american history–part 1 - debbie...

American History–Part 1Course No. 2100310

Bureau of Instructional Support and Community ServicesDivision of Public Schools and Community Education

Florida Department of Education

2000

This product was developed by Leon County Schools, Exceptional Student EducationDepartment, through the Curriculum Improvement Project, a special project, funded by theState of Florida, Department of Education, Division of Public Schools and CommunityEducation, Bureau of Instructional Support and Community Services, through federalassistance under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B.

CopyrightState of Florida

Department of State2000

Authorization for reproduction is hereby granted to the State System of Public Education asdefined in Section 228.041(1), Florida Statutes. No authorization is granted for distributionor reproduction outside the State System of Public Education without prior approval in writing.

Exceptional Student Education

Curriculum Improvement ProjectIDEA, Part B, Special Project

American History–Part 1Course No. 2100310

revised and edited bySue Fresen

Joshua LoganKathleen McCarron

graphics byRachel McAllister

page layout byBlanche Blank

http://www.leon.k12.fl.us/public/pass/

Curriculum Improvement ProjectSue Fresen, Project Manager

Leon County Exceptional Student Education (ESE)Ward Spisso, Director of Exceptional Education and Student ServicesDiane Johnson, Director of the Florida Diagnostic and Learning Resources System (FDLRS)/Miccosukee Associate Center

Superintendent of Leon County SchoolsWilliam J. Montford

School Board of Leon CountyTom Young, ChairJoy BowenJ. Scott DaileyMaggie LewisFred Varn

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................... xi

Section 1: Founding the New Nation (Prehistory-1877) .......................... 1

Unit 1: America from Exploration through Colonization (Prehistory-1763) ....... 3Unit Focus .................................................................................................................... 3Vocabulary .................................................................................................................... 5Introduction ................................................................................................................. 9Pre-Columbian Era ...................................................................................................... 9Columbus Opens the Door for Exploration .......................................................... 11British North America Is Colonized ....................................................................... 13New England Colonies Formed for Religious Reasons ....................................... 15Other Colonies ........................................................................................................... 18The Three Regions of the Thirteen Colonies ......................................................... 18British Colonial Policy .............................................................................................. 20Summary .................................................................................................................... 22Practice ........................................................................................................................ 24

Unit 2: Road to Revolution (1764-1788) .................................................................... 33Unit Focus .................................................................................................................. 33Vocabulary .................................................................................................................. 35Introduction ............................................................................................................... 39Stirrings of Rebellion ................................................................................................ 39First Continental Congress ...................................................................................... 42Second Continental Congress .................................................................................. 43War for Independence .............................................................................................. 44“E pluribus unum”—Out of Many, One ................................................................ 46Articles of Confederation ......................................................................................... 47Constitutional Convention of 1787 ......................................................................... 50Creating a Federal Union ......................................................................................... 53Summary .................................................................................................................... 54Practice ........................................................................................................................ 55

Unit 3: The Constitution and Early National Period (1787-1820) ........................ 65Unit Focus .................................................................................................................. 65Vocabulary .................................................................................................................. 67Introduction ............................................................................................................... 71Need to Ratify the Constitution .............................................................................. 72Federalists and Antifederalists ................................................................................ 72Political Parties Take Shape ..................................................................................... 73Bill of Rights Leads to Ratification ......................................................................... 74

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Basic Principles of the Constitution ........................................................................ 75The Constitution of the United States of America ................................................ 76Beginnings of the War of 1812 ................................................................................. 87Major Events and Results of the War of 1812 ........................................................ 88Summary .................................................................................................................... 91Practice ........................................................................................................................ 92

Unit 4: The Civil War and the Reconstruction Era (1820-1877) .......................... 109Unit Focus ................................................................................................................ 109Vocabulary .................................................................................................................111Introduction ............................................................................................................. 117Re-emergence of Regions ....................................................................................... 117Missouri Compromise of 1820 .............................................................................. 118Nullification Crisis .................................................................................................. 119Olive Branch and the Sword.................................................................................. 120Mexican War ............................................................................................................ 121Different Economies ................................................................................................ 122Compromise of 1850 ............................................................................................... 122Bleeding Kansas ...................................................................................................... 126The Dred Scott Decision ......................................................................................... 128The Lincoln-Douglas Debates ............................................................................... 128The Civil War Begins at Fort Sumter .................................................................... 129Reconstruction and the Freedmen’s Bureau ....................................................... 134Summary .................................................................................................................. 137Practice ...................................................................................................................... 138

Section 2: Strengthening the New Nation (1840-1933) ........................ 149

Unit 5: Westward Expansion (1840-1890) ................................................................ 151Unit Focus ................................................................................................................ 151Vocabulary ................................................................................................................ 153Introduction ............................................................................................................. 157Native Americans in the West ............................................................................... 160American Settlement of the West .......................................................................... 160Conflict with the Native Americans ..................................................................... 162Farming in the West ................................................................................................ 165The Cattle Kingdom................................................................................................ 166Mining Towns .......................................................................................................... 167Summary .................................................................................................................. 167Practice ...................................................................................................................... 168

