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AP U.S. History: Chapter Guides Chapter 10

America’s History, Chapter 10: A Democratic Revolution, 1800–1844

The Rise of Popular Politics, 1810–1828The Decline of the Notables and the Rise of Parties (p. 316)1. Give two examples of how states made politics more democratic in the 1810s and 1820s.

2. Use the example of Martin Van Buren in New York to explain the concept of a “political machine.”

The Election of 1824 (p. 318-319)3. Use the table to compare/contrast the candidates for President in the election of 1824.

4. Jackson received the highest total of popular and electoral votes, so how did Adams become President?

Candidate Base of support (region)

Strengths/Basis of popular appeal

John Quincy Adams

Henry Clay

William Crawford

Andrew Jackson

Key Concept: Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.


The Last Notable President: John Quincy Adams (p. 319-321 )5. What did the supporters of high tariffs claim would be the benefits of this policy?

Why did the tariff’s critics oppose it?

6. In what sense was Adams’ political style “out-of-date?”

“The Democracy” and the Election of 1828 (p. 321)7. List 2 examples of how Jackson’s 1828 campaign was based on appealing directly to the people.

The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837

Jackson’s Agenda: Rotation and Decentralization (p. 322-323)8. What did Jackson’s supporters mean by the statement “to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy?”

9. What was Jackson’s attitude toward federal subsidies for transportation and other internal improvements?

The Tariff and Nullification (p. 323-325)10.What was John C. Calhoun’s argument for states’ nullification rights?

11. How did Jackson respond to South Carolina’s attempt to nullify the tariff of 1832?


The Bank War (p. 325-326)12. On what grounds did Jackson veto the rechartering of the Second Bank of the U.S?

13. What were the “pet banks?”

Indian Removal (p. 326-331) 14. List 3 examples of how the Cherokees had tried to integrate into American life.

15. What was the impact of the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

16. The Cherokees won recognition of their rights in the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia. So why were they subjected to the “Trail of Tears?”

The Jacksonian Impact (p. 331-332) 17. How did the new state constitutions written during the “Jacksonian Era” further democratic principles?

How did they embody the principles of “laissez-faire” capitalism?

Class, Culture, and the Second Party System The Whig Worldview (p. 332-334) 18. Why did the new political party that formed in 1834 take the name “Whigs?”


Labor Politics and the Depression of 1837–1843 (p. 334-335) 19. What were the goals of the Working Men’s Party?

20. How was its success limited by its emphasis on “proprietorship?”

By the Panic of 1837?

“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!” (p. 335-340)21. In what way did the presidential campaign of 1840 introduce a “new style of campaigning?”

22. Explain the origin of President John Tyler’s nickname, “His Accidency.”


SUMMARY: Use the chapter summary on p. 340 to fill in the blanks.

In this chapter, we examined the causes and the consequences of the ________________ political

revolution. We saw that the expansion of the ___________ weakened the political system run by __________

of high status and encouraged the transfer of power to __________________ ______________ — men like

__________ _____ _________, who were mostly of _________________ origin.

We also witnessed a revolution in government policy, as _______________ ______________ and his

_________________ ____________ dismantled the mercantilist economic system of _________________-

_____________ economic development. On the national level, Jackson destroyed Henry Clay’s ___________

___________; on the state level, ______________ wrote new __________________ that ended the

Commonwealth System of government ____________ and ____________ to ___________ ______________.

Jackson’s treatment of ___________ _______________ was equally revolutionary; the ___________ ______

of 1830 forcefully resettled eastern Indian peoples ______ of the _________________ ___________, opening

their ancestral lands to _________ ___________________.

Finally, we watched the emergence of the ___________ __________ _____________. Following the

split in the Republican Party during the election of 1824, two _____ _________ — the _______________ and

the __________ — developed on the national level and eventually absorbed the members of the ______-

___________ and ___________ ________ parties. The new party system established ________________

_________ for ______ _____ and a mode of representative government that was responsive to ____________

citizens. In their scope and significance, these ___________ _________________ matched the economic

advances of both the _________________ _________________ and the __________ ___________________.


America’s History, Chapter 11: Religion and Reform, 1800–1860

Individualism: The Ethic of the Middle ClassRalph Waldo Emerson and Transcendentalism (p. 346-347)1. Explain how Emerson’s ideas illustrate “the transcendentalist message of individual self-realization.”

