PROCEEDINGS

One Hundred Twelfth Annual Meeting

of the

AMERICANWOOD PROTECTION

ASSOCIATION

Condado Plaza HiltonSan Juan, Puerto Rico

May 1-3, 2016

VOLUME 112

AMERICAN WOOD PROTECTION ASSOCIATIONP O BOX 361784 • BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA 35236-1784 • USA

ISSN 0066-1198

COPYRIGHT, 2016

BY

AMERICAN WOOD PROTECTION ASSOCIATIONP.O. BOX 361784

BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA 35236-1784USA

Rights to republish papers and reports published herein, in whole or in part, or by reference are granted to all persons, provided that reference to the authors and to the AWPA Proceedings are made.

Statements made or opinions expressed in this publication shall not be the responsibility of the American Wood Protection Association.

Colin McCown, EditorKenny Cheng and Beth Staula, Assistant Editors

David N. D’Hooge AWPA President 2015-2016

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Table of Contents

Proceedings of the 112th Annual Meeting of the American Wood Protection Association

May 1-3, 2016

2016 BUSINESS SESSION

Call to Order, Approval of Minutes – David D’Hooge ............................................................................................................... 3 Antitrust Reminder – David D’Hooge ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Treasurer’s Report – Ken Laughlin ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Membership Report – Kim Merritt .............................................................................................................................................. 3 Resolutions Committee Report – Richard Bleskey ...................................................................................................................... 4 General Election Results – David D’Hooge ................................................................................................................................ 5

OPENING SESSION

Welcome – David D’Hooge ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 Invocation – Norman Sedillo ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Overview – David D’Hooge ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 Member and Guest Recognition – David D’Hooge ..................................................................................................................... 8 Organizational Sponsor Recognition – David D’Hooge .............................................................................................................. 8 2016 Award of Merit Presentation – Stephen C. Shields ........................................................................................................... 10 AWPA Award of Merit Honorees ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Preservatives General Committee Report – Doug Herdman ..................................................................................................... 15 Treatments General Committee Report – Tim Carey ................................................................................................................ 17 Vice President’s Remarks – Richard Bleskey ............................................................................................................................ 18 President’s Remarks – David D’Hooge ..................................................................................................................................... 19

TECHNICAL SESSION 1 Keynote Session

Common Wood Decay Fungi Found in the Caribbean Basin – D. Jean Lodge ......................................................................... 22 Major Termite Pests of Structures in the New World Tropics – Rudolf H. Scheffrahn ............................................................ 26

TECHNICAL SESSION 2 The Colley-Hartford Memorial Lecture and Research Symposium

The Colley-Hartford Memorial Lecture: Changing Perceptions and Efficacy of Pressure Treated Lumber in a Post

CCA Caribbean Market Presented by Todd Roskin, St. John Solutions, St. John, Virgin Islands ..................................... 36 Student Research Papers

Synthesis and Incorporation of PMMA Microspheres with UV Absorbers in Clear Coat Binder – Caroline Queant, Pierre Blanchet and Véronic Landry .................................................................................................................................. 45

Diversity of Hindgut Bacterial Population in Subterranean Termite, Reticulitermes flavipes – Olanrewaju Raji, Dragica Jeremic-Nikolic and Juliet D. Tang ....................................................................................................................... 48

Surface Micro-checking of Oriented Strand Board Exposed to Wetting and Drying – Vinicius Lube and Philip D. Evans .................................................................................................................................................................................. 54

Acetylated Pine is as Resistant to Surface Checking as the Tropical Hardwood Ipe – George Chan and Philip D. Evans. ................................................................................................................................................................................. 65

Research Symposium Papers Performance of 3-iodo-2-propynyl Butyl Carbamate (IPBC), Pentachlorophenol, Tributyltin Oxide and

Propiconazole in L-joints under Temperate and Tropical Conditions – Jeffrey J. Morrell ................................................ 69 Effects of Permethrin Treated Wood on the Subterranean Termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Comparison

of Solvent Extraction for HPLC Analysis of Permethrin in Wood – Mark Mankowski, Blossie Boyd and Geoffrey Webb ................................................................................................................................................................... 77