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Unit 6: Development of Industrial America (1865-1925) ..................................... 181Unit Focus ................................................................................................................ 181Vocabulary ................................................................................................................ 183Introduction ............................................................................................................. 185Why American Industry Developed .................................................................... 185The Role of Inventions ............................................................................................ 186Development of Corporations ............................................................................... 188Reform of the Trusts ................................................................................................ 189Summary .................................................................................................................. 190Practice ...................................................................................................................... 191

Unit 7: Problems in Industrial America (1867-1935) ............................................ 201Unit Focus ................................................................................................................ 201Vocabulary ................................................................................................................ 203Introduction ............................................................................................................. 205Problems of the Farmer .......................................................................................... 205Problems of Industrial Workers ............................................................................ 206Problems of Urban Growth.................................................................................... 211Summary .................................................................................................................. 211Practice ...................................................................................................................... 212

Unit 8: Becoming a World Power (1867-1898) ........................................................ 221Unit Focus ................................................................................................................ 221Vocabulary ................................................................................................................ 223Introduction ............................................................................................................. 225Reasons the United States Wanted Colonies ....................................................... 225The United States Gains Colonies ......................................................................... 226The United States Colonial Policy ........................................................................ 229Current Status of American Colonies ................................................................... 230Summary .................................................................................................................. 230Practice ...................................................................................................................... 231

Unit 9: United States Foreign Policy (1898-1933) .................................................. 241Unit Focus ................................................................................................................ 241Vocabulary ................................................................................................................ 243Introduction ............................................................................................................. 245Spheres of Influence in China................................................................................ 245President Theodore Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs ........................................... 246

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The United States Takes Action in Latin America .............................................. 249Summary .................................................................................................................. 251Practice ...................................................................................................................... 252

Section 3: America at Peace and at War (1890-1921) .............................. 261

Unit 10: The Progressive Era (1890-1917) ................................................................ 263Unit Focus ................................................................................................................ 263Vocabulary ................................................................................................................ 265lntroduction.............................................................................................................. 269Problems with Big Business ................................................................................... 269The Progressive Movement ................................................................................... 270Reforms in City Government ................................................................................ 271Reforms in State Government ............................................................................... 271Reforms in Business ................................................................................................ 273Social Reforms ......................................................................................................... 274Problems of African Americans ............................................................................ 275Role of American Women ...................................................................................... 276Summary .................................................................................................................. 277Practice ...................................................................................................................... 278

Unit 11: World War I in Europe (1914-1918) ........................................................... 291Unit Focus ................................................................................................................ 291Vocabulary ................................................................................................................ 293Introduction ............................................................................................................. 295Events in Europe ..................................................................................................... 295The Buildup of Militaries ....................................................................................... 296World War I Begins in Europe ............................................................................... 298Summary .................................................................................................................. 299Practice ...................................................................................................................... 300

Unit 12: The United States Enters World War I (1915-1918) ................................ 313Unit Focus ................................................................................................................ 313Vocabulary ................................................................................................................ 315Introduction ............................................................................................................. 317American’s Attitudes towards the War ................................................................ 318Early Effects of the War on American Trade ....................................................... 318The United States Is Drawn into the War (1914-1916) ....................................... 319How the War Affected Life in America ................................................................ 321The United States Military Joins Allied Forces in Europe ................................. 324

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A New Age in Weapons ......................................................................................... 324Summary .................................................................................................................. 325Practice ...................................................................................................................... 326

Unit 13: Looking for Peace after World War I (1918-1921) ................................... 337Unit Focus ................................................................................................................ 337Vocabulary ................................................................................................................ 339Introduction ............................................................................................................. 341Fourteen Points ........................................................................................................ 342The Treaty of Versailles ........................................................................................... 344The League of Nations............................................................................................ 345Summary .................................................................................................................. 346Practice ...................................................................................................................... 347

Section 4: Between Two Wars (1918-1940) .................................................. 355

Unit 14: Prosperity after World War I (1918-1929) ................................................. 357Unit Focus ................................................................................................................ 357Vocabulary ................................................................................................................ 359Introduction ............................................................................................................. 361The Economy in the 1920s...................................................................................... 361The Growth of Intolerance ..................................................................................... 363A Technological Revolution ................................................................................... 364American Culture .................................................................................................... 367Post-War Isolationism ............................................................................................. 370The End of the Twenties ......................................................................................... 370Summary .................................................................................................................. 370Practice ...................................................................................................................... 372

Unit 15: The Great Depression (1929-1932) ............................................................ 381Unit Focus ................................................................................................................ 381Vocabulary ................................................................................................................ 383Introduction ............................................................................................................. 385The Great Depression ............................................................................................. 385Causes of the Great Depression ............................................................................ 386Summary .................................................................................................................. 391Practice ...................................................................................................................... 392

