American HistoryUnit II- U.S. Foreign Affairs

World War IIChapter 26- Clouds of War

Section 1- Foreign Affairs 1933-1939

Reading Quiz

Conditions in German that Conditions in German that paved the way for Hitler.paved the way for Hitler.• The people had little faith in the weak existing democratic government.• A multiparty system hindered the growth of a strong “center” party.• Fear of the Communists was widespread (this is very important).• Many Germans wanted to avenge the defeat they had suffered in World

War I.• Germany was plagued by unemployment, severe inflation, and

depression- all of which the Nazis promised to remedy.• The German middle class hungered for stability, even at the cost of

liberty.• The police and military high command offered no serious opposition

when the Nazis used strong arm methods to gain control.

Threats to Peace• The rise of Hitler

• Austrian drop out and failed artist

• WWI- German soldier wounded and gassed.

• Joins Social Workers party and reshapes it into NAZI.

• Scapegoat- jews

• 1923 Beer Hall Putsch in Bavaria- Hitler goes to jail and writes Mein Kampf. 800 page Nazi bible

• “Big Lie”

• Third Riech- Germany that would last a thousand years.

Japanese-American relationsJapanese-American relations

• Military leaders had taken over rule Military leaders had taken over rule in Japan. in Japan.

• 1931 Japan seizes Manchuria.1931 Japan seizes Manchuria.• 1937 attacks China, the bombing of 1937 attacks China, the bombing of

Shanghai and the Nanjing Massacre. Shanghai and the Nanjing Massacre. Western Democracies spoke up but Western Democracies spoke up but did not act for fear of starting war. did not act for fear of starting war.

• Japan sinks US gunboat Panay on Japan sinks US gunboat Panay on the Yangtze River in China. Japan the Yangtze River in China. Japan apologizes and paid $2 million.apologizes and paid $2 million.

• Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere- 1940 Sphere- 1940

FDR and neutrality• FDR warned America about war and that the

US could not be a mere spectator. He wanted quarantine, but did not get it

• PacifistsPacifists- never go to war for any reason.• IsolationistsIsolationists-- fence off the New World and keep keep

the war out.the war out.• 55thth Columnists Columnists- German agents operating inside

the United States waiting to become active.• Nazi sympathizersNazi sympathizers- Italian and German

immigrants and American Nazi.• DefeatistsDefeatists- We can not possible defeat them.

(Lindbergh)• Hate England CrowdHate England Crowd – such as the Irish.• Business as usualBusiness as usual- businesses profiting from the

war. Arms manufacturers and bankers profit either way.

• AppeasersAppeasers- Give in to Hitler’s demands

U.S. Neutrality Acts• Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934- provided for the

independence of the Philippines by 1946.

• 1935- FDR recommends the US join the World Court- isolationists say no.

• 1935-1936 Neutrality Acts- US citizens travel at own risk to Belligerent nations, shipment of arms barred to Spain during civil war (this helped the fascists.).

• 1937- Sales to belligerents, but only on “cash and carry” basis.- law embargoed munitions and possibly other exports the President saw fit.

• 1937 amendment would have prevented Congress from declaring war without first submitting the question to a popular vote. It was never submitted.

• These laws did not block the world from going to war.

Hitler comes to power• Hitler and Nazi’s take over Hitler and Nazi’s take over

gov’tgov’t

• German parliament with German parliament with many parties. Splitmany parties. Split

• World DepressionWorld Depression

• Government made him Government made him chancellor before he chancellor before he could take over on his could take over on his own.own.

• Hitler master of radio.Hitler master of radio.

• Thugs, SA and SSThugs, SA and SS

• PropogandaPropoganda

• Hitler is a german god.Hitler is a german god.

• Concentration CampsConcentration Camps

Other world powers• Stalin - USSRStalin - USSR

• Labor camps in SiberiaLabor camps in Siberia

• Oppression and purgesOppression and purges

• farm takeoversfarm takeovers

• Japan- army leaders take over Japan- army leaders take over control bent on expanding the control bent on expanding the country.country.• Japan in Korea and ManchuriaJapan in Korea and Manchuria

• Italians- Fascist Mussolini want Italians- Fascist Mussolini want to create a new Roman Empire.to create a new Roman Empire.• 1935- Invasion of Ethiopia1935- Invasion of Ethiopia

• Italians and Germans support Italians and Germans support Spain- Fascist Franco.Spain- Fascist Franco.

• Germany moves into Germany moves into RhinelandRhineland

FDR - Good Neighbor Policy• A A good neighborgood neighbor is one who is one who

respects himself and his respects himself and his neighbors.neighbors.

