american history - chapter 18
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Holy Name High School College on Campus - American History Chapter 18TRANSCRIPT
C18 Conquest and Survival The Trans-Mississippi West 1860-1900
Oklahoma Land Rush April 22, 1889
Indian Peoples Under Siege
Before the Europeans colonists reached the New World hundreds of tribes, totaling perhaps a million member, had occupied western lands for more than 20,000 years. At the close of the Civil War approximately 360,000 Indian peoples still lived in the trans-Mississippi West, the majority of them in the Great Plains.
Curtis Act which abolished tribal jurisdiction over all Indian Territory. Members of the former Indian nations were directed to dismantle their governments and abandon their estates.
The Reservation policy and the Slaughter of Buffalo
The 10th Calvary was able to take the Indians out of territories that the whites wanted. The need for land for railroads and mining centers.
Government officials moved the Indians onto three reservations after their leaders ceded 45,000 square miles of tribal land. The Suquamish leader Seattle admitted defeat but warned the governor, ”Your time of decay may be distant but it will surely come.”
The number of wolves went from 2 million to 200,000 from 1600-1900 in the United States. The Buffalo population went to 5,000 by 1900. The cost for the bones was only $7.50 per ton
A Remington could kill a buffalo at 600 ft. Many whites just killed buffalo for fun
The wolf represents strength and embodiment of a wild spirit surviving on its own. They are known for their endurance and are a symbol of stamina and strength. The wolf enjoys freedom and individualism, but it is also gregarious and enjoys the company of others having a strong sense of family. This was an Indian ritual and belief. Some Indian women would show their individuality and run with the wolves.
The Indian Wars
Black Kettle had over 200 of his Cheyenne's killed by Colorado Volunteer soldiers. These whites mutilated the corpse and took scalps back to Denver to exhibit as trophies. Iron Teeth a Cheyenne's survived this Sand Creek Massacre. Iron Teeth was shot scalped crazy, but not dead.
The Great Sioux War of 1865-66 the Oglala Sioux warrior Red Cloud fought the United States army t a stalemate and forced the government to abandon its forts which the Sioux then burned to the ground. The Treaty of Laramie gave a temporary peace.
Treaty of Ft. Laramie granted the Sioux the right to occupy the Black Hills or Paha Sap their sacred land, as long as the grass shall grow but the discover of gold soon undermined that guarantee.
General Custer’s last stand. On June 25,1876 one of the largest Indian contingents ever assembled and estimated 2,000 to 4,000 wiped out Custer’s ill trained forces
The Red River War was 1874-1875: This was when the Kiowa's , Comanche's and Apaches joined together to fight American Armies.
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyChief Joseph of the Nez Percé Indians in 1877
The Dawes Act broke up the land of nearly all bribes into small parcels to be distributed to Indian families. The remainder the best land was auctioned of to the white for prime farm land.
In 1900 roughly 53,000 Indians had become American citizens by accepting land allotments under the Dawes Act. Congress granted citizenship to 100,000 residents of Indian territory Oklahoma. The citizenship position was a false premise of the privileges they were suppose to receive.
The Nez Perces
When the United States Army approached Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce to relinquish all of his land. Chief Joseph of the Wallowa band and moved to the Lapwai reservation in Idaho. Chief Joseph refused and a battle broke out, Chief Joseph killed one Montana and Wyoming through mountains and prairies. third of the army. He went out on a 1400 mile escape into Montana and Wyoming. Joseph was captured at Bear Paw . The escape took 3 and a half month period
In 1877 Chief Joseph’s band reluctantly set out from the Wallowa Valley with their livestock and all their possession . The a Nez Perce truce team approached the United Stated troops. The troops opened fire, and the Indian riders fired back killing one third of the soldier. Brilliantly outmaneuvering vengeful United States troops set intercept them, the 750 Nez Perce retreated for some 1400 miles into Montana and Wyoming though mountains and prairies across the Bitterroot Range. Over the three and a half months of their journey, the Nez Perce braves fought 2,000 regular United States. Eventually the Nez Perce just surrendered.