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Unit 16: The New Deal (1933-1940) .......................................................................... 401Unit Focus ................................................................................................................ 401Vocabulary ................................................................................................................ 403Introduction ............................................................................................................. 405Economic Conditions .............................................................................................. 405The First 100 Days ................................................................................................... 406The Second New Deal ............................................................................................ 409Criticism of the New Deal ...................................................................................... 410Election of 1936 ........................................................................................................ 410Social Conditions ..................................................................................................... 411Summary .................................................................................................................. 412Practice ...................................................................................................................... 414

Appendices ............................................................................................................... 431Appendix A: The Mayflower Compact ................................................................ 433Appendix B: The United States Constitution ...................................................... 435Appendix C: The Declaration of Independence ................................................. 457Appendix D: The Articles of Confederation ....................................................... 463Appendix E: The Bill of Rights .............................................................................. 472Appendix F: The Presidents of the United States ............................................... 475Appendix G: Index .................................................................................................. 477Appendix H: References......................................................................................... 481

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Acknowledgments

The staff of the Curriculum Improvement Project wishes to express appreciationto the content revisor and reviewers for their assistance in the revision ofAmerican History–Part 1 from original material by content, instructional, andgraphic design specialists from Leon and Pinellas county school districts.

Content Revisors

Joshua LoganSocial Studies TeacherFlorica State University SchoolTallahassee, FL

Kathleen McCarronSocial Studies TeacherDepartment Chair, Lincoln High SchoolTallahassee, FL

Copy Editor

Deborah ShepardNational Board for Professional

Teaching Standards (NBPTS)Certified English Teacher

Lincoln High SchoolTallahassee, FL

Production Staff

Sue Fresen, Project ManagerBlanche Blank, Text Design Specialist

Rachel McAllister, Graphics Design SpecialistTallahassee, FL

Review Team

Dr. Robert CassanelloAssistant Professor of HistoryMiles CollegeBirmingham, AL

Mark GoldmanProfessor of HistoryTallahassee Community CollegePresidentLeon Association for Children

with Learning Disabilities (ACLD)Tallahassee, FL

Richard K. GraySocial Studies TeacherDepartment ChairLincoln Park AcademyFt. Pierce, FL

Dr. Cheryl D. JenningsAssociate DirectorStavros Center for

Economic EducationFlorida State UniversityTallahassee, FL

Eileen SchaapSocial Studies TeacherDepartment ChairLeon High SchoolTallahassee, FL

Margaret WoodExceptional Student Education

TeacherLeon High SchoolTallahassee, FL

Unit 1: America from Exploration through Colonization(Prehistory-1763)

This unit emphasizes early historical developments in the Americas andhow religious, social, political, and economic developments shaped theNorth American colonies.

Unit Focus

• description of pre-Columbian era

• explorations of Columbus and other explorers

• how British North America was colonized

• reasons Pilgrims, Puritans, and other groups came to theNew World

• ways geography affected development of New England,Southern, and Middle Colonies

• examples of British Colonial policy

Unit 1: America from Exploration through Colonization (Prehistory-1763) 5

Vocabulary

Study the vocabulary words and definitions below.

adobe ............................................... building material or brick made ofsun-dried earth and straw

agrarian economy .......................... economic system based on makingmoney by growing crops

banish .............................................. to formally and legally remove from aplace and not allow to return

breadbasket .................................... refers to a region that can produce a lotof food and provide it to others

cash crop ......................................... a crop grown by a farmer for sale, notpersonal use

chattel .............................................. possession or property

commercial economy .................... economic system based on makingmoney by buying and selling things

conquistadors ................................ Spanish military leaders who conqueredthe Native Americans of Central andSouth America

consent of the governed .............. people agreeing to be governed, makingdecisions in government, and selectingtheir own leaders

democratic ...................................... type of government or rule where thepower comes from the people

Unit 1: America from Exploration through Colonization (Prehistory-1763)6

French and Indian War ................ war between England and France from1754 to 1763 for control of NorthAmerica that eliminated France as arival in North America; known inEurope as Seven Years’ War

indentured servants ...................... people who agreed to work foremployers for a certain period of time,often in return for travel expenses,shelter, and food

Jamestown ...................................... first surviving British colony establishedin 1607 by the Virginia Company inwhat today is Virginia

joint-stock company ..................... a business in which individuals investtheir money for a common purpose

land bridge ..................................... frozen water and land which connectedthe continents of Asia and NorthAmerica

Mayflower Compact ..................... written agreement signed aboard theMayflower by the Pilgrims of the colonyof Plymouth to be ruled by a democraticgovernment and recognizing the king ofEngland as their monarch

Northwest Passage ........................ inland water route from the east coast ofNorth America to the Pacific, and thusto the Orient

persecute ......................................... to treat someone or a group in a crueland unjust way


Pilgrims ........................................... a group of religious reformers who fledEngland to seek religious freedom;established first permanent colony inNew England at Plymouth in what isnow Massachusetts

Pocahontas

(poh-kuh-HÓNN-tuss) ................. daughter of chief Powhatan; marriedVirginia colonist John Rolfe

Powhatan (pow-uh-TÁN) ............ chief of the Powhatan tribe and head ofthe Powhatan confederacy of tribes; agroup of Native Americans that lived ineastern Virginia at the time of the firstEnglish settlements in that area

pre-Columbian era ........................ the time period in North America beforethe discovery of the New World byColumbus

