deposit andthe subsequent agressive under-deposit corrosion that can leadto significant metal failures.

FeS particles can also enter a facility via the feed gas stream.Ideally they are removed by th e inlet separation devices; however,this is not always the case. If allowed to enter an amine unit, theFeS will most likely be removed by the amine solution (whichacts like a water-wash column; another good way to remove FeSupstream of a process). In these cases, the FeS will simply add tothe system suspended solids content and can cause a number ofproblems, primarily plugging and flow distribution issues (dis-cussed later in the "Iron sulfide film removal" section).Fun herm ore, some FeS forms are pyropho ric, meaning expo-sure to oxygen can cause them to radiate intense heat and start

fires. Plants must be fully clean of FeS (or the internals kept wet)before opening them up to atmosphere. Filters containing FeS andaflammablecom ponen t are also prone to pyropho ric ironfires fallowed to dr\' u nder atmo spheric exposure.Iron su l f ide sources . FeS can enter an amine system in theinlet gas or form in the amine system.Iron sulfdes entering amine systems with the inlet gas.In many instances, amine plants suffer from FeS ingress in theinlet gas. This can he a problem, since these FeS particles will notreact with the piping walls and add to the protective film; ratherthey will circulate around in solution as suspended solids. Theywill, in effect, scour off the previously formed protective film scontributing to a greater quantity of suspended solids in solutionas well as to erratic corrosion protection film within the system.


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CORROS ION /MA INTENANCEThe FeS present in the feed ro amine units is rhe by-product ofcorrosion in the wellbore, piping or upstream process equipment,or is produced from the formation itself. Most commonly, corro-sion found in processing equipm ent is caused by produced watercontaining acid gasesparticularly CO2 and H2S .CO2 corrosion can cake various forms, but it is frequentlyexhibited as localized areas of deep, sharp-sided pits found adja-cent to areas of little corrosion {mesa-r>pe corrosion).H2S corrosion resuJts In forming black FeS scales and is typi-fied by "black water" in the separation facilities. Under-depositcorrosion frequently occurs beneath the scale layer and can resultin forming deep, isolated or randomly scattered p its.The three prime means of removing or reducing the impact ofFeS entering an amine system are to; Prevent the corrosion from o ccurrin g initially in the pipingby using corrosion inhibitors. Disperse the F eS particles into the water phase so they canbe removed by inlet separation equipment.' F ilter the FeS from the gas phase upstream o fth e am ineabsorber with a Purer element or a water wash.Iron sulde formation in the amine system. FeS can form inthe absorber, piping system or rehoiler/regenerator.In the absorber. Soluble iron ispresent in lean-amine streams. T he ironmay be in the form of iron carbonate ininstances where CO? is being treated aswell as H2S. In the absorber, some ofthe HiS immediately reacts with ironin the amine, and small FeS particlesare formed. Th ese particles are generally

insoluble in amine, and provided theyare large enough, can be filtered out.Fresh or clean amines have the abilityto hold approximately 5 ppm of solubleiron in solution.An FeS scale will form on the absorber walls and tray decks aswell, if they are made of carbon steel. The scale near the absorberbottom tends to be stronger and thicker due to higher partial pres-sures of FTS in this area. Near the absorber top, most ofthe H2Shas been removed from the gas by the amine solution, resultingin very low H2S partial pressures. Scale formation In this area iscomposed mainly of mackinawite.In the piping. Both the rich and lean amine will have FijSin solution, however, the rich side obviously will have a muchhigher amount. H2S will react immediately with iron ifthe twomeet. When H2S in the liquid or vapor phase contacts the ironin the piping and vessel walls, the FeS particles subsequentlyformed tend to adhere to the metal surface, and if enough H2Sis present, form a strong protective layer over time. Higher H2Spartial pressures result in higher tendencies for strong FeS filmsto form. Piping has been found to have as much as 60% of rhecross-sectional area plugged with FeS in facilities with many yearsof active service at high H2S partial pressures.When the H2S partial pressure is low, the resulting FeS is nor-mally mackinawite. Mackinawite does not iorm a strong adhesiveprotective layer on the piping; instead it is preferentially carried bythe solution and moves alongwith the amine resulting in lean/richexchanger plugging as well as other associated problems.