Microwave-Assisted Direct Synthesis of Boronated Alkanol Amine Succinic Anhydride Esters as Potential Surfactants for Various Applications Particularly for Treating Wood – Arun K Chattopadhyay ...................................... 84

Copper Foil-Polyethylene Laminate Termite Barrier – Edward Freytag, Timothy Madere, and William Abbott .................... 90 Evaluating the Efficacy of Borate/Copper Naphthenate Treatments for Protecting Southern Yellow Pine Posts

Exposed for 26 Years in AWPA Hazard Zone 4 – Terry L. Amburgey, H. Michael Barnes and Michael G. Sanders ............................................................................................................................................................................... 94

Defeating Copper Tolerance: An Example of How ‘Omics’ Research Can Accelerate Discovery of New Wood Protection Compounds – Juliet D. Tang, Tina Ciaramitaro, Darrel D. Nicholas, Maria Tomaso-Peterson, and Susan V. Diehl .................................................................................................................................................................. 106

A Treatability Study of Western Wood Species with Water Based Azoles and Insecticides Using Buffered Amine Oxides – Ronald W. Clawson, Jr., Charles N. Cheeks, and Kenneth A. Cutler ............................................................... 114

Four Decades of U.S. EPA Review – and Continuous Federal Registration – of Creosote – Lawrence S. Ebner and David A. Webb ................................................................................................................................................................. 124

Tuesday, May 3, 2016

TECHNICAL SESSION 3 Rich Ziobro Memorial Symposium

Studies on the Performance of Micronized Copper Preservatives – Rod Stirling and Paul I. Morris ...................................... 130 Advancements in Remedial Treatment Technology – A Rich Ziobro Legacy (Title Only) – Doug Herdman ........................ 133 Release of Copper from Wood Treated with Micronized Copper Preservatives (Abstract) – Jun Zhang and John

Horton ............................................................................................................................................................................... 134 Review of Testing Methodology for Micronized Copper Preservative Systems – Craig R. McIntyre ................................... 136

TECHNICAL SESSION 4 EPA Regulations and Treated Wood Handling

Effect of Boiler MACT and NHSM Rules on the Industry – PH Haroz .................................................................................. 142 Pros, Cons, and Case Studies of Available Regulatory Options for In-Situ Remediation – Jim V. Rouse and Richard

H. Christensen, Jr. ............................................................................................................................................................ 144 The Non-Hazardous Secondary Materials Rule: A Challenge to the Wood Industry and to the Environment – Jeff

Lloyd and Adam M. Taylor .............................................................................................................................................. 148 Trends in Waterborne Treated Wood Production and Implications for Wood Waste Disposal – Helena M. Solo-

Gabriele, Athena Jones, Juniper Marini, Timothy G. Townsend, and Nicole Robey ....................................................... 151 Recent Chemical Analysis of Hazardous Components in Treated Wood – Jim Brient ........................................................... 163

TECHNICAL SESSION 5 Special Issues for Use of Treated Wood in Caribbean and Similar Environments

Distribution and Oxidation State of Copper in the Cell Walls of Treated Wood Examined by Synchrotron Based

XANES and XFM – Samuel L. Zelinka, Grant T. Kirker, Joseph E. Jakes, Leandro Passarini and Barry Lai ................ 172 Avast Ye Salty Dogs: Salt Damage in the Context of Coastal Residential Construction and Historical Maritime

Timbers – Grant T. Kirker, Samuel L. Zelinka, and Leandro Passarini ........................................................................... 179 Juvenile Wood: Investigation into Factors Affecting Treating – Michael H. Freeman ........................................................... 186 The Chemistry of Micronized Copper Treatments: Hardwoods – John N. R. Ruddick, Wei Xue, and Pierre

Kennepohl ......................................................................................................................................................................... 196 Polymeric Betaine – Designed to Improve Wood Preservation – Helmut Härtner, Thomas Liese, Stefan Schmitt, and

Sam Pezzi ......................................................................................................................................................................... 199 Deadwood, Soil Biota and Nutrient Dynamics in Tropical Forests: A Review of Case Studies from Puerto Rico –

Grizelle González ............................................................................................................................................................. 206

TECHNICAL SESSION 6 Recent Advancements in Hazard Modeling and its Future

Comprehensive Overview of FPL Field Testing Conducted in the Tropics (1945-2005) – Grant T. Kirker, Stan L.

