AMERICAN HISTORY

CHAPTERS 16-18 OVERVIE

W

INVENTIONS AND NEW CHANGES• Skyscrapers: Louis Sullivan

• Airplanes: Wilbur and Orville Wright

• More people went to high school and college

• Sports became popular: Baseball, Tennis, Boxing

• Amusement Parks: World’s Fair, Coney Island

• Mass Circulation Newspapers: James Pulitzer

• American Fiction: Mark Twain (Adventures of Huck Finn)

• Rural Free Delivery, Advertisement, Department Store’s (Marshall Fields in Chicago)

SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION

• Poll Tax and Grandfather Clause

• Segregation: Laws to separate blacks and whites

• Plessy vs Ferguson: Made Segregation Legal

• Segregation vs. Asians and Mexicans as well

PROGRESSIVE ERA

Progressive Movement: Fix all the problems in American

1. Social Welfare, Moral Improvement, Economic Reform and Efficient Business

Prohibition: Banning of alcoholic beverages was introduced

Muckrakers: Journalist who wrote of bad economic policies

Changing City Governments: State Controlled

Child Labor Laws and Working Hour Laws were introduced

17th Amendment: Senators elected by the people

WOMEN’S RIGHTS

Susan B Anthony: Leader of Women’s Suffrage Movement

Suffrage: Right to Vote

19th Amendment: Gave women the right to vote (1919)

TEDDY ROOSEVELT (REP)Roughriders: Volunteer group that wanted war with Spain

Became famous for Calvary victory at San Juan Hill

Chosen as McKinley’s VP in 1900 (wanted him out of NY)

McKinley was assassinated in 1900…Teddy is the President

Youngest President to date (42 years old)

Reformer: Trustbuster, Arbitrator in strikes, Regulator (RR, Food)

Conservation: Preserving Wilderness, State/National Parks

Civil Rights: NAACP

TAFT (REP) AND WILSON (DEM)

Ran for President and won in 1908 (defeated Bryan--D)

“Vote for Taftt, you can vote for Bryan anytime”

Did not advance Roosevelt’s policies, Fat, Not well liked

Roosevelt and Taft (once friends, turned on each other)

Woodrow Wilson (D): Elected by a landslide in 1912

Democrats began to be more progressive, people liked

Wilson set up FTC, Federal Reserve, 19th Amendment

AMERICAN EMPIRE

Imperialism: Stronger nations control weaker ones

Hawaii and Alaska were the first areas to be gobbled up

American went to war with Spain in 1898

American won Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

Cuba also became a free country

Boxer Rebellion: Rebellion in China to rid foreigners, stopped by US

Panama Canal

Pancho Villa: Mexican who attacked American’s

US: WORLD POWER BY 1914

AMERICAN HISTORY

CHAPTERS 19-23

CAUSES OF WWI

NationalismDevotion to the interest/culture of ones nationCaused people to want independence

ImperialismEuropean countries creating Empires Led to competition between France, GB, Germany

MilitarismDevelopment of the armed forces as a political toolEach countries militaries became much stronger

Alliances Divide Europe—Cause War

Allies France, GB, Russia

Central Powers Germany, Austria Hungary, Italy, Turks

Archduke Franz Ferdinand Heir to Austrian throne, killed by a Serbian Nationalist

Alliances Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia Russia declares war on Austria Hungary Germany declares war on Russia and France (allies of

Russia) Great Britain declares war on Germany

FIGHTING SLOWS DOWN

Trench WarfareArmies would dig into trenches (usually 3 on each side)Charges were tried but not successfulMachine guns, grenades, chemical weaponsLots of death

One battle saw 1.2 million people die for 7 miles of landLasted for 3 years

US THOUGHTS ON THE WAR

OpposedWar between Germany and EnglandFirst and Second Generation Immigrants did not want to

declare war against home country (Germany)

ForSome Americans felt a close bond with GBDidn’t like how Germany was aggressiveMost importantly, we traded A LOT more with the Allies

(GB, France) than with Germany

GERMANY MAKES AMERICA MAD

Lusitania British passenger ship that was sunk by German U-Boats, killed

over 1,200 (128 Americans)