Puritans ........................................... members of a Protestant group whowanted to eliminate all traces of RomanCatholic rituals and traditions in theChurch of England; many later settledin the colonies to avoid persecution inEngland

Roanoke Island ............................. an island off the northeast coast ofNorth Carolina; site of the Englishsettlement founded in 1587 by SirWalter Raleigh that disappearedwithout a trace

salutary neglect ............................. period when English regulations wererelaxed in return for the colonies’continued economic support


scurvy .............................................. disease caused by lack of ascorbic acid(or vitamin C), characterized by spongygums, loosening of teeth, and bleedingskin and mucous membranes

starving time .................................. period early in a colony’s existencewhen many people died because theylacked food and protection

tariff ................................................. tax or duty that a government chargeson imports or goods coming into acountry

vice-admiralty courts .................... military courts created by the EnglishParliament to try colonists without ajury of their peers, violated thecolonists’ rights as Englishmen

Who’s Who in America fromExploration through Colonization

Christopher Columbus Juan Ponce de Léon

Franciso Vásquez de Coronado Chief Powhatan

Hernán Cortés Walter Raleigh

Hernando de Soto John Rolfe

Leif Ericson John Smith

Anne Hutchinson Squanto

King James I Roger Williams

Pocahontas


Introduction

People have lived in the Americas for thousands of years. Thefirst Americans left no records. Researchers are still trying to

determine when the first people reached the Americas.

About the year 1,000 A.D. the Vikings had reachedNorth America. The news of their voyages did notspread to other parts of Europe during the MiddleAges. However, in the Renaissance period, Europeannations had begun to look overseas to explore. Sailorsfrom many nations explored the world in the 1500sand 1600s.

Pre-Columbian Era

Historians call the time before Christopher Columbuslanded at Santo Domingo in the Caribbean Sea thepre-Columbian era in the New World. Researchindicates that more than one group of settlers crossedover to the Americas perhaps as early as 30,000 to40,000 years ago. Most historians agree that Asianscrossed a land bridge that connected the Siberianregion of Russia in Asia with Alaska and Canada inNorth America (see map on next page).

Asians crossed the frozen water and land where the BeringStrait is today and traveled south, settling throughout Canada, the UnitedStates, Mexico, Central America, and South America.

Other researchers think that an earlier group of people may have crossedthe Atlantic from Europe’s Iberian Peninsula—the area that is now Spain,Portugal, and southwestern France. These explorers are believed to haveoriginally settled the Eastern Seaboard, eventually going as far as theAmerican deserts and Canadian tundra, and perhaps into South America.This theory is still being researched.

The movement of groups to the Americas involved many different peoplesover many periods of time. The environment of the areas where differentgroups settled dictated how they developed into different tribes andcivilizations. When Columbus arrived in the New World, millions of

Viking

Christopher Columbus


Native Americans lived in what today is called the United States. NativeAmericans of the Pacific Northwest (Washington and Oregon) adapted towet weather and extensive waterways relied on fishing and hunting forsurvival. In the dry Southwest region in New Mexico and Arizona, theHopi, Pueblo, and other tribes of the region irrigated their tribal farmlandswhile living in homes made of adobe. The Northeast region of the UnitedStates (Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, and other states)provided a densely wooded area where Native Americans hunted gameand gathered nuts and berries. Native Americans who lived in theSoutheastern region (the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida) enjoyed goodfarming in the fertile soil and also hunted.

ArcticOcean

Atlantic

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CaribbeanSea

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HudsonBay

BeringSea

GREENLANDICELAND

UNITED STATES

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ALASKA

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SOUTHAMERICA

N

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glaciers

glaciers

Bering LandBridge

land bridge

glaciers

migration route

key

Crossing the Land Bridge to North America


During the pre-Columbian era, the Native Americans of North Americatraded with each other for items they needed. Some tribes tradedvegetables and fish for animal hides and tools made of bone. The onething that the Native Americans of North America did not trade was land.Most tribes lived communally, working together for the community andnot just themselves; they did not have strong ideas of personal ownership.

With the arrival of the Genoese explorer, Columbus, his men, and hisships in the Caribbean in 1492, Europe learned of the New World. Inreality, the New World (North America and South America) was notunknown, only unknown to Europe. During this time period, anestimated 43-65 million Native Americans may have lived in both Northand South America.

Columbus thought he had reached the East Indies, so he called the peoplehe met Indians. These Native Americans were descended from the peoplewho reached America thousands of years ago.

Columbus is remembered and credited with the discovery of the NewWorld in 1492. However, Columbus was not the first European to visit theshores of North America. More than 500 years earlier, in 1,000 A.D., LeifEricson, a Norse explorer on a voyage from Greenland, visited thecontinent.