Lebow, and Mark E. Mankowski ..................................................................................................................................... 210 Performance of Non-traditional Coated Products Against Fungal and Termite Attack Under Sub-tropical Conditions

– Jeffrey J. Morrell ........................................................................................................................................................... 218 Modeling the Effect of Climate on Decay Rate – Paul I. Morris and Rod Stirling .................................................................. 227 Decay Hazards and Wood Protection Requirements Associated with Tropical and Other High Moisture

Environments – Andrew Zahora ....................................................................................................................................... 236

AWPA Technical and Special Committees Report of Technical Committee P-1 ........................................................................................................................................ 248

Report of Technical Committee P-3 ........................................................................................................................................ 249 Report of Technical Committee P-4 ........................................................................................................................................ 251 Report of Technical Committee P-5 ........................................................................................................................................ 253 Report of Technical Committee P-6 ........................................................................................................................................ 255 Report of Technical Committee P-8 ........................................................................................................................................ 257 Report on Technical Committee P-9 ........................................................................................................................................ 258 Report of Technical Committee T-1 ........................................................................................................................................ 259 Report of Technical Committee T-2 ........................................................................................................................................ 260 Report of Technical Committee T-3 ........................................................................................................................................ 262 Report of Technical Committee T-4 ........................................................................................................................................ 263 Report of Technical Committee T-7 ........................................................................................................................................ 265 Report of Technical Committee T-8 ........................................................................................................................................ 267 Report of Special Committee S-2 ............................................................................................................................................ 269 Report of Special Committee S-3 ............................................................................................................................................ 270 Report of Special Committee S-8 ............................................................................................................................................ 271 Technical and Special Committee Membership ...................................................................................................................... 272 AWPA Technical Committee Regulations (August 2016) ...................................................................................................... 277 Attendees of the 2016 Fall Technical Committee Meetings .................................................................................................... 290 Fall Technical Committee Meeting History ............................................................................................................................. 294

Other Information

AWPA Membership Application ............................................................................................................................................. 295 Directory of AWPA Members ................................................................................................................................................. 297 Membership Listing by Classification ..................................................................................................................................... 314 In Memoriam ........................................................................................................................................................................... 330 AWPA’s 2016 Organizational Sponsors ................................................................................................................................. 331 AWPA’s 112th Annual Meeting Individual Contributors ........................................................................................................ 348 Attendees of the 112th AWPA Annual Meeting ....................................................................................................................... 349 Annual Meeting History .......................................................................................................................................................... 352 Articles of Incorporation .......................................................................................................................................................... 355 By-Laws of the AWPA ............................................................................................................................................................ 358 Regulations for the Selection and Publishing of Technical Papers by AWPA ........................................................................ 362 Refereed Publication Policy ..................................................................................................................................................... 363 AWPA Award of Merit Policy and Regulations ...................................................................................................................... 364 AWPA Officers and Committees, 2016-2017 ......................................................................................................................... 366 Past and Present Officers and Executive Committee Members ............................................................................................... 367 Associations with Interests in Wood Protection ...................................................................................................................... 379 AWPA Publications and Order Form ...................................................................................................................................... 381 Index ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 383

PROCEEDINGS

One Hundred Twelfth Annual Meeting

of the

AMERICANWOOD PROTECTION

ASSOCIATION

Deadwood, Soil Biota and Nutrient Dynamics in Tropical Forests: A Review of Case Studies from Puerto Rico

Grizelle González

USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry Río Piedras, Puerto Rico

Wood is the main constituent of tropical forests (Zalamea-Bustillo, 2005). Woody debris provides habitat for animals and

germinating plants, as well as contributing to soil moisture regulation and nutrient cycling (Figure 1, Harmon et al. 1986, Stevens 1997 and references therein). Dead wood is a temporary sink for atmospheric carbon, a source of soil organic matter, and a substrate for nitrogen fixation (Harmon and Hua 1991, Torres 1994, Creed et al. 2004). Yet the exact contribution of woody debris to global carbon storage is still unknown (Harmon et al. 1986). Most surveys of amounts and properties of woody debris have been performed within temperate systems as well as the mainland tropics where these collections are often limited to a few forest types encompassing large land areas (Delaney et al. 1998, Nascimento and Laurance 2002). Temperate, tropical, and island ecosystems vary in climate, species composition, decomposer community structure and rates of biomass production, resulting in variable amounts of carbon stored in persistent downed woody debris (González and Luce 2013). Detailed studies within a variety of tropical forest types are important for better understanding of the complexity and uncertainty associated to global carbon pools; particularly, given the importance of both natural and anthropogenic disturbances on the long term consequences in the functioning of these forested ecosystems (González and Luce 2013).

