ami: communications and integration options · • ami adds an information/ communication/ control...
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AMI: Communications and Integration Options
Vinod Namboodiri Wichita State University
Additional Team Members:
Ward Jewell, Visvakumar Aravinthan Wichita State University
1 PSERC Future Grid Initiative Webinar Series March 06, 2012
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Advanced Metering Infrastructure
• A popular tool to modernize the electric grid • Facilitates two-way communication between smart meter and control
center • Captures and transmits energy-use on a hourly or sub-hourly basis
– As opposed to the current meters that provide daily energy usage and monthly bill
• Expected to facilitate consumer participation in the Smart Grid
Smart Grid Power network which has the ability to self heal from a disturbance, enables active participation by consumers in demand response, operating resiliently against physical and cyber attacks, accommodates all generation and storage options, provides power quality for the 21st century needs and optimizes assets and operating efficiency
– U.S Department of Energy
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Outline 1. Context – AMI and its benefits
– Utilities, consumers, society 2. AMI status
– Penetration, technologies 3. Communication Requirements and Design Considerations
– Backhaul – HANs
4. Future Needs – Research – Standards – Policy
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Benefits
• Utilities – Peak shaving, load control, power quality
measurements, improved outage management systems (OMS)
• Consumers – Energy use awareness and possible efficiency
savings, automated billing (even daily or weekly), potential bundling of water, gas, and electric billing
• Society – Financial and environmental benefits from:
Improved system efficiency and reliability Improved integration of EVs and DERs
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Deployment Status in the U.S
5 Source: FERC, www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/2010-dr-report.pdf
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Global Status
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Source: Energy Retail Association, UK, 2010 http://www.smartmeterdangers.org/index.php/smartmeter-
facts/178-world-smart-meter-map
Some EU countries and
U.S lead in AMI
Deployments
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AMI and the Distribution System
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Backhaul Requirements – Low-Latency
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Control Commands
Alerts
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Backhaul Requirements –Low Infrastructure Costs
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• Ability to re-use existing infrastructure • Zero or small licensing fees • Easy to setup and reconfigure • Low maintenance/recurring costs
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Backhaul Requirements - Scalability
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Backhaul Requirements – Information Security and Network Availability
• Information Security – Backhaul typically carries aggregate of data – Traditional mechanisms, wide-area network security
principles could be applied – Wireless medium challenges should be considered
• Some aspects covered in White Paper on “Cyber-Physical Systems Security for the Smart Grid” – Prof. Manimaran Govindarasu (Iowa State) at http://www.pserc.org/recent_publications.aspx • Network Availability
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Communication Backhaul - Options
• PLC • Pros: Reuse power lines, upgrades needed mainly at only
one location --- the substations • Cons: Low data rates, interference from noise, repeaters
add to the cost
• Wireless • Pros: Greater data rates, flexible, re-use of feeder poles,
could use mesh topology or community networks for additional reliability
• Cons: Needs careful planning to avoid interference and security, larger investments needed
• Other • Pros: Greater data rates • Cons: Large investments needed, less flexible
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Comparison of Wireless Technologies
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Wireless seems to provide best mix of flexibility and performance
Attribute WiMAX Wi-Fi ZigBee GSM/UMTS
Cost
High
Medium
Medium
High
Range
500-900 m, 4 km (rural)
100-200 m
70-100 m
1-2 mi
Max. Data Rate
70 Mbps
54 Mbps
250 kbps
20-800 kbps
Frequency Band
2-11, 10-66 GHz
2.4, 5 GHz
2.4, 5 GHz
700 MHz, 2.1 GHz
Band License
Free and Licensed
Free
Free
Licensed
Robustness
Medium
High
High
Low
Single-Hop Multi-Hop
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Backhaul: Little Consensus on Architecture and Technologies
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AMI and the Distribution System
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Assessment of Communication Standards for Smart Appliances: The Home Appliance Industry’s Technical Evaluation of Communication Protocols October 2010 www.aham.org/ht/a/GetDocumentAction/i/50696
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Home Area Network Model and Load Classifications
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Will assume EMS is Co-located with Meter
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HAN Technology Options
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Technology Data-Rate (Mbps) Range (meters) Security Cost Flexibility
Ethernet 10-100 100 High High Low
PLC 20-100 10-100 High Medium Medium
Bluetooth 0.7-2.1 10-50 Medium Low High
Wi-Fi 5-100 30-100 Low Medium High
Zigbee 0.02-0.2 10-75 Low Low High
Greater Consensus on Architecture, Less so on Technologies
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FUTURE NEEDS
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Data Collection and Management
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Integration with other
utilities
Integration with the Internet
Impact of trends from
emerging countries
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Scalable Data Collection and Management
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Network Availability and Reliability • How does availability impact
operations? • How reliable should this
communication network be?
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Neighborhoods
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Commercial and Residential Towers
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Impact of Partial AMI Implementation
• Does X % AMI penetration mean X % of stated benefits? – “opt-out” by customers may mean X = 100 is more
distant than initially thought
• Impact on Performance and Fairness due to constraints in AMI communication technology capabilities
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Security Threats to AMI
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Availability Confidentiality Integrity Time Sensitivity
o Two Party
Dynamics o Authentication
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Pressing Needs in Standards
• Network planning as it relates to the TCP/IP stack will be essential
• HAN aspects such as – communication and control – how and what loads can be part of HANs – how to classify loads
• Security • Interoperability testing will be essential
– SGIP is a good platform
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Policy Needs - Infrastructure
• Support for utilities to advance from “tentative” to “long-term” investments in AMI – Incentives, subsidies, usage of community
networks, spectrum allocation
• Motivate customer participation – Incentives similar to federal energy-efficiency
programs – Education on AMI benefits to customers and
society
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Conclusions
• AMI adds an information/ communication/ control layer to the electric power grid
• Potential to provide more data on operation status, and allow fine-grained control of loads; enables active consumer participation.
• AMI seems to provide some similar services as the internet
• The challenges to realize AMI have similarities to those of creating and maintaining the internet
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AMI: Summary of Recommendations
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