Columbus Opens the Door for Exploration

As the 15th century came to an end, Columbus madeseveral voyages to the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico.He was searching for a shortcut to Asia, his original goal.Later explorers who were still searching for thisshortcut called it the Northwest Passage. Europeowned both the technology and the resources forsafe passage to and from the New World. Kingsand queens funded exploration. The printing presswas used to publish stories about the findings ofexplorers. The stories spread quickly, encouragingother nations to strive for the same success.


Throughout the 16th century (1501-1600), the Spanish dominatedexploration and colonization of theAmericas. Beyond the Caribbean,the Spanish explorer HernánCortés conquered the NativeAmericans of modern dayMexico. Next, Spanishexplorer Francisco Vázquez deCoronado set out to explore the

northern area of Mexico and the southwestern areaof what would become the United States (California,Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada). On the eastcoast the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leónsearched for the Fountain of Youth and discoveredFlorida. In 1565 the Spanish established St. Augustine.This settlement survived to become the oldestEuropean-founded city in the present-day UnitedStates. Further exploration of the southeast was doneby Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto and his men asthey traveled through Florida, Georgia, Alabama,and Mississippi to the Mississippi River.

Atlantic

Ocean

CaribbeanSea

Gulf ofMexico

NEW SPAIN

Pacific

Ocean

Santa Fe, 1609

St. Augustine, 1565

Mexico City,1521

Veracruz,1519

CUBA

Mis

siss

ippi

R.

Colorado R

Rio Grande R.

Ponce de León, 1513

Cortés, 1519-1521

de Soto, 1539-1542

Coronado, 1540-1542

key

Early Spanish Explorations

Juan Ponce de León

Hernán Cortés

Hernando de Soto


The Spanish military leaders, called conquistadors, conquered the NativeAmericans of South America and took their riches for Spain. The Spanishforced the Native Americans to mine for gold and silver, and then theseriches were taken to Spain. As other countries heard of the riches and sawthe benefits to Spain they wanted to do the same.

British North America Is Colonized

England set out to establish colonies along the eastern coast of NorthAmerica. The English goal was to follow in Spain’s footsteps, to conquer

the Native Americans, and to force them to mine for gold,silver, and other riches that would be sent to England. The

first English colony failed. Roanoke Island, the LostColony, was established on an island off the northeastcoast of North Carolina in 1587. The founder, Sir WalterRaleigh, was delayed in bringing supplies to the colonybecause he helped defend England from an attack bythe Spanish. When Raleigh finally reached the islandthree years later in 1590, no one was left. Nobody everdiscovered what happened to them.

Jamestown, England’s first surviving colony in British NorthAmerica, was founded in 1607 at Jamestown, Virginia. Itwas named for King James I of England. A group ofinvestors bought the right to establish a colony from theking. These investors formed a joint-stock companycalled the Virginia Company, which permitted numerousinvestors to pool their wealth to fund colonies and sharein any profits. Joint-stock companies were very importantbecause they financed many of the colonial expeditions.The investors in the Virginia Company hoped that goldwould be discovered as it had in New Spain (in what istoday's Mexico) so they would get a quick return ontheir investment.

Jamestown never experienced the success of theSpanish colonies. Like Roanoke, the colony nearlydisappeared because its colonists were not preparedto work for their own survival. English gentlemenwere sent to start the colony, and they did not know

Sir Walter Raleigh

English gentlemen weresent to start the colonyof Jamestown, but theydid not know how toestablish a successfulsettlement.


how to work together. The first several winters saw the population ofJamestown shrink and nearly disappear. Jamestown was saved whenCaptain John Smith took over in 1607 and demanded that all the colonistswork for the benefit of all.

John Smith went to nearby Native American villages to trade for food. Hewas captured by the chief, Powhatan (pow-uh-TÁN) and was sentencedto death. Pocahontas (poh-kuh-HÓNN-tuss), the chief’s 12-year-olddaughter, begged her father to spare him. Powhatan agreed and even soldcorn to Smith to feed the hungry colonists at Jamestown. Life in the colonyimproved when colonists began planting crops. However, in 1609, JohnSmith was injured in an accident. After he returned to England, the colonyagain fell on hard times. The winter of 1609-1610 was known as thestarving time because so many people died without enough food to eat.

Less than half the original colonistssurvived to see a relief ship withsupplies and newcomers arrivefrom England in the spring of 1610.Discouraged by the harsh livingconditions and gloomy outlook,the colonists and newcomers wereready to pack up and go back toEngland. They were convinced tostay, and in 1619 the VirginiaCompany put new leaders in charge ofthe colony.

The Virginia Company sent a governor with orders to consult the settlers.The settlers who owned land were allowed to elect burgesses, or

representatives. The burgesses met in an assemblycalled the House of Burgesses and with thegovernor, made laws for the colony. The House ofBurgesses brought representative government tothe English colonies. Settlers now felt they had asay in how they were governed.

The burgesses had the power to make strict rulesand laws, and Jamestown again began to grow.The English eventually realized they would notfind gold or silver in Virginia. With the food andthe support of the nearby Powhatan peoples, theEnglish learned what crops could grow in the


local climate. They learned from the Native Americansthat the Virginia soil was excellent for growing tobacco,which the colonists called brown gold. In 1612, John Rolfecross-bred tobacco seeds from South America withnative American seeds. The demand for tobaccoprovided the colonists with the cash crop they neededto build the colony. By 1619 the Virginia colony waswell on its way to success. Tobacco farms grewthroughout the Chesapeake Bay area, creating ademand for farm workers.