2. Why did the individualist ethos appeal particularly to middle-class Americans?

3. Why did the transcendentalists’ communal experiment at Brook Farm fail?

After its failure, what causes did the Emersonians turn to?

Emerson’s Literary Influence (p. 347-349)4. In his essay The American Scholar, what did Emerson urge American authors to do?

5. Explain how Henry David Thoreau’s Walden embodies transcendentalist ideals.

6. How did Margaret Fuller extend transcendentalist principles?

7. “I celebrate myself, and sing myself.” Who wrote this? How did he apply Emerson’s ideas to communities?

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Key Concept: While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own.


8. Which two novelists of this era expressed doubts about the individualism embodied in transcendentalism?

Rural Communalism and Urban Popular CultureThe Utopian Impulse (p. 349-352) 9. Identify four distinctive beliefs or practices of the Shakers.

10. Explain Oneida community’s practice of “complex marriage.”

Joseph Smith and the Mormon Experience (p. 352-354)11. What “new revelation” received by Latter-day Saints founder Joseph Smith led to controversy and conflict?

12. How was Mormon resistance to federal authority resolved in 1858?

Urban Popular Culture (p. 354-357)13. Identify two examples of how “commercialized sex” was part of urban culture in mid-19th century cities.

14. How did minstrel shows combine racist caricature with social criticism?

15. Cite evidence of both the growth of immigrant influence and nativist reaction in Northeast cities.

Abolitionism Black Social Thought: Uplift, Race Equality, and Rebellion (p. 360-361) 16. What was David Walker’s warning to white Americans?

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17. What was the impact of Nat Turner’s Revolt in 1831 on the laws in southern states?

Evangelical Abolitionism (p. 361-363) 18. Identify and summarize the main publications associated with the abolitionist movement.

19. From which states did most fugitive slaves escape using the “Underground Railroad?” (see map on p. 363)

Where did those who escaped the South find refuge?

Approximately how many slaves reached freedom each year through the Underground Railroad?

Opposition and Internal Conflict (p. 363-366)20. Why did each of the following groups oppose abolition?

Wealthy men - Conservative clergymen-Northern wage earners -Merchants and textile manufacturers -

21. Give one example of the use or threat of violence against abolitionists.

22. How did southern postmasters and the U.S. Congress restrict abolitionists’ freedom of expression and right to petition?

23. What issue split the abolitionist movement into separate organizations in 1840?

Abolitionist writer Publication Argument for abolition

William Lloyd Garrison

Theodore Weld

Weld and the Grimké sisters

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The Women’s Rights MovementOrigin of the Women’s Movement (p. 366-367)24. Explain the concept of “separate spheres” for men and women.

25. Summarize the mid-19th century moral reform efforts of the following:Female Moral Reform Society -

Dorothea Dix -

Horace Mann -

Catherine Beecher -

From Black Rights to Women’s Rights (p. 367-373)26. How did women’s involvement in the abolitionist movement lead many to assert their own right to equality?

27. How were married women’s property rights strengthened in some states by the late 1840s?

28. Summarize the message of the Seneca Falls Declaration of 1848.

29. Identify 3 elements of the program of action that came out of the first national women’s rights convention in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1850.

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In this chapter, we examined four major cultural movements of the mid-nineteenth century

_____________________ reform, communalism, ___________________, and ____________ rights — as

well as the new popular culture in New York City. Our discussion of the transcendentalists highlighted the

influence of ________________________ on the great literary figures of the era and linked transcendentalism

to the rise of ______________________ and the character of ______________________ American culture.

Our analysis of _______________ experiments probed their members’ efforts to devise new rules for

___________ behavior, __________ relationships, and __________ ________________. We saw that

successful communal experiments, such as __________________, required a ________________ leader or a

religious foundation and endured if they developed strong, even __________________, institutions.

We also traced the personal and ideological factors that linked the _______________ and

___________ __________ movements. Lucretia ______, Elizabeth Cady __________, and the __________

sisters began as ______________ advocates, but, denied access to lecture platforms by _______ abolitionists

and conservative clergy, they became _________ _____________ of women’s rights. This transition was a

logical one: both ___________ ___________ and __________ __________ were “__________” by men,

either as _____________ or as their legal _________________. Consequently, the efforts to abolish the legal

prerogatives of _____________ were as controversial as those to end the legal property rights of _________

____________. As reformers took aim at such deeply rooted institutions and customs, many Americans feared

that their _____________ would not ____________ society but destroy it.