Zimmerman Note Telegram from German Prime Minister to Mexico Attempted to get the Mexicans to declare war on America

(Germany would help them get land back)

President Woodrow Wilson Declared war on Germany (April 2 1917) Made the world safe for Democracy

US TROOPS IN WWI

Selective Service Act (draft)Men had to register with the government, random selection200,000 were initially selected (over 2 million by the end)

Convoy SystemUS Destroyers guarded ships carrying troops and supplies to

Europe

Breath of Fresh AirAmerican troops helped lifted the spirit of the Allies who had

been fighting for over 2 years in trenches

AMERICAN TROOPS

John J Pershing Leader of the American Forces in WWI Doughboys—shocked by what they saw

New Styles of fighting Machine Guns, Tanks, Planes, Gasses,

Observation Balloons (all made fighting more deadly)

Shell Shock Complete emotional collapse caused by war Caused by seeing and living in horrible

conditions Trench foot, lice, smell of dead bodies,

water, trench mouth PTSD is what it is called today (still a big

deal)

HOW THE WAR WAS WON

German AdvanceGermans were stopped in their advance by USA/France

and GBEventually the Allies were able to push German troops

back into Germany

German CollapsedAustria-Hungary surrendered, sick of GermanyGermans were too exhausted to fightArmistice—truce/peace that ends the war

FINAL RESULTS

Death Toll 22 million people died (over half civilians) 338 billion dollars (price of war) US Death toll (48,000 in battle, 62,000 from disease)

US Economy Benefited b/c government took control of many industries Increase in production by 20%

Propaganda Communication designed to influence peoples thoughts and actions, used to get

support for the war (financial and military)

RESULTS CONT..

Anti-ImmigrantsEspecially from the countries we were fighting againstGermans lost their jobs, removed German things from

American Culture Hamburger—Liberty Sandwich Sauerkraut---Liberty Cabbage

Great MigrationLarge scale movement of Southern Blacks to cities in the

North to find jobsWomen also began to work jobs that men had done before

OTHER EVENTSFlu Epidemic

Killed around 500,000 AmericansKilled over 30 million world wideSpread throughout the world by soldiers coming home from WWI

Woodrow WilsonUS President, came up with 14 pointsLeague of Nations—organization created to settle disputes

between countriesNot supported by European countries b/c it did not punish

Germany enough

TREATY OF VERSAILLES

Treaty of VersaillesPeace treaty that officially ended WWI

9 new countriesGermany could not have an ArmyGermany had to pay 33 billion

Reparations---punishments Results

Germany was very poorEurope was destroyedHitler would begin to rise to power

CHAPTER 20

TERMS

Isolationism Pulling away from world affairs Popular thought after WWI

Communism Economic and political system based on a single party government

ruled by a dictator Government control political, economical, social Russia became the USSR

Quota System Set up the maximum number of immigrants that could come from

specific countries

TERMS

Urban Sprawl Cities began to grow/spread out in all directions Transportation allowed for this to happen

Warren G Harding President after Woodrow Wilson Many scandals, patronage

Calvin Coolidge President after Harding Favorable business policies, helped spur economic development

IMMIGRATION LIMITATION

Quota System

WhyNot as much need for unskilled labor after WWIFear of immigrants bringing new ideas into America,

such as Communism

Hate Groups became more popular

CHANGES

Automobile Easier to move back and forth Houses changed New business (gas stations, hotels, malls) Rural families were able to live easier lives

Electricity Household appliances and factories

Advertisements Modern brand names began to spread, companies grew Credit was made available, allowed people to buy things

CHAPTER 21

TERMS

Prohibition Manufacturing, sale, and transportation of alcohol was illegal. 18th

Amendment

Speakeasies Underground saloons/bars/nightclubs, were people illegally drank alcohol

Bootlegging Smuggling alcohol across the country Selling alcohol illegally

Al Capone Gangster from Chicago Bootlegging business netted over 60 million, rise in organized crimes

TERMS

Flapper Young women who embraced a new sense of fashion, dressed very

unconservative

Charles Lindbergh First person to make a nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean, became a

national hero

F. Scott Fitzgerald Author, wrote This Side of Paradise and the Great Gatsby. Revealed the

negative side of life in the 1800s.