Many people wanted to come to America but were toopoor to pay for their passage. Thousands of men,

women, and children came to America as indenturedservants to work on tobacco farms. Indentured servants were

people who promised to work for others for a certain number of years,usually two to seven, in return for passage to the colonies and food andshelter upon arrival. Indentured servants were usually from the lowerclasses of English society and had little to lose by leaving England. At theend of their indenture, some were given clothes, tools, land, and theirfreedom. They then supported themselves as farmers, merchants, andcraft workers. Some indentured servants became very successful and roseto positions of respect in the colonies.

In 1619 a Dutch merchant ship with 20 Africans aboard, originally headedfor South America as slaves for the mines, landed off course inJamestown. These Africans became indentured servants and after a fewyears most of them received land and freedom. Eventually, more Africanswere brought to help with the difficult farming of tobacco. However, itwould be several decades before the English colonists began thesystematic use of Africans for slave labor and came up with the idea ofchattel slavery, where enslaved human beings are considered property.

New England Colonies Formed for Religious Reasons

Plymouth Colony

In September of 1620, 102 Pilgrims set sail from England on a ship namedthe Mayflower, heading for Virginia. Blown off course, they instead landedat Plymouth, along the coast of what would later become the state ofMassachusetts. These colonists established the second permanent colony


in America and the first in New England. Not all colonies were formed forcommercial reasons. Plymouth was different from Jamestown because thePilgrims came to the New World for religiousfreedom.

When the colonists aboard the Mayflowerarrived, they realized they were outside of thearea they were granted by the king. Beforeleaving the ship, the colonists signed adocument called the Mayflower Compact(see Appendix A). This agreement created thebasic legal system for the colony with thesettlers agreeing to democratic rule, or rule bythe group. They also promised to support theking and pay back the joint-stock company thatpaid for their journey. The Mayflower Compact helped establish theimportant idea of consent of the governed, where the people makedecisions. The Mayflower Compact was the first document of self-

government in North America and is part of thefoundation of government for the United States.

Weakened by scurvy and malnutrition, more thanhalf of the Pilgrims perished that first winter. Likethe colonists at Jamestown, the Pilgrims weregiven help by Native Americans. Their greatesthelp came from Squanto, a Native American whohad learned to speak English after having beenheld captive by traders who took him to Englandyears before. Squanto provided corn to plant andinstructions on how to grow it. In spring thecolonists planted crops and had a good harvest inthe fall which helped them survive the comingwinter and succeed as a colony.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Another group who sought religious freedom were the Puritans. Like thePilgrims, the Puritans were also unhappy with the Church of England.Unlike the Pilgrims, the Puritans did not want to separate from theChurch, but wanted to purify its religious practices. However, Churchauthorities rejected their ideas, and they were persecuted for their beliefs.In March of 1630, a group of these Puritans left England and settled 40

the Mayflower


miles north of the Plymouth Colony. They called their colony theMassachusetts Bay Colony. Its capital was Boston.

The Puritans brought with them the tools, supplies, and skilled workers toestablish good English-style farms and villages. Because of this planning,there was no starving time in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. From 1630 tonearly 1650 thousands of Puritans left England to settle near Plymouth.This period is called the Great Migration. As more people arrived fromEngland, they began to spread out and create new communities orcolonies all throughout the New England region. Gradually, the Puritanscreated colonies at New Haven, in what later became the state ofConnecticut, and Providence, in what later became the state of RhodeIsland.

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The Great English Migration, 1630-1650


Other Colonies

Even though religious toleration and acceptancewere among the reasons the Puritans migrated toNew England, the Puritans were not tolerant ofother religions. Their intolerance led to thefounding of other colonies by peoplelooking for religious freedom. RogerWilliams and Anne Hutchinson were bothbanished by the Puritans from theMassachusetts Bay Colony for criticizingthe colony's policies and leadership. In1636 Williams founded the town ofProvidence (in what became RhodeIsland), and it became a safe place forfollowers of all religions. In 1638 AnneHutchinson and her followers also movedto Rhode Island and established othertowns. In 1644 Williams obtained a charterfrom England, and the town of Providenceand three others became the colony of Rhode Island.

During the 17th century, many people left Europe for British NorthAmerica and created colonies. Swedes settled in the Delaware region, theDutch in New York. Eventually, the English were able to take over thesecolonies. The colonies of Pennsylvania and the Carolinas were createdwhen the king of England granted land to people who had supported him.

The Three Regions of the Thirteen Colonies

New England Colonies

Because of geography, the colonies developed differently. Heavily forestedNew England was located in a mountainous region and along the Easternseaboard. Therefore, the people of the New England colonies(Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island) soldlumber and fished the coastal waters for their survival. Gradually, acommercial economy developed, supporting many merchants.Shipbuilding became one of the greatest industries of the area.