America’s History, Chapter 12, “The South Expands: Slavery and Society”

The Domestic Slave TradeThe Upper South Exports Slaves (p. 378-381)1. Explain the connection between the forced migration of slaves and the growth of cotton production in the

period from 1800-1860.

The Impact on Blacks (p. 381-383)2. Name one way the domestic slave trade had a constant psychological impact on individual slaves.

3. On what basis did some white planters consider themselves “benevolent masters?”

The World of Southern WhitesThe Dual Cultures of the Planter Elite (p. 383-388) 4. Fill in the table with relevant information about the traditional southern gentry and the “cotton entrepreneurs.”

Social group Primary locations Lifestyle Attitude toward slaves

Old South gentry

“Cotton entrepreneurs”

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Key Concept: The United States's acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories.


Planters, Smallholding Yeomen, and Tenants (p. 388-391) 5. In 1860 what percentage of white southerners owned slaves?

What percentage were “planter elites” who owned 20 or more slaves?

Cite 2 statistics that illustrate the planter elites’ dominant place in the southern economy.

6. What were the typical holdings of members of the “smallholding planters” or “yeomen farmers?”

7. Propertyless whites faced many obstacles to attaining a better life for their children: identify 2 of these obstacles.

8. They didn’t own slaves, so why did poor whites support slavery?

Expanding and Governing the SouthThe Settlement of Texas (p. 391-392) 9. How had significant numbers of Americans come to be living in the Mexican state of Texas by 1835?

10. Why did the American settlers rebel against the government of Mexico in 1836?

11. Cite 2 reasons President Martin Van Buren refused to advocate for the annexation of Texas.

The Politics of Democracy (p. 392-395)12. Who was richer: the average southern white man or the average northerner?

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13. Describe 2 ways the South’s commitment to slavery limited its economic development.

The African American World Evangelical Black Protestantism (p. 395-396) 14. Cite 2 examples of how African Americans adapted or expressed Christianity in distinctive ways.

Forging Families and Communities (p. 396-397) 15. Identify 2 African influences that could still be seen among slaves in the mid-19th century.

16. Why did slaves create “fictive kinship ties?”

Negotiating Rights (p. 397-401) 17. How did the shift from the “task system” to the “gang-labor system” impact the amount of control slaves

had over their daily lives?

18. What were the main obstacles to slaves organizing a successful rebellion?

Obstacles to escaping?

The Free Black Population (p. 401-403) 19. Identify 3 legal or customary limits on the rights of free blacks in the North.

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In this chapter, we focused on the theme of an _______________ __________. Beginning about 1800,

planters carried the system of ________________ ____________ from its traditional home in the Upper

South to the _________________ __________ and beyond. Powered by _________, this movement westward

involved the __________ _______________ of more than 1 million enslaved African Americans and divided

the planter elite into _______________ ___________________ and _________________ _______________.

We also examined the character of white and black societies in the Cotton South. After 1820, ___ ____ _ ____

of white families owned slaves, and another third were yeomen farmers; ____________ ________ _________

and laborers made up the rest. Many whites joined _______________ _______________ churches, as did

blacks, who infused their churches with African modes of expression. Indeed, ________ and _________

became _____ ________________ of African American society, providing strength and solace amid the

tribulations of slavery. Finally, we explored the initiatives taken by the ______ _________ population, in both

the northern and southern states, to achieve _______________ _____________ and to build _____________

_________________. These efforts resulted in a __________-_________ ___________________ class and a

_______ _______________ movement.


America’s History, Chapter 13, “Expansion, War, and Sectional Crisis”

Manifest Destiny: South and NorthThe Push to the Pacific (p. 412-415)1. Explain the concept of “Manifest Destiny.”

2. What was the cause of “Oregon fever?”

3. Compare the Americans who moved to California in the early decades of the 19th century with those who moved to Texas.

The Plains Indians (p. 415-417)4. What role did horses play in the culture of Plains tribes such as the Comanches?