EFFECTS OF DECAYING WOOD ON SOILS Puerto Rico is a tropical Caribbean island where large quantities of coarse wood debris are generated periodically during

tropical storms and hurricanes. Decaying wood, through its effect on soil organic matter and nutrient dynamics, contributes to the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties in its subtropical forests, furthering affecting the process of soil formation and nutrient cycling (Zalamea et al. 2007, 2016). For example, Zalamea et al. (2007) studied twenty logs from two species with contrasting wood properties (Dacryodes excelsa Vahl. and Swietenia macrophylla King) and at two different decay stages (6 and 15 years after falling), and soil under and 50 cm away from decaying logs were sampled for soil organic matter fractions. They found decaying logs did influence properties of the underlying soil with differing effects according to the species since there was more NaOH-extractable carbon in the soil associated to D. excelsa logs and more water-extractable organic matter in the soil associated to S. macrophylla older logs. The higher degree of condensation of water soluble fulvic acids and other related poly-aromatic residues occurred in the soil associated with the youngest logs. More divalent cations were available in the soil influenced by younger logs and decreased as decomposition increased (Zalamea et al. 2007).

VARIATION ACROSS THE PUERTO RICAN LANDSCAPE González and Luce (2013) characterized coarse woody debris and fine woody debris at 24 sites along an elevation gradient

in northeastern Puerto Rico. These sites are representative of eight mature forest types that include Elfin woodland, Sierra palm Prestoea montana, Palo Colorado Cyrilla racemosa, Tabonuco Dacryodes excelsa, lowland moist, lowland dry, fresh water Pterocarpus swamps, and flooded mangrove forests. Along this gradient, they found significant differences in mean total woody debris, coarse woody debris, and fine woody debris among forest types. The mean total woody debris was significantly greater in the Palo Colorado forest than the low-elevation Dry (14.79 Mg ha–1) and highest elevation Elfin (17.38 Mg ha–1) forests, with the other forest types containing intermediate amounts of woody debris. In northeastern Puerto Rico, the total fine woody debris fraction was an important component of total carbon storage, representing 22–56% of total carbon stored in each forest. The forests of Puerto Rico vary in terms of age, plant community, and woody debris amount and composition. Yet in some cases, differences in the amounts of woody debris among forest types can also be explained by factors such as time since disturbance, the land use history of a particular site, or seasonality (González and Luce 2013). As elevation and mean annual precipitation (MAP) increased, a trend of increasing amounts of woody debris (until the Elfin forest was encountered) and decreased decay of coarse woody debris (CWD) was found.

DECAYING WOOD AND SOIL BIOTA Decomposer organisms can be key determinants of decay in these forest types in northeastern Puerto Rico (e.g., González

and Seastedt 2001). Yet the contribution of different groups of decomposers to the decay of coarse woody debris might vary among the different forest types located along elevation and environmental gradients (González and Luce 2013). For example, González and Luce (2013) found in the Elfin forest, the decay class of CWD was most strongly correlated with white rot fungi. Yet, across all forest types in this study, the decay class of CWD also correlated well with the average occurrence of brown rot