Indians sought solace in the Ghost Dance, a religious revitalization campaign reminiscent of the Indian prophets like Neolin and Tenskwatawa
Eugenic Discrimination and Age Discrimination
An Act
To prohibit age discrimination in employment.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that this Act may be cited as the “Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967.”* * *CONGRESSIONAL STATEMENT OF FINDINGS AND PURPOSESEC. 621. [Section 2](a) The Congress hereby finds and declares that-(1) in the face of rising productivity and affluence, older workers find themselves disadvantaged in their efforts to retain employment, and especially to regain employment when displaced from jobs;(2) the setting of arbitrary age limits regardless of potential for job performance has become a common practice, and certain otherwise desirable practices may work to the disadvantage of older persons;(3) the incidence of unemployment, especially long-term unemployment with resultant deterioration of skill, morale, and employer acceptability is, relative to the younger ages, high among older workers; their numbers are great and growing; and their employment problems grave;(4) the existence in industries affecting commerce, of arbitrary discrimination in employment because of age, burdens commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce.(b) It is therefore the purpose of this chapter to promote employment of older persons based on their ability rather than age; to prohibit arbitrary age discrimination in employment; to help employers and workers find ways of meeting problems arising from the impact of age on employment.
The Internal Empire Mining Towns
The Internal Empire
Mining town in Bodie, California. It was boom or bust. Now is a ghost town,
Typical mining town in Nevada. Currently a ghost town.
Black Hills, South Dakota was an example of a mining town, The population of California alone jumped from 14,000 to 223,856 (1848-1853)
In the hard rock mines of the 1870’s one of every thirty workers was disabled and one of every eighty killed. Balladeers back in Ireland sang of Butte Montana as the town “where the streets were paved with Irish bones”
Other than the Irish the Cornish immigrants also were part of the new mining towns
Congress passed the Caminetti Act giving the states the power to regulate the mines. Underground mining continued unregulated using up whole forest for timber and filling the air with dangerous sulfurous smoke,
Mormon Settlement
The act disincorporated both the LDS Church and the Perpetual Emigration Fund on the grounds that they fostered polygamy. The act prohibited the practice of polygamy and punished it with a fine of from $500 to $800 and imprisonment of up to five years. It dissolved the corporation of the church and directed the confiscation by the federal government of all church properties valued over a limit of $50,000. The act was enforced by the U.S. Marshal and a host of deputies. •The act:
Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. (8 Otto.) 145 (1878), was a Supreme Court of the United States case that held that religious duty was not a defense to a criminal indictment. Reynolds was the first Supreme Court opinion to address the Impartial Jury and the Confrontation Clauses of the Sixth Amendment.
George Reynolds was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), charged with bigamy under the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act after marrying Amelia Jane Schofield while still married to Mary Ann Tuddenham in Utah Territory. He was secretary to Brigham Young and presented himself as a test of the federal government's attempt to outlaw polygamy. A first trial ended in his acquittal on technical grounds.[1]
The Mormons, believing that the law unconstitutionally deprived them of their First Amendment right to freely practice their religion, chose to ignore the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act at the time. On the other hand, in subsequent years, efforts had been underway to strengthen the anti-bigamy laws. Eventually, amid the efforts to indict the LDS leadership for bigamy, the First Presidency agreed to furnish a defendant in a test case to be brought before the United States Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of the anti-bigamy law. Reynolds, a secretary in the office of the President of the Church, agreed to serve as the defendant, then provided the attorney numerous witnesses who could testify of his being married to two wives, and was indicted for bigamy by a grand jury on October 23, 1874. In 1875, Reynolds was convicted and sentenced to two years hard labor in prison and a fine of five hundred dollars. In 1876 the Utah Territorial Supreme Court upheld the sentence.
The Court considered whether Reynolds could use religious belief or duty as a defense. Reynolds had argued that as a Mormon, it was his religious duty as a male member of the church to practice polygamy if possible.The Court recognized that under the First Amendment, the Congress cannot pass a law that prohibits the free exercise of religion. However it argued that the law prohibiting bigamy did not meet that standard. The principle that a person could only be married singly, not plurally, existed since the times of King James I of England in English law, upon which United States law was based.The Court investigated the history of religious freedom in the United States and quoted a letter from Thomas Jefferson in which he wrote that there was a distinction between religious belief and action that flowed from religious belief. The former "lies solely between man and his God," therefore "the legislative powers of the government reach actions only, and not opinions." The court considered that if polygamy was allowed, someone might eventually argue that human sacrifice was a necessary part of their religion, and "to permit this would be to make the professed doctrines of religious belief superior to the law of the land, and in effect to permit every citizen to become a law unto himself." The Court believed the First Amendment forbade Congress from legislating against opinion, but allowed it to legislate against action
The act disincorporated both the LDS Church and the Perpetual Emigration Fund on the grounds that they fostered polygamy. The act prohibited the practice of polygamy and punished it with a fine of from $500 to $800 and imprisonment of up to five years. It dissolved the corporation of the church and directed the confiscation by the federal government of all church properties valued over a limit of $50,000. The act was enforced by the U.S. Marshal and a host of deputies. •The act:
polygamy. The act prohibited the practice of polygamy and punished it with a fine of from $500 to $800 and imprisonment of up to five years. It dissolved the corporation of the church and directed the confiscation by the federal government of all church properties valued over a limit of $50,000. The act was enforced by the U.S. Marshal and a host of deputies. •The act:
The Edmunds–Tucker Act of 1887 was passed in response to the dispute between the United States Congress and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) regarding polygamy. The act is found in US Code Title 48 & 1461, full text as 24 Stat. 635, with this annotation to be interpreted as Volume 24, page 635 of United States Statutes at Large. The act is named after its congressional sponsors, Senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont and Congressman John Randolph Tucker of Virginia. The act was repealed in 1978.