Once form ed , it is generallydesirable to leave th e FeS filmon the amine plant internals.Once liberated, the suspendedFeS particles can result in severalproblems.

between the absorber and flash tank. As system pressure orcontent in the amine decreases, so does the FeS film thicknesquality. At the same time, because there is very little Fi^S ppressure, there is generally less need for protection, providedis no significant CO2 content or agressive organic acid leveither the solution or the vapor phase.In tbe reboiler/regenerator. In the regenerator tower section and in the reboiler, H2S partial pressures are extrelow; FeS formation as a result of H2S is minimal. Elementafur, however, which enters a plant bo nded with H2S as hydpolysulfide (H^S^), is liberated when the H2S is driven off no longer soluble in the amine .solution. Elemental sulfur quickly with iron to form pyrite, which is the predominantfotmd in this area.If H2S remains in solution at this point, ihe usual FeS rewill still occur but due to the high temperatures driving thetion, the FeS formed will be pyrrhodte or pyrite.

Re m ov ing an i ron su i f ide fiim. Once formed, it is gally desirable to leave the FeS film on the amine plant inteThis film can be removed accidentally, however, and it is imtant for engineers and operators aware ofth e accidental removal ca Hig h fluid velocity Excessive vibration Mechanical/thermal shocks dstartup/shut down Heat-stable salt degradation ucts (increased suspended solids the FeS layer) Chelating agents present iliquid phase Adding a corrosion inhibitthe system without understandininhibitors protection mechanism.Once liberated, the suspendeparticles can result in several problems: Amine foaming results n ofF-spec. gas and ten dencarryover> Rather then cause a soludon 10 foam, sohds tend

bilize an already foaming condition Excessive mechanical wear on p um ps and seals; losciency and higher maintenance frequency Lost amine efficiencycurtailing throu ghp ut Higher chemical use/costs(i.e., andfoam, corrosion iitors, etc.) Abrasion the suspended FeS erodes the exisdng F ein other areas Excessive particle filter plugging and usage Packing, tray valve or sieve hole pluggin g.High fluid velocityThe FeS particles that have fobetween H2S in the liquid phase and iron in the piping wallbe under such high drag forces that they cannot adhere tpiping walls. With no protective film, fresh iron is exposewill also react with H2S.Fluid velocity depends on piping diameter. In cases wamine circulation rate is to be significantly increased, it is remended pipe internal diameters are double-checked to ethe fluid velocities do not get too high. It is generally recog


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CORROS ION /MA INTENANCE

FeS will turn an amine from light yellow to green to brown or black.

for carbon stee! piping. This velocity may be as low as 3 ft/sec ( 1m/s) in exchanger tubes.

Excessive vibrationSuon^ FeS films are quite rigid and cancrack and break loose if the pipe begins to vibrate excessively. Thiscan be a result of piping supports com ing loose, excess hydrocar-bon and acid gas flashing, or pressure drops across pressure-reliefvalves being increased.

Excessive vibration is normally associated with high heat fluxin the reboiler tubes (greater than 7400 Btu/hr/ft ') .

Startup/shut down shocksIt is common for plants to experi-ence filter plugging Immediately after starting an amine system,even if it was only shut dow n for a few m inute s. Th is is com mo nlyreferred to as an "upset" and much like excessive vibration, sud-den surges, pushes and pulls, and thermal shocks displace the FeSlayer from pip ing walls. Tb e particles knocked loose are large andeasily picked up by filters. They can also plug off other pieces ofequipment .

Increase in hea t-stable amine salt levelsSolubility of mo stFeS in the amine solution (pyrite being the exception) increasesas pH decreases, or becomes mo re acidic. Th e pH can chan gefora number of reasons: an increase in loading (HiS and COi),change in amine type or strength, or heat-stable salt build-up. FeSformed at p H levels below 8.5 are kno wn to be mu ch less effectiveat adhering strongly to piping walls.

pH reductions are normally brought about by the build-up ofheat-st able am ine salts. T h e negative effects of low pH ate fo undmost predominantly in high-temperature areas. As pH drops, theexisting FeS film will soften as anions From the acid will react withthe iron p ortion of the FeS. If allowed to con tinue , the FeS filmis eventually rem oved.

Chelating agents presentchelating, or iron compledng agentssuch as cyanide, thiocyanate, EDFA, bicine, certain degradationproducts, etc., will act to dissolve the otherwise insoluble FeSinto solution. Amines are capable of holding much more iron ifchelating agents are in the solution. W ith no chelants, amine canonly hold up to 5 ppm iron.