Southern Colonies

The geography of the Southern colonies (Virginia, Maryland, NorthCarolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) led to the development of anagrarian economy. Agrarian economies grow food crops or cash crops,which are sold for profits. The most successful products in the southerncolonies were tobacco, rice, and indigo (used as a dye to color cloth). Latercotton would be very successful in the fertile, flat land of the coastal south.

The cash crops of the southerncolonies required a great deal oflabor. Plantations, or large farmsowned by one person, were createdthroughout the region. Indenturedservants and later slaves providedlabor for working the fields. Asplantations were started along therivers, cities or towns sprang up atthe coastal port cities, where goodswere shipped to England inexchange for manufactured goodsbrought to the colonies.

Middle Colonies

The Middle Colonies (Delaware,Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York)provided a varied economy. With fertileland, these colonies became thebreadbasket of the colonies because theyprovided much of the food for othercolonies, especially during the AmericanRevolution. The port cities of New YorkCity and Philadelphia became importantmerchant centers where goods wereshipped in and out.

clearing the land for farming


COLONY LEADER REASONS FOUNDED

New England Colonies

MassachusettsPlymouthMassachusetts Bay

DATEFOUNDED

16201630

William BradfordJohn Winthrop

Religious freedomReligious freedom

New Hampshire 1622 Ferdinando GorgesJohn Mason

Profit from trade and fishing

ConnecticutHartfordNew Haven

16361639

Thomas Hooker Expand trade; religious andpolitical freedom

Rhode Island 1636 Roger Williams Religious freedom

Southern Colonies

Virginia 1607 John Smith Trade and farming

Maryland 1632 Lord Baltimore Profit from land sales;religious and political freedom

The CarolinasNorth CarolinaSouth Carolina

166317121712

Group of eightproprietors

Trade and farming; religiousfreedom

Georgia 1732 James Oglethorpe Profit; home for debtors; bufferagainst Spanish in Florida

Middle Colonies

New York 1626 Peter Minuit Expand trade

Delaware 1638 Swedish settlers

Pennsylvania 1681 William Penn Profit from land sales; religiousand political freedom

Expand trade

New Jersey 1664 Profit from land sales; religiousand political freedom

John BerkeleyGeorge Carteret

British Colonial Policy

British colonies were important to England because they either provideddesired luxuries such as sugar and tobacco or served as markets forgoods produced in England. The American colonies served Englandmostly as a market for their goods. Because England owned the colonies,England could create laws defining what the colonists had to buy fromEngland and what they could sell to other countries. These laws werecalled the Navigation Acts. The Navigation Acts passed by the EnglishParliament in 1651 tightened control of trade between the colonies bysetting tariffs (taxes or duties) on imports. These laws required colonists


to limit their production of iron products so they would buy productsmade in England. They also required colonists to pay tariffs on certainproducts. All goods shipped to or from the colonies were to be transportedon British ships and had to stop in England before going anywhere else. Atax on the goods was paid to the English government.

To make sure the colonists followed the Navigation Acts, Englandestablished vice-admiralty courts, or military courts, with no juries.England felt colonial juries would always side with their neighbors andignore the law and England.

From the 1640s through the 1680s, the English had problems at home.From 1689 to 1763, England fought four wars against the French onbattlefields across the world. With much of her attention focused onfighting France, England began to pay less attention to her Americancolonies. This was known as salutary neglect, a time when Englandignored the colonies by relaxing its regulations. During this period,American colonies grew strong and independent with little help fromEngland because they had to make decisions on their own. One result ofsalutary neglect was the development of colonial assemblies, where thecolonists helped make decisions with representatives of the king.

British Crown

Royal Governor:appointed by the Crown

• approved all laws• managed all trade in

colonies• had the power to

dismiss colonialassembly

Council: appointed bythe governor

• served on the advisoryboard to the governor

• acted as highest courtin the colonies

Colonial Assembly:elected by the colonists

• paid the governor’ssalary

• made laws• could raise taxes

Colonial Government

After the French and Indian War, fought from 1754 to 1763, England againturned its attention to its colonies as a source for paying off war debts.These financial demands would set England and the colonies on a collisioncourse. The colonies would declare their independence 13 years later.


Summary

Native Americans developed many different cultural regions in NorthAmerica before 1492. After the discovery of the New World, Europeansclaimed large parts of the Americas for Portugal, Spain, France, andEngland.

Both Spain and France built large empires in the Americas in the 1500s. Inthe 1600s and 1700s, England set up 13 colonies in North America.Colonists came to America for various reasons, which included religious,political, and economic freedom. Each colony had its own governmentand each differed from the others in part because of geography. The NewEngland, Middle, and Southern colonies each had their own way of life.Trade and travel between the colonieshelped colonists learn about one another.

England owned the colonies and couldcreate laws and tariffs that controlled whatcolonists bought from England, could sellto other countries, and could trade betweenthe colonies. During the French and IndianWar, England was too busy to pay muchattention to the colonies. The colonies wereforced to become independent and maketheir own decisions. Colonial assemblieswith a representative governmentdeveloped. This independence would behard to give up when England once againturned its attention to the colonies.


