americans with disabilities how does federalism affect the ... · how does the federal government...
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americans with disabilities How does federalism affect the quality of life for disabled Americans?
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Wheelchair Users1 million wheelchair users1 out of 250 persons10,000 people every year are spinal cord injured82% of spinal cord injuries are male307,000 under age 44 use wheelchairs[US Dept of Health]
Blind120,000 totally blind1 out of 2 thousand persons600,000 legally blind1 out of 417 persons2.4 million visually disabled1 out of 100 personsThe blind can receive nearly 70 per cent more than other disabled persons inboth SSI payments and exclusions from taxes. They're allowed to amass moreincome than any other group of disabled people before they start to losebenefits. They have a federal law giving them a monopoly on vendingbusinesses in public buildings.
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Hearing Impaired (from SHHH and Hearing Journal)
24 million people with hearing impairments:1 out of every 11 persons nationally1 out of 7 hearing impaired will not seek helpit takes an average of 7 years for someone with a hearing impairment toseek helpabout 3 to 4 million have hearing aids: 12 to 17% of the hearing impairedpopulation*1 out 10 hrg imp persons have aids1 million don't use the aids they have17 million have no hearing assistance of any kind14 million w/ unilateral lossabout 40% of people above age of 65 has a hearing lossthis is almost 1 out of 2 personssome audiologists think this is lowbut only 6 per cent of seniors feel they have a hearing problemonly half those under age 65 feel their loss is a problem2 million deaf1 out of 125 persons
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43 million are disabled, about 17% of 250 million; almost 1 out of 5 personsare disabled given these figures. [Congressional Committee findings for ADA].Other sources show higher figures. Largest minority groupOne third of disabled Americans are 65 or older. Out of 45 million, thatmeans 15 million of them are seniors. [No Pity, Joe Shapiro, 1992].About 32 million are over 65, which is 13 per cent. In 25 years 17 percentwill be older than 65. There are hundreds of different kinds ofdisabilitiessome are congenital, but most come later in life. Fewer than15 percent were born with their disability. [No Pity].
ADA: Americans with Disabilities Act
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Mandates
Is it working?
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mandates: funded and unfunded
Funded= laws and regulations that the federal government pays the state to carry out and enforce
unfunded mandates= laws and regulations that the federal government demands that states enforce but do not provide the funds to help pay the cost
A mandate is a law or action passed by the federal government that states must follow.
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NullificationThe act of declaring null and void federal laws, that in the opinion of a state or number of states is unconstitutional.
This was a doctrine endorsed by states rights advocates including Thomas Jefferson and John C. Calhoun.
What were the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?
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How does the Federal Government use a "carrot and stick" approach to get states to enact and enforce federal regulations?
It all comes down to $$$$$$$$$$$
Federal Grants in Aid fall into 2 categories:
Categorical grants =for specific purposeBlock grants= money to be spent as a state deems necessary
vs
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Why isn't the drinking age 18?
Condition of aid
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The states fight back!
Devolution=return important government functions from federal control back to state control1994 Newt Gingrich and the Republicans win a majority in the House and Senate
Federal Entitlement programs that were at the center of federal power in the 60's and 70's come under attack
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The Devolution fightWelfare v. workfare The Welfare Reform Act of 1994
categorical federal entitlement (welfare) to a block grant (workfare)
They did not change the program entirely, but much of the current welfare program has become state block grant programs
Devolution is an ideological struggle: state and local government can do a better job with the money than the federal government can. Do you agree?
Has the Obama victory in 2008, as well as the Health Care law made devolution a thing of the past?
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The 16th Amendment
How did the 16th Amendment increase the power of the federal government?
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