James Madison an epileptic who theologians at the time believed the devil was inside him. Madison wanted to have freedom of religion, checks and balances, individual choices. Jefferson had a form of autism an had inter thoughts few could see.
Mexican Borderland Communities
Estevan Ochoa merchant philanthropist and the first Mexican to serve as mayor of Tucson managed to build one of the largest business empires in the West.
In Las Cruces New Mexico, an exceptional family such as the wealthy Amadors could shop Bloomingdale's by mail travel to the World’s Fair in Chicago and send their children to English language Catholic school.
Las Gorras Blancas, a band of agrarian rebels in northern New Mexico destroyed railroad ties and farm machinery and posted demands for justice on fences.
Porfirio Diaz the president of Mexico from 1876 to 1911 brought deteriorating living conditions to the masses of poor people and prompted a migration northward that accelerated through the 20th century
National holiday of Mexico May 5, 1862 Mexican victory over France
Open Range
Vaqueros were the Mexican cowboys. They had worked with Texans before 1845 and learned the skills of being a cowboy. During the peaks of the cattle drives between one-fifth to one-third were Indians, Mexicans or African Americans.
Cowboys were paid around $30 a month for their work. They may have had to travel 1500 miles. The boss supplied the horses, the cowboy had his own bedroll saddle and suppress. The diet did not have vegetables and fruits
Occasionally the husband and wife worked as partners. Elizabeth Collins turned her husbands large ranch into an extraordinarily prosperous business earning herself the title “Cattle Queen of Montana”
Hurdy gurdy a music instrument used in Cattle towns in the west
America’s 1885 drought caused 90% of death of cattle
1885-1888
Farming Communities on the Plains
The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at little or no cost. In the United States, this originally consisted of grants totaling 160 acres (65 hectares, or one-quarter section) of unappropriated federal land within the boundaries of the public land states. An extension of the Homestead Principle in law, the United States Homestead Acts were initially proposed as an expression of the "Free Soil" policy of Northerners who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to Southern slave-owners who could use groups of slaves to economic advantage.The first of the acts, the 'Homestead Act of 1862, was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862. Anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government (including freed slaves and women), was 21 years or older, or the head of a family, could file an application to claim a federal land grant. There was also a residency requirement.Several additional laws were enacted in the latter half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 sought to address land ownership inequalities in the south during Reconstruction. The Timber Culture Act of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees. The tract could be added to an existing homestead claim and had no residency requirement. The Kincaid Amendment of 1904 granted a full section (640 acres) to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska. An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862, the Enlarged Homestead Act, was passed in 1909 and doubled the allotted acreage to 320. Another amended act, the national Stock-Raising Homestead Act, was passed in 1916 and again increased the land involved, this time to 640 acres.
Populating the Plains
You could buy 160 acres at $1.25 per acre for the Homestead Act. 5-15% were unmarried women. It took less than three dollars to build one of these sod homes.
Organized 16 different European colonies to move to Kansas and Colorado
Among the native born settlers of the Great Plains the largest number had migrated from states bordering the Mississippi river. To stave off isolation homesteaders sometimes built their homes on their adjoining corners. Mobility was high one third to one half pulled up stakes within a decade.
The Poles and German Hutterite kept their settlement insolated from other nationalities. The German Hutterite were people who disavowed private property and lived as a community.