5. In what sense did the Sioux follow the example of the “white men?”

6. What happened to the size of the northern buffalo herd between 1820 and 1870?

The Fateful Election of 1844 (p. 417-418)7. What led the Democrats to select James K. Polk as their nominee for President in 1844?

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Key Concept: The United States's acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories.

Key Concept: Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives.


8. How did supporters of the antislavery Liberty Party unintentionally help ensure the expansion of slavery?

War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846-1850The War with Mexico (p. 418-420) 9. List 3 steps Polk took by 1846 to set the stage for America’s expansion into Mexican territory.

A Divisive Victory (p. 421-425)10. On what grounds did the “conscience Whigs” oppose the Mexican War?

11. Why did the Wilmot Proviso divide Congress along sectional lines?

12. List the future states that the U.S. acquired from Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (see the map on p. 424.)

13. How was the “free-soil movement” different from more radical abolitionist organizations?

California Gold and Racial Warfare (p. 425-428)14. Name 2 ways the “forty-niners” got to California during the gold rush.

How many had arrived in California by the end of 1849?

15. What impact did the gold rush have on California’s Indian population?

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1850: Crisis and Compromise (p. 428-430) 16. Fill in the table below with information on the four distinct positions regarding the expansion of slavery.

17. List the 5 provisions of the Compromise of 1850.

The End of the Second Party System, 1850-1858 Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act (p. 430-431) 18. Cite 2 examples of actions taken by northerners in opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act.

The Whigs Disintegrate and New Parties Rise (p. 431-433)19. Explain how each of these illustrates the Pierce administration’s pro-slavery expansionist foreign policy:

The Gadsden Purchase -

The Ostend Manifesto-

Position Main advocate(s) Description

Extreme pro-expansionist

Moderate pro-expansionist

Popular sovereignty

Anti-expansionist

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20. Why did antislavery advocates denounce the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854?

21. Which two new political parties benefitted from the collapse of the Whigs?

22. Cite one specific example that illustrates why Kansas earned the nickname “Bleeding Kansas” in 1856.

Buchanan’s Failed Presidency (p. 433-436)23. In 1857 Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled against Dred Scott’s claim to freedom on three grounds: a)

b)

c)

24. What 2 strongly pro-Southern actions did President James Buchanan take in 1858?

The End of the Second Party System, 1850-1858

Lincoln’s Political Career (p. 437-438)25. List two examples of Lincoln’s “middle-of-the-road” policies on slavery when he was in Congress.

What event shocked Lincoln into taking a stronger antislavery stance?

26. How did the 1858 U.S. Senate election in Illinois help make Lincoln a national figure?

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The Union Under Siege (p. 438-439)27. What was the goal of southern “fire-eaters?”

28. Give examples of the polarized responses to John Brown’s unsuccessful raid at Harper’s Ferry in 1859.

29. What was the successful Republican strategy in the 1860 presidential election?

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In this chapter, we examined four related themes: the ideology of _____________ _____________ and the

westward movement of Americans in the 1840s, the impact of American traders and settlers on the Indian

peoples of the ________ _________ and California, the causes and consequences of the ___________ ______

(1846–1848), and the disintegration of the _________ ________ _________ during the 1850s.

We saw that the determination of Presidents _____ _______ and _______ _____ to ____ ___________

and _______ ________ to the Union pushed the United States into the ___________ ______ and into a new

debate over the ________________ ___ ___________. To resolve the resulting crisis, Henry ______, Daniel

__________, and Stephen __________ devised the _________________ ___ _______. Their efforts were in

vain: antislavery northerners defied the _____________ ________ ____, and expansionist-minded southerners

sought new slave states in the _____________. ____________ (the pursuit of absolutes) replaced _________

(the art of compromise) as the ruling principle of American political life.

The __________ ________ ___________ rapidly disintegrated. The ______ ________ vanished, and two

issue-oriented parties, the __________ American Party and the ___________ Republican Party, competed for

its members. As the _________________ gained strength, the _____________ Party splintered into sectional

factions over ___________ __________ and other slavery-related issues. The stage was set for __________

victory in the climactic ___________ ___ ______.


America’s History, Chapter 14, “Two Societies at War, 1861-1865”

Secession and Military Stalemate, 1861-1862The Secession Crisis (p. 446-447)1. Which 7 states were the earliest to secede from the Union and form the Confederate States of America?

