amfibi dan reptil
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Comparative Comparative AnatomyAnatomyVertebrate Vertebrate
Classification: Classification: Amphibians and Amphibians and
ReptilesReptilesNote Set Note Set 33
Chapter Chapter 3 3
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ReptilesReptiles Mesozoic Era (Jurassic Period)- Age of Mesozoic Era (Jurassic Period)- Age of
ReptilesReptiles Extinction took place at end of Paleozoic era with Extinction took place at end of Paleozoic era with
placodermsplacoderms
Figure 5.1: Carboniferous Period.
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Labyrinthodont amphibians led to stem reptiles- Labyrinthodont amphibians led to stem reptiles- cotylosaurscotylosaurs Which gave rise to all reptiles and mammalsWhich gave rise to all reptiles and mammals
Figure 5.2: Cotylosuars, stem reptiles.
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Phylogeny of Amniote Phylogeny of Amniote GroupsGroups
Figure 5.3
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Reptile CharacteristicsReptile Characteristics
True clawsTrue claws Amniotic eggsAmniotic eggs NoNo metamorphosis metamorphosis 12 pairs of cranial 12 pairs of cranial
nervesnerves Single occipital Single occipital
condylecondyle
Figure 5.4: Dragon
Figure 5.5: Reptile egg.
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Reptile Oral CavityReptile Oral Cavity
Tooth typeTooth type AcrodontAcrodont
Tooth on surface of Tooth on surface of jawjaw
Ex: fish and Ex: fish and SphenodonSphenodon (tuatara) (tuatara)
PleurodontPleurodont Tooth attached on Tooth attached on
medial surface of jaw medial surface of jaw Ex: lizards and snakesEx: lizards and snakes
ThecodontThecodont Teeth embedded in Teeth embedded in
socket in jaw bonesocket in jaw bone Ex: crocodileEx: crocodile
Figure 5.6: Jaw cross section .
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Skull TypeSkull Type
Reptiles are diversified by skull Reptiles are diversified by skull typetype
Anapsid- lack temporal fossaAnapsid- lack temporal fossa Diapsid- two temporal fossaDiapsid- two temporal fossa
One dorsal and one ventralOne dorsal and one ventral Synapsid- single, lower temporal Synapsid- single, lower temporal
fossafossa Gives rise to mammal-like reptilesGives rise to mammal-like reptiles
Figure 5.7
Figure 5.8: Sarcopterygii scull.
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Reptilian SubclassesReptilian Subclasses AnapsidaAnapsida
Order Order TestudinesTestudines ( (ChelodinaChelodina)) Ex: turtlesEx: turtles
DiapsidaDiapsida Major reptilesMajor reptiles Order Order SquamataSquamata
Ex: lizards and snakes Ex: lizards and snakes Suborder Suborder SerpentesSerpentes; ; SauriaSauria
Order Order SphenodonSphenodon Ex: tuataraEx: tuatara
Order Order CrocodilliaCrocodillia
SynapsidaSynapsida Mammal-like reptilesMammal-like reptiles
Suborder PelycosauriaSuborder Pelycosauria Suborder TherapsidaSuborder Therapsida
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Stem ReptilesStem Reptiles
Figure 5.9.
Figure 5.10
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Dinosaur GroupsDinosaur GroupsMorphological character of Morphological character of
pelvis pelvis makes distinctionmakes distinction
SaurischiansSaurischians Triradiate pelvisTriradiate pelvis Lizard-likeLizard-like
OmithischiansOmithischians Tetraradiate pelvisTetraradiate pelvis Bird-likeBird-like
Figure 5.11: Pelvic of two dinosaur groups.
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SaurischiansSaurischians Gives rise to dominant Gives rise to dominant
reptilesreptiles Birds evolvedBirds evolved
Parallel convergenceParallel convergence
Figure 5.12: Reptilia Cladogram.
Dinosaur GroupsDinosaur Groups (cont.) (cont.)
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BirdsBirds
ArcheopteryxArcheopteryx- bird - bird fossil recordfossil record Feathers and teeth Feathers and teeth
presentpresent
Figure 5.13: Archeopteryx fossil.
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Birds Birds (cont.)(cont.)
Keeled Keeled sternum in sternum in birds that flybirds that fly
Figure 5.14: (a) Archaeopteryx (b) pigeon.
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Literature CitedLiterature CitedFigure 5.1- http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/CarbonifPeriod.html Figure 5.1- http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/CarbonifPeriod.html Figure 5.2- Figure 5.2-
http://departments.umw.edu/biol/www/Wieland/Biol425/Reptile_Phylogeny.gifhttp://departments.umw.edu/biol/www/Wieland/Biol425/Reptile_Phylogeny.gifFigure 5.3- http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Phylogeny_of_Amniota.htmFigure 5.3- http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Phylogeny_of_Amniota.htmFigure 5.4- http://www.tucan.net/ImageGallery/gallery.php?id=14Figure 5.4- http://www.tucan.net/ImageGallery/gallery.php?id=14Figure 5.5- Figure 5.5-
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.htmlFigure 5.6- http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?Figure 5.6- http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?
cls=17&cat=1796&articleid=2812cls=17&cat=1796&articleid=2812Figure 5.7- http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates1/Chordates1.htmFigure 5.7- http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates1/Chordates1.htmFigure 5.8- Figure 5.8-
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/140Sarcopterygii/140.400.htmlhttp://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/140Sarcopterygii/140.400.htmlFigure 5.9, 5.11 & 5.14- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Figure 5.9, 5.11 & 5.14- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative
Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.Figure 5.10- Figure 5.10-
http://pharyngula.org/~pzmyers/MyersLab/teaching/Bi104/l02/amniotelin.htmlhttp://pharyngula.org/~pzmyers/MyersLab/teaching/Bi104/l02/amniotelin.htmlFigure 5.12- Figure 5.12-
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinoclassification/http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinoclassification/Figure 5.13- Figure 5.13-
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.html