Closeness did not promote social equality or even friendship. A social hierarchy was based on education 1) Lawyers 2) Doctors 3) Bankers had a stronger perception to others
From Dawn to Dusk
A threshing machine was important in the prairies. The machine was rented out to other farmers.
The World’s Breadbasket
New Production Technologies
McCormick's reaper at a presentation in VirginiaThe McCormick Reaper was designed by Robert McCormick in Walnut Grove, Virginia. However, Robert became frustrated when he was unable to perfect his new device. His son Cyrus asked for permission to try and complete his father's project. With permission granted,[3] the McCormick Reaper was patented[4] by his son Cyrus McCormick in 1837 as a horse-drawn farm implement to cut small grain crops.[5] This McCormick reaper machine had several special elements
The 19th century saw several inventors in the United States claim innovation in mechanical reapers. The various designs competed with each other, and were the subject of several lawsuits.Obed Hussey in Ohio patented a reaper in 1833, the Hussey Reaper.[1] Made in Baltimore, Maryland, Hussey's design was a major improvement in reaping efficiency. The new reaper only required two horses working in a non-strenuous manner, a man to work the machine, and another person to drive. In addition, the Hussey Reaper left an even and clean surface after its use.[2]
Weather Bureau of the United States started in 1889
California Agribusiness
The was aa trend toward large scale or bonanza farming especially in California where farming as a business surpassed farming as a way of life. Farms of nearly 500 acres dominated the California landscape in 1870 by the turn of the century two thirds of the states arable land was in 1,000 plus acres farms.
Chinese migrated to California to become migrant farmers. Chinese tenant farmers specialized in labor intensive crops such as vegetables and fruits and the peddled their crops door to door or sold them in roadside stands.
Fruit stands were used as an important place of commerce and trade by the Chinese in California
The Toll on the Environment
The grizzly bear was an animal exclusive to the West was at one time abundant in the west. However, there was an estimate that only 800 had survived by mid 1880.
The population of wolves were as many as 2 million in the California area. However, the number deleted to around 200,000.
Buffalo bonuses were sold at 7.50 per ton and there was no more than 5,000 buffalo left in the United States by mid-1880
The Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 added 1 million acres of irrigated land and state irrigation districts added more than 10 million acres. Expensive to tax payers ultimately benefiting corporate farmers rather than small landowner, these projects further diverted water and totally transformed the land scape.
The Reclamation Act (also known as the Lowlands Reclamation Act or National Reclamation Act) of 1902 (Pub.L. 57–161) is a United States federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of 20 states in the American West.The act at first covered only 13 of the western states as Texas had no federal lands. Texas was added later by a special act passed in 1906. The act set aside money from sales of semi-arid public lands for the construction and maintenance of irrigation projects. The newly irrigated land would be sold and money would be put into a revolving fund that supported more such projects. This led to the eventual damming of nearly every major western river. Under the act, the Secretary of the Interior created the United States Reclamation Service within the United States Geological Survey to administer the program. In 1907 the Service became a separate organization within the Department of the Interior and was renamed the United States Bureau of Reclamation.
Powell's report advised agricultural settlements near watersheds and the construction where necessary of irrigation systems. Prompted by the railroad Congress ignored his suggestions fearing that such planning would inhibit free enterprise. Powell’s plans were not used because the government stated it must keep its hands out of business.
The question of irrigation. Who owns the water? Who has the right to take water from a natural location?
Problem with the irrigation plan is that Lake Tulare of California, its largest lake decreased in size from 760 square miles to 36 square miles
California farms which had 1,000 acres of land or more made up two-thirds of the states arable land. Medium sized growers shrewdly combined in cooperative marketing associations .
Farmers used refrigerated railroad cars to increase the quality and quantity of their fruits and vegetables in delivery to market.
By 1900 the California Citrus Growers Association described oranges as a necessity for good health , inventing the “Sunkist” trademark which they stamped on each orange.Also raisins where packaged as “Sun Maid: and packaged them in small boxes for school children.
Chinese tenant farmers specialized in labor intensive crops such as vegetables and fruits and peddled their crops door to door or sold them in roadside stands
The Western Landscape Nature’s Majesty
The General Land Revision Act of 1891 President Harrison established fifteen forest reserves exceeding 16 million acres and President Cleveland added more than 21 million
Albert Bierstadt a German Bierstadt photographer tried to capture natures beauty through painting.