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fungi. Decreased decay as MAP increases and differential effects of organisms on decay would be consistent with results previously reported by Torres and González (2005) and González et al. (2008). Torres and González (2005) studied the decomposition of Cyrilla racemiflora logs over a 13-year period in tropical dry and wet forests in Puerto Rico. The mean mass loss, ratio of soft- to hard-wood, nutrient concentrations, and the diversity of wood-inhabiting organisms were greater in logs decomposing in the dry forest than in the wet forest. Termites were also more abundant in the logs collected from the tropical dry forest than the tropical wet forest. High moisture content and a low animal diversity on the logs in the wet forest seem to retard wood decay in this habitat. Wood decay rates in the tropical dry forest can be related to the high diversity of species and functional groups of wood-inhabiting organisms. González et al. (2008) set up a wood decomposition experiment to quantify the percent of mass remaining, decay constant and performance strength of aspen stakes (Populus tremuloides) in dry and moist boreal (Alaska and Minnesota, USA), temperate (Washington and Idaho, USA), and tropical (Puerto Rico) forest types. They conclude that moisture condition is an important control over wood decomposition over broad climate gradients; and that such relationship can be non-linear. Further, that the presence of a particular group of organism (termites) can significantly alter the decay rates of wood more than what might be predicted based on climatic factors alone; suggesting biotic controls on wood decay might be more important predictors of wood decay in tropical regions (rather than abiotic constraints).

CONCLUDING REMARKS The results of these studies support findings on the important role of decaying wood on the diversity and functionality of

soil organisms, soil formation, and soil organic matter dynamics. Decaying wood has a significant effect upon soils underneath. This could help explain spatial heterogeneity in soil properties, such as nutrient availability. Furthermore, the effects of decaying wood upon soil will also depend in changes in the disturbance regime; which might increase as for example, increments in hurricane frequency related to climate change might lead to increases of dead wood inputs to soil.

Figure 1. Decaying wood can be a cradle for seed germination and seedling development. Note how Sierra Palm (Prestoea montana (Graham) G. Nicholson) seedlings thrive on decaying wood in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Photo by Marcela Zalamea-Bustillo.

LITERATURE CITED 1. Creed, I. F., Morrison, D.L., Nicholas, N.S. 2004. Is coarse woody debris a net sink or source of nitrogen in the red spruce

Fraser fir forest of the southern Appalachians, USA? – Can. J. For. Res. 34: 716–727. 2. Delaney, M., Brown, S., Lugo, A.E., Torres-Lezama, A., Bello-Quintero, N. 1998. The quantity and turnover of dead wood

in permanent forests plots in six life zones of Venezuela. – Biotropica 30: 2–11.

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3. González, G., and Luce, M.M. 2013. Woody debris characterization along an elevation gradient in northeastern Puerto Rico. Ecological Bulletins 54: 181-193.

4. González, G., and Seastedt, T.R. 2001. Soil fauna and plant litter decomposition in tropical and subalpine forests. Ecology 82(4): 955-964.

5. González, G., Gould, W.A., Hudak, A.T., and Hollingsworth, T. 2008. Decay of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) wood in moist and dry boreal, temperate, and tropical forest fragments. – Ambio 37: 588–597.

6. Harmon, M.E., Franklin, J.F., Swanson, F.J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S.V., Lattin, J.D., Anderson, N.H., Cline, S.P., Aumen, N.G., Sedell, J.R., et al. 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. – Adv. Ecol. Res. 15: 133–302.

7. Harmon, M. and Hua, C. 1991. Coarse woody debris dynamics in two old-growth ecosystems. – BioScience 41: 604–610. 8. Nascimento, H. and Laurance, W. 2002. Total aboveground biomass in central Amazonian rainforests: a landscape-scale

study. – For. Ecol. Manage. 168: 311–321. 9. Stevens, V., 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the ecological importance of CWD in B.C.

forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. Retrieved November 2005 from http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Wp/Wp30.pdf

10. Torres, J.A. 1994. Wood decomposition of Cyrilla racemiflora in a tropical montane forest. – Biotropica 26: 124–140. 11. Torres, J.A, and González, G. 2005. Wood decomposition in Puerto Rican Dry and Wet Forests: a 13-year case study.

Biotropica: 37(3):452-456. 12. Zalamea-Bustillo, M. 2005. Soil biota, nutrients, and organic matter dynamics under decomposing wood. Master of

Science in Tropical Biology Thesis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 117 pp.

13. Zalamea, M., González, G., Ping, C.L., and Michaelson, G. 2007. Soil organic matter dynamics under decaying wood. Plant and Soil 296: 173-185.

14. Zalamea, M., González, G., and Lodge, D.J. 2016. Physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil under decaying wood in a tropical wet forest in Puerto Rico. Forests 7(8), 168; doi:10.3390/f7080168

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