Louis Armstrong Famous trumpet player

Harlem Renaissance Literary and artistic movement that celebrated African American Culture

DIFFERING VIEWS ON LIFE

City Life Fast-paced, larger cities Less safety, more modern

Prohibition Alcohol was viewed as the cause of social problems Small town vs. large city People got sick of the problems enforcing, passed the 19th Amendment.

Religion Fundamental view (literal) vs. liberal view

SOCIAL CHANGES

New Independence for WomenRight to voteMore rights that were equal to men (socially as well)Worked more—family size was less

Roaring 20’sNickname given to the 1920sLots of change towards being more modernRelatively good times throughout America

MEDIA CHANGES

Changes within the MediaRadio, Newspapers, Magazines became popularPeople became more connected to what is going on in

the world and in America.Helped bring America more togetherCelebrities started to appear

Babe Ruth, Charles Lindbergh, Charlie Chaplin

BAD TIMES

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

Good on the Surface, Bad UnderneathCredit—people began to fall into debt b/c they were

relying too much on creditDow Jones Industrial Average—tells the strength of the

stock market. Rose steadily in the 1920sSpeculation—people began to buy and sell stocks on

little notice, hoping to make a quick profit. Caused people to buy risky things.

BOTTOM FALLS OUT

Black Tuesday October 29th, 1929 Day the stock market crashed Everyone panicked and sold all their shares at once

16.4 million dollars were dumped Eventually it caused investors to lose over 30 billion dollars

Great Depression Time Period between 1929-1940 Economy fell apart in America and around the world Skyrocketing Unemployment (20%), tens of thousands of banks

were forced to close

OTHER ISSUES WITH THE DEPRESSION

Shantytowns Towns made up of shacks sprung up everywhere Due to the number of people that lost their homes Psychological Depression and Suicide numbers increased dramatically

(people leaving their families)

Soup Kitchens/Bread Lines Places that offered free food to homeless people Many other charities started to appear

Dust Bowl Plains area that was hit by a horrible drought Impossible to grow anything All farmers struggled because people couldn’t pay for food

PRESIDENT HOOVER

Herbert HooverPresident from 1928-1932Was elected because of the prosperity the country was

going through

Hoover’s Response to the Great DepressionDid not take much action at allFelt it was the individual’s responsibility to get

themselves out of the DepressionDidn’t want to be President at the end

FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT

RooseveltBecame President after HooverTook a much more active approach to trying to fix the

problemPassed a ton of new laws that increased government

power in fixing banks, businesses, homes, and putting people back into work

New DealRoosevelt's Plan to fix the country, occurred within his

first 100 days within office

NEW DEAL LEGISLATION

AAA Agricultural Adjustment Act Raised crop prices for farmers by lowering production, government

paid farmers for not farming all of their land Increased prices but made hungry people mad

CCC Civilian Conservation Corps Put young men (18-25) back to work by building roads, planting trees,

making parks, really doing anything to keep people busy

WPA (Works Progress Administration) Did the same thing as the CCC More construction type job

OTHER NEW DEAL THINGS

Social Security ActGave money to retired workers and their spousesUnemployment Checks and Disability Payments

SEC/FDICSecurities and Exchange CommissionTried to regulate banking and investingProvided insurance to put money back into banksAttempting to make sure something like this never

happens again.

MISC. ISSUES

Eleanor Roosevelt FDR’s Wife Gave guidance to the President, helped him a lot because FDR was in a

wheel chair Great Humanitarian

Fireside Chats Roosevelt used the radio to talk to the public each week. He told them

that everything was going to be ok. Restored confidence in our country

Movies Became very popular during this time, escape from reality Gone with the Wind, Wizard of Oz

WAS THE NEW DEAL AS SUCCESS?

Success Gave people more jobs Temporary solution to the problem, better than nothing

Failure Increased government activity in all aspects of life Caused racial and gender inequality

Reality Our country would not come out of the Great Depression until we

entered WWII.