The effects of cyanide and ammonia can be especially disas-t rous . Years ago, significant h ydrogen blistering in amin e u nitswas being experienced in refmeries. Research into the cause of the

2 ^ (4)Am mo niu m ferrocyanide is water soluble, thus the protective

surface layer is removed, exposing additional metal to bisulfideand H2S attack.F i l t e r i n g i r o n s u l f i d e s . Once a protective layer is formed,excessive FeS should be f i l tered out of the amine solution.When initially formed, FeS particles are typically 0.5-5 |Jm.If the plant is not u ti l iz in g f i lters small enou gh to rem oveparticles of this size, the FeS particles will not get filtered outunti l they adhere to one another and form larger par t ic les.Most amine systems have particle filtration installed on the leanside. W hen these filters are changed they tend to be black, and wh enanalyzed found that tbe filtrate is predominandy FeS. It is clear FeSexists on the lean side; however, the vast majority o f FeS in an am inesystem is present on the rieb side. As described earlier, FeS is eitherintroduced into the system via the inlet gas or formed when H2Sreacts with iron . If the solids remain in solution and do no t precipi-tate OUI in rhe lean/rich exchanger or contribute to an existing FeSfilm, they are carried into the regenerator where much of the H2S isdriven off, thus liberating the Fe* ion. Som etimes these ions will reactwith any remaining CO 2 to form iron carbonate (which is predom i-nandy soluble in amine), at higher temperatures (>80' 'C/176F)magtietite can form, or they simply remainfiree ron ions.

W hen the amine reaches tbe absorber again, the H2S will re aawith any free iron available as well as iron carbonate to reform FeS.If the FeS formed in the absorber does not adhere to the vessel orpipe walls, it moves along In solution as stispended solids.

Rich filtration is necessary when the FeS in the absorber andrich piping do not form a protective film, but rather become sus-pend ed solids in the amin e. Man y plants with no rich filtrationhave found out the lean/rich exchanger or upper regenerator trayswill act as filters instead! Whether the FeS will form a protectivefilm is determ ined by several things, the most im por tant o f whichbeing the H2S partial pressure, the solution pH and the overallsolution quality, ln our experience, plants that have rich-amine


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CORROSION /MA INTENANCEIn general, the FeS seen in rich filters is mackinawice, the weak-est FeS form and most commonly guilty of pluming equipment.On the lean side, both mackinawite and pyrite can be found inthe filters. Pyrite forms in the reboiler and regenerator bottom. Itinitially adds to th e protective film on die vessel walls, bu t is britdeand can break off. It is not soluble in amine and, therefore, is car-ried in solution and picked up in the lean filters. Mackinawite canalso form on the lean side due to the slight HiS partial pressureoften left in the amine.In typical amine systems, a 5- or lO-micron absolute ratedparticle filter is recommended on the lean side. Ideally, filters lastapproximately two weeks before needing to be changed out. Thefilter change frequency will vary from iacilit)' to facility.FeS will turn an amine from light yellow to pale green to darkgreen to brown to black (Fig. 1). Soluble metal salts are knownto cause solution color changes due to their ability to affect lightdiffraction. It is common to see a green-colored rich amine andthe lean solution from the same system is yellow. Th is is due to the

relative absence of FeS in the lean solution compared to the richsolution. Laboratory experiments have been carried out in whichthe lean solution has changed from a pale yellow color with novisible particles to a dark green solution with visible solids simplyby bubbling small amounts of H2S into the solution.B e f o r e s h u t d o w n . At one time or another, most refineriesand gas plants experience spontaneous FeS ignition either on theground or inside equipment. When this occurs inside equipmentlike columns, vessels, tanks, exchangers and filters containingresidual hydrocarbons and air, the results can be devastating. Mostcommonly, pyrophoric iron fires occur during shut downs whenequipment and piping are opened for inspection or maintenance.Instances of fires in crude columns during turnarounds, explosionsin suiftir, crude or asphalt storage tanks, overpressures in vessels,etc.. due to pyrophoric iron ignition is not uncommon.Wlien FeS is oxidized, this is an exothermic reaction where theprodu cts are iron oxide, free suliir or SO i plus he at. The heat is sointense that surrounding FeS particles become incandescent andwill ignite any nearby flammable source (usually a hydrocarbon/warer mixture). If there is nothing nearby to ignite, the heat dis-sipates very quickly.The reaction process is:Initially, FeS is formed in the system:

Fe,O, (rust) + 3H,S^ 2FeS + 3H.When exposed to air:4 F e S + 3 O , ^ 2F e24FeS + 7O2 -> 2F e

3 + 4S + heat-f heat

(6)(7 )(8)