• Our new Latin American Our new Latin American policypolicy

• 1934- Cuba sovereign 1934- Cuba sovereign nationnation

• 1938- Mexico expropriates 1938- Mexico expropriates all of the oil fields in all of the oil fields in Mexico. Settled peacefully.Mexico. Settled peacefully.

• U.S. to treat Latin U.S. to treat Latin Americans as equals.Americans as equals.

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN GERMANY: 1933-1945

• 1933:

• Jan. 30- Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany

• Apr 1- National boycott of Jewish stores

• Apr 26- Creation of the Gestapo, secret police.

• Nov 12- Reichstag elections: 93% vote for Nazis

• 1934:

• Aug 19- Hitler's powers extended by vote of people.

• 1935:

• Sept 15-Nuremberg Laws deprive Jews of German citizenship. Marriage between Jews and other Germans is made illegal.

• 1936:

• Oct 25- Alliance formed with Italy and Japan

• Dec 1- Law passed making Hitler Youth a State agency Hitler takes the Rhineland.

• 1938:

• March - Hitler invades and annexes Austria. Occupies the Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia.

• Nov 9- "Kristallnacht"-Jewish synagogues and stores Destroyed. Jews fined heavily for damages. Jews expelled from German schools.

• Dec 6- Non-aggression pact signed with Germany and France

• 1939:

• March- Hitler seizes the rest of the Czechoslovakia.

• Aug 23-Soviet-German non aggression pact signed.

• Sept 1-Germany invades Poland, start WW II.

• 1940:

• German Jews beginning to be taken into custody and deported to concentration camps.

• Apr 9- Hitler invades Denmark and Norway.

• June 14- Hitler seizes Paris and controls all of France.

• 1941:

• Beginning of the "Final Solution". Jews may not leave their homes without police permission.

• June 22- Germany invades Russia.

• 1942: t

• Jews forbidden to use public transportation.

• 1943:

• Feb 2- Soviet army takes Stalingrad.

• March- Germany loses control of N. Africa.

• 1944

• June 6- D-Day - Allies land in France.

• Dec 16 Battle of the Bulge, German last try.

• 1945:

• Apr 30- Hitler commits suicide.

• May 8- END OF WW II

• 1946: Nuremburg Trials

Hitler on the march• Lebensraum- “Living Room”, -all people of

German blood in Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland.

• 1938- March- Hitler invades Austria then Sudetenland. The Czech hoped other nations would aid them- did not happen.

• Munich Conference- Chamberlain of England, Daladier of France met with Hitler and Mussolini at Munich, Germany. Sept. 28, 1938 they agreed to dismember Czechoslovakia and appease Hitler. Chamberlains said, “Peace in our time.”

• November 1938- Hitler increases brutal treatment of Jews.

• March 1939- Hitler seizes rest of Czechoslovakia- Appeasement failed.

• April 7, 1939- Italy invades Albania.

• Isolationists in Congress still block all of FDR attempts to aid the allies.

Problems with JapanJuly 26, 1939July 26, 1939- Because of the - Because of the

siezure of Manchuria by siezure of Manchuria by Japan in 1931m the attack of Japan in 1931m the attack of China in 1937 and the China in 1937 and the Panay Panay IncidentIncident, the U.S. tells Japan:, the U.S. tells Japan:• U.S. would end the Japanese-U.S. would end the Japanese-

American Commercial Treaty American Commercial Treaty • U.S. will stop sale of war U.S. will stop sale of war

materials to Japan. Japan was materials to Japan. Japan was invading China with those invading China with those arms.arms.

War Comes to EuropeThe Munich appeasement made The Munich appeasement made

Hitler want more. Hitler want more.

Signs as Signs as Non-aggression pact with Non-aggression pact with RussiaRussia- which secretly gave - which secretly gave Germany western Poland. Germany western Poland.

Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invades Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invades Poland. Poland.

Sept. 3, 1939 England and France Sept. 3, 1939 England and France declare war on Germany. declare war on Germany.

Sept. 17, 1939 Stalin’s armies Sept. 17, 1939 Stalin’s armies move into Eastern Poland.move into Eastern Poland.

U.S. Reaction- Neutrality

FDR does not ask the American FDR does not ask the American People to be neutral in People to be neutral in thought and deed. thought and deed.

He invoked the He invoked the Neutrality Act Neutrality Act of 1937. of 1937.

FDR got Congress to pass the FDR got Congress to pass the Neutrality Act of 1939Neutrality Act of 1939 which which helped the allies by repealing helped the allies by repealing the arms embargo.the arms embargo.