GEORGIA

SOUTHCAROLINA

NORTHCAROLINA

VIRGINIA

MARYLAND

PENNSYLVANIA

NEW JERSEY

DELAWARE

NEW YORK

NEW HAMPSHIRE

CONNECTICUTRHODE ISLAND

MASSACHUSETTS

Lake Superior

Lake

Mic

higa

n

LakeHuron

Lake

Erie

Lake

Onta

rio

N

S

EW

The Original Thirteen Colonies in the Mid-1700s


Practice

Use the list below to write the correct term for each definition on the line provided.

Christopher Columbus Hernando de SotoFranciso Vásquez de Coronado Leif EricsonJuan Ponce de León EuropeanHernán Cortés Vikings

1. The had reached North America by

1,000 A.D.

2. During the Renaissance, nations began

looking overseas to explore.

3. , a Genoese explorer, announced his

discovery of the New World in 1492.

4. On a voyage from Greenland in 1,000 A.D., ,

a Norse explorer, visited the shores of North America 500 years before

Columbus.

5. , a Spanish explorer, conquered the Native

Americans of modern-day Mexico.

6. set out to explore the northern area of

Mexico and the southwestern area of what is now the United States.


7. searched for the Fountain of Youth and

discovered Florida.

8. traveled through Florida, Georgia,

Alabama, and Mississippi.


Practice


adobe indentured servantschattel Jamestownconquistadors joint-stock company

________________________ 1. first surviving British colony establishedin 1607 by the Virginia Company in whattoday is Virginia

________________________ 2. a business in which individuals investtheir money for a common purpose

________________________ 3. Spanish military leaders who conqueredthe Native Americans of Central andSouth America

________________________ 4. possession or property

________________________ 5. building material or brick made ofsun-dried earth and straw

________________________ 6. people who agreed to work foremployers for a certain period of time,often in return for travel expenses,shelter, and food


Practice

Match each definition with the correct term. Write the letter on the line provided.

______ 1. frozen water and land whichconnected the continents ofAsia and North America

______ 2. an island off the northeastcoast of North Carolina; siteof the English settlementfounded in 1587 by Sir WalterRaleigh

______ 3. period early in a colony’sexistence when many peopledied because they lackedfood and protection

______ 4. daughter of chief Powhatan;married Virginia colonistJohn Rolfe

______ 5. inland water route from theeast coast of North Americato the Pacific

______ 6. chief of the Powhatan tribeand head of the Powhatanconfederacy of tribes

______ 7. the time period in NorthAmerica before the discoveryof the New World byColumbus

A. land bridge

B. NorthwestPassage

C. Pocahontas

D. Powhatan

E. pre-Columbianera

F. Roanoke Island

G. starving time


Practice

Use the list below to write each colony under the correct region.

Connecticut New Hampshire PennsylvaniaDelaware New Jersey Rhode IslandGeorgia New York South CarolinaMaryland North Carolina VirginiaMassachusetts

New EnglandColonies

SouthernColonies

MiddleColonies


Practice

Use the list below to write each characteristic under the correct colonialregion.

agrarian economy fishing port citiesbreadbasket lumber shipbuildingcash crops merchant centers tobaccocommercial economy plantations varied economy

New EnglandColonies

SouthernColonies

MiddleColonies


Practice


agrarian economy democraticbreadbasket Pilgrimscash crop Puritanscommercial economy salutary neglect

________________________ 1. period when English regulations wererelaxed in return for the colonies’continued economic support

________________________ 2. type of government or rule where thepower comes from the people

________________________ 3. economic system based on makingmoney by buying and selling things

________________________ 4. members of a Protestant group whowanted to eliminate all traces of RomanCatholic rituals and traditions in theChurch of England

________________________ 5. a crop grown by a farmer for sale, notpersonal use

________________________ 6. refers to a region that can produce a lotof food and provide it to others

________________________ 7. a group of religious reformers who fledEngland to seek religious freedom

________________________ 8. economic system based on makingmoney by growing crops


Practice

Match each definition with the correct term. Write the letter on the line provided.

______ 1. disease caused by lack ofascorbic acid (or vitamin C)

______ 2. to treat someone or a group in acruel and unjust way

______ 3. people agreeing to be governed,making decisions ingovernments, and selectingtheir own leaders

______ 4. tax or duty that a governmentcharges on imports or goodscoming into a country

______ 5. written agreement signedaboard the Mayflower by thePilgrims of the colony ofPlymouth to be ruled by ademocratic government

______ 6. war between England andFrance from 1754 to 1763 forcontrol of North America

______ 7. military courts created by theEnglish Parliament to trycolonists without a jury of theirpeers

______ 8. to formally and legally removefrom a place and not allow toreturn

A. banish

B. consent of thegoverned

C. French and IndianWar

D. Mayflower Compact

E. persecute

F. scurvy

G. tariff

H. vice-admiraltycourts

american history–part 1 - debbie...

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