FeS fires can be hard to detect since the smoke from SO j iswhite and looks like steam.Because of the pyrophoric nattire of FeS, it is important thatas much FeS as possible is removed from the system before vesselentry, and even then th e area should be kept clear of combu.stibles.FeS poses the largest risk when allowed to dry out, and especiallywhen in the form ofa f ine powder (maximizes surface- to-airratio). Mackinawite, being the most unstable of the FeS types seenin ami ne p lants, oxidizes the easiest. Mac kinaw ite is found In areasof low HiS partial pressure and temperature such as che uppersection of a contactor or cool lean piping. Pyrite is the most stable

logical formations and is not being oxidized. Pyrite samples be taken out of an amine plant with little risk involved.The pyrophoric nature of mackinawite is also responsible the spontaneous ignition of spent filter cartridges that are leftthe sun or in the op en air . Onc e the cartridges dry, there is a gochance the FeS will cause the filter to ignite. Thi s is impo rtan tremember not only while the filters are on the plant site but awhile being transported to the disposal area. Some facilities utisteel boxes open to atmosphere to store used filters. This allothe FeS to oxidize to iron oxide without igniting anything on fRemember though, SO^ is released during the transformationSystem preparation for inspection. Several approacto removing FeS scale are:' Simple acid cleaning" Sim ple stro ng ba.se clean ing Chemical oxidization Acid or oxidizing cleaning plus additives for H2S suppress

No ent ry vessel cleaning (hurricane balls, etc.) Mechanical .Chemical cleaning, in general, is the most effective methof FeS removal both in terms of percent FeS removal and coCosts can be elevated, however, if cleaning chemical disposainconvenient, plus a greater amount of engineering and plannmust be spent on the program. The personnel involved n checal cleaning should be well educated and familiar with the procIf don e improperly, chem ical cleaning can cause severe corrosto amine plant internals . HPBIBLIOGRAPHYCanfield. C, D.. "Amine System Cleaning Bcsc Practice." Regional Mcciing ol ihc PermBasin G ai ProcesMrs A ssociation.

Claassen, I, J.. "Iron Sulfide Prccipliaicd as a Scale in Sour G as Wells." Proceedings o19861 jinadiiiii Region Wcsicm Conference - NA Ct . t Jlgary. AB.Craig, B-, "Corrwion I'riMluct AnalysisA Road Map lo Corrosion in Oil and Cas Protion," Miturials PerjoTtnanic, August 2002.Cudunings. A.. "Inrcicasinc Profitability and Intiproving Environmental Perfrirmance by M[aliung Amine Solvcnr Purity," Protectiing iif tilt 2000 Laurcntc Reid tij.s t^onilirioConfcrciUJc, Nortnan. Oklahotna.Cummiiig!,. Al and N. HatLlier. "Amine Sam pi ing/Laboratory T echnique Jiid its tffecrH.S Loading Meitiuremcnts," Proceedings of (he Z005 Laurence Reid Gas ConditioConference. Norman, Oklaboma.Husa, E. M., "Intemxl Corrtwion of Offshore Pipelines,' Norwegian Insritute of Techogy-Keller. A., S. Mecum . R. K dmmillet. F. Vcntoi. .A. CummingsandJ. Oiompscn, "Hcai-SSalt Removal From Amints by ihe HSSX Process Using fon F.Kchajiae," Proceedings o1992 Laurence Reid Clas Condilionitig Conference, Norm an. klaiioma.Lawson, M.. L Martin and G.Arno ld, "C hcmio l Cleaning of FcS Scales," National Asstion o Corro.sion Engineers.Pauley, C. R. and R. H ashemi, "Analysis of Foaming Mechanisms in Am ine Plants." Procings of tbe 19S') Laurence Reid Gas Conditioning Conference, Nornian. Oklahuma.Tcwari, P. H., G. W albte and A. B. Campbell. 'Th e Solubilir)' of Iron Sulphides an dTRoll in Mass Transport in Girdlcr-Sufphide Heavy Water Plants," \XTiiteshet! NucResearch Esublishment.Travis Chemical R&D Laboratory, "Revic-w on the Chemisliy, Propenies, and I'hermtiamics of Iron Sulphides." AuguM !99 'i.

Ward. J. t",, "The Siructure and t'roperties of Some Iron Sulphides." Commonwealth Stific and Industrial Research Organiiatitm,Clark. P. Private correspondence; .\lbetta Sulphur Research.Spooner. B.. M, Sheilati, D. Street ard E. van Hoo m. "SulphidesFriend or Foe?," origipresented .it thr I jiurtnce Reid conference.

B e n S p o o n e r , P. E., has speni the past decade troubleshoo:)!id optimizing am ine plants wor idwide. He specializes in amplant optimization and operator training.

M i k e S h e i l a n . P E., has been involved in several aspects onatural gas processing industry, primarily in relation to the che


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amine plants - iron sulfides effect on amine plants

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