2. What were the two provisions of the failed “Crittenden Compromise?”

3. Where was the first conflict of the war?

The Upper South Chooses Sides (p. 447-449)4. Give two examples of Lincoln moving aggressively to keep the strategically important border slave states within the Union.

Setting War Objectives and Devising Strategies (p. 417-418)5. According to Confederate vice president Alexander Stephens, what “great truth” was the “cornerstone” of the Confederacy?

6. Why was outcome of the Battle of Bull Run a surprise to many northerners?

7. What unfortunate record did the Battle of Antietam set?

8. Why did Lincoln dismiss General George B. McClellan as Union commander?

9. What Union general won several victories in the Mississippi Valley in 1862, including the capture of Ft. Donelson and Ft. Henry?

Toward Total WarMobilizing Armies and Civilians (p. 453-456) 10. Name two reasons Jefferson Davis had only limited success in harnessing southern resources.

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Key Concept: The North's greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate slaves eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War.


11. What Confederate policies led some southerners to complain that the Civil War was “a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight”?

12. Give one example of how Lincoln acted ruthlessly toward Confederate sympathizers in the Union.

13. What was the cause of rioting in New York City in July 1863?

14. List at least 4 ways women contributed to the war effort.

Mobilizing Resources(p. 456-462)15. List 3 of the relative strengths of each side with regard to resources.

16. In what ways did the effort to win the war require the transformation of the U.S. federal government?

17. Why did inflation rise so high in the Confederacy?

The Turning Point: 1863 Emancipation (p. 462-464) 18. How did African Americans in the South force the Union to begin addressing the question of slavery?

Union strengths Confederate strengths

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19. Lincoln’s “Emancipation Proclamation” of September 1862 did not actually grant a single slave immediate freedom: explain.

Vicksburg and Gettysburg (p. 464-466)20. What was the strategic importance of the Union victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi?

At Gettysburg, Pennsylvania?

The Union Victorious, 1864-1865Soldiers and Strategy (p. 466-468)21. What two factors allowed the Union to prosecute the war vigorously after 1863?

22. Name one piece of evidence that illustrates the importance of African American troops to the Union war effort.

23. How were General Ulysses S. Grant’s strategy and tactics different from those of previous Union commanders?

The Election of 1864 and Sherman’s March (p. 468-474)24. What issue divided the Democrats in the 1864 presidential election?

Who was the Democrat’s nominee?

25. What was the purpose of the 13th Amendment?

26. What unconventional plan did General William Tecumseh Sherman carry out in his “March to the Sea?”

27. What were the numbers of casualties on both sides by the war’s end?

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In this chapter, we surveyed the dramatic events of the Civil War. Looking at the South, we watched

the ____-______ declare ____________, form a new Confederacy, and attack _____ _______. Subsequently,

we saw its generals repulse Union attacks against ______________ and go on the offensive. However, as the

war continued, the inherent weaknesses of the _________________ came to the fore. Enslaved workers fled

or refused to work, and yeomen farmers refused to fight for an institution that primarily benefitted _________

___________.

Examining the _________, we witnessed its military shortcomings. Its generals — ____________ and

___________ — moved slowly to attack and did not pursue their weakened foes. However, the Union’s

significant advantages in ______________ _________, _____________ resources, and military

____________ became manifest over time. Congress created efficient systems of banking and ___ _______,

Lincoln found efficient and _________ _________, and the ______________ and _______________ of

African Americans provided an abundant supply of soldiers determined to _____ ___________.

We explored the impact of the war on _________ in both regions: the imposition of ______________

and _____ ________, the increased workload of ______ ___________, and the constant food __________

and soaring __________. Above all else, there was the omnipresent fact of _______ — a tragedy that touched

nearly every family, North and South.


America’s History, Chapter 15, “Reconstruction, 1865-1877”

The Struggle for National ReconstructionPresidential Approaches: From Lincoln to Johnson (p. 478-481)1. Compare the policies in the 3 initial plans for Reconstruction.

2. What were the two provisions of the failed “Crittenden Compromise?”

2. Give 2 examples of developments in southern states in 1865-1866 that illustrate the effort to sustain white supremacy.

Congress Versus the President (p. 481-482)3. How did the election of 1866 shift the balance of power between Congress and the President?

Radical Reconstruction (p. 482-485)4. Under the Reconstruction Act of 1867, what conditions had to be met before a rebel state could be readmitted to the Union?

5. On what grounds did the House impeach Andrew Johnson in 1868?

Policy Lincoln’s plan Wade-Davis Bill Johnson’s plan

Treatment of ex-Confederate leaders

Requirement for states’ reentry to the Union

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Key Concept: Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.


Woman Suffrage Denied (p. 485-487)6. How did the debate over the 15th Amendment lead to a split within the women’s movement?

7. Where in the U.S. did women first receive full voting rights in 1869?

The Meaning of FreedomThe Quest for Land (p.487-493) 8. What did Congressman Thaddeus Stevens propose regarding land in the South?

Why did so few of his Republican colleagues support this idea?

9. Describe the system of “sharecropping” that became the norm in the South.

What were the disadvantages of this arrangement for laborers?

Republican Governments in the South (p. 493-495)10. What group of voters was most essential to the electoral success of the Republican Party during Reconstruction?

11. Identify 2 ways the Freedmen’s Bureau supported former slaves in the South.

12. List 4 examples of the achievements of Republican-led governments in the South during Reconstruction.

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Building Black Communities (p. 495-496)13. What role did churches play in the creation of post-emancipation black communities?

14. Why did Senator Charles Sumner struggle to find supporters for a proposed Civil Rights Bill in the early 1870s?

The Undoing of Reconstruction The Republicans Unravel (p. 497-498) 15. How did economic conditions in 1873 undercut the Republicans’ programs in the South?

16. What happened during Grant’s second presidential term that reduced his credibility and prestige?

Counterrevolution in the South (p. 498-499)17. What was the nature of the process of “Redemption” in southern states?

18. Why was it necessary for the federal government to enact “Enforcement Laws” in the early 1870s?

Why did prosecutions under these laws drop off after 1872?

Reconstruction Rolled Back (p. 499-501)19. Explain the significance of the congressional election of 1874.

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20. Why was the result of the 1876 presidential election disputed?

How did the resolution of the question help spell the end of Reconstruction?

Lasting Legacies (p. 501-504)21. Why did many Americans in other parts of the nation accept Democratic control of the South when it was

clear that the “Redeemer” Democrats had used violence to gain power?

22. Use the table below to identify at least 3 successes and 3 failures of Reconstruction. Successes of Reconstruction Failures of Reconstruction

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SUMMARY: Use the chapter summary on p. 504-505 to fill in the blanks.

Postwar _____________ faced two tasks: restoring ______________ states to the Union and

defining the role of _______________ _________. After Lincoln’s _________________, his successor,

__________ ___________, hostile to Congress, unilaterally offered the South _____ _____ for reentering

the Union. Exploiting this opportunity, southerners adopted oppressive ________ ________ and put __-

______________ back in power. Congress __________ Johnson and, though failing to convict him, seized

the initiative and placed the South under _________ rule. In this second, or ________, phase of

______________, Republican state governments tried to _____________ the South’s ____________ and

_______ institutions. Congress passed innovative _______ _______ _____ and funded new agencies like

the ____________ ___________. The ______________ Amendment defined U.S. _____________ and

asserted that states could no longer supersede it, and the ______________ Amendment gave ________

______ to formerly enslaved _____. Debate over this amendment precipitated a ______ among ________

________ advocates, since women did not win inclusion.

____________ found that their goals conflicted with those of Republican leaders, who counted on

_______ to fuel economic growth. Like southern landowners, national lawmakers envisioned former slaves

as ______________, while freedmen wanted their ____ ______. ________________, which satisfied no

one completely, emerged as a compromise suited to the needs of the cotton market and an

________________, credit-starved region.

Nothing could reconcile ex-Confederates to ______________ government, and they staged a

violent ______________ in the name of ______ supremacy and “_______________.” Meanwhile, struck

by a massive economic __________, northern voters handed Republicans a crushing defeat in the election

of 1874. By ______, Reconstruction was dead. _______________ __ _______ narrow victory in the

presidential election of that year resulted in ______________ of the last Union _______ from the South. A

series of ___________ ________ decisions also undermined the Fourteenth Amendment and civil rights

laws, setting up legal parameters through which, over the long term, ___________________ and

________________ would flourish.

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