The Legendary Wild West
American Primitive
Frederick Remington left Yale Art School to visit Montana in 18881 became a Kansas sheepherder and tavern owner then retuned to painting
President Roosevelt praised Edward Curtis for vividly convey tribal virtue
Lewis Henry Morgan present a universal process of social evolution leading from savagery to barbarism to civilization. Morgan spent his entire life studying Indian family or kinship patterns mostly of eastern tribes such as the Iroquois. He published Iroquois which was the first scientific account of an Indian tribe
Alice Cunningham Fletcher: “to learn from the Omaha's something about their tribal organization, social customs, tribal rites , traditions and songs.
Both Wendel Phillips and Helen Hunt Jackson help the Indians causes and exposed the exploitation they experienced. Jackson threw herself into the Indian Rights Association an off shoot of the Women’s National Indian Association (WNIA)
Transformation of Indian Society
The WNIA had gathered 100,000 signatures to establish the universal education for Indian Children.
The Dawes Act allowed the president to distribute land not to tribes but to individuals legally severed from their tribes. The commissioner of Indian affairs rendered the popular interpretation that trial relations should be broke up socialism destroyed and the family and autonomy of the individual substituted.
Ghost Dances
Endurance and Rejuvenation
The Dawes Act of 1887 (also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887),[1][2] adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship. The Dawes Act was amended in 1891, and again in 1906 by the Burke Act.The Act was named for its creator, Senator Henry Laurens Dawes of Massachusetts. The stated objective of the Dawes Act was to stimulate assimilation of Indians into mainstream American society. Individual ownership of land on the European-American model was seen as an essential step. The act also provided what the government would classify as "excess" Indian reservation lands remaining after allotments, and sell those lands on the open market, allowing purchase and settlement by non-Native Americans.The Dawes Commission, set up under an Indian Office appropriation bill in 1893, was created to try to persuade the Five Civilized Tribes to agree to allotment plans. (They had been excluded from the Dawes Act.) This commission registered the members of the Five Civilized Tribes on what became known as the Dawes Rolls.
The important provisions of the Dawes Act[2] were:A head of family would receive a grant of 160 acres (0.65 km2), a single person or orphan over 18 years of age would receive a grant of 80 acres (320,000 m2), and persons under the age of 18 would receive 40 acres (160,000 m2) each;the allotments would be held in trust by the U.S. Government for 25 years;Eligible Indians had four years to select their land; afterwards the selection would be made for them by the Secretary of the Interior.[15]
Every member of the bands or tribes receiving a land allotment is subject to laws of the state or territory in which they reside. Every Indian who receives a land allotment "and has adopted the habits of civilized life" (lived separate and apart from the tribe) is bestowed with United States citizenship "without in any manner impairing or otherwise affecting the right of any such Indian to tribal or other property."[16]
The Secretary of Interior could issue rules to assure equal distribution of water for irrigation among the tribes, and provided that "no other appropriation or grant of water by any riparian proprietor shall be authorized or permitted to the damage of any other riparian proprietor."[17]
The Dawes Act did not apply to the territory of the:[18]
Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, Miami and Peoria in Indian TerritoryOsage, Sac and Fox, in the Oklahoma Territoryany of the reservations of the Seneca Nation of New Yorka strip of territory in the State of Nebraska adjoining the Sioux Nation
Carlisle Indian Industrial School. Founded by Richard Pratt in 1879 in Carlisle, Pennsylvania with approval of the Department of Interior . Indians were to learn the white world.
The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred on December 29, 1890,[4] near Wounded Knee Creek (Lakota: Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála) on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota. On the day before, a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside intercepted Spotted Elk's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them five miles westward (8 km) to Wounded Knee Creek, where they made camp.The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment arrived, led by Colonel James W. Forsyth and surrounded the encampment supported by four Hotchkiss guns.[5]
On the morning of December 29, the troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota. One version of events claims that during the process of disarming the Lakota, a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle, claiming he had paid a lot for it.[6] A scuffle over Black Coyote's rifle escalated and a shot was fired which resulted in the 7th Cavalry's opening fire indiscriminately from all sides, killing men, women, and children, as well as some of their own fellow soldiers. The Lakota warriors who still had weapons began shooting back at the attacking soldiers, who quickly suppressed the Lakota fire. The surviving Lakota fled, but U.S. cavalrymen pursued and killed many who were unarmed.By the time it was over, at least 150 men, women, and children of the Lakota had been killed and 51 were wounded (4 men, 47 women and children, some of whom died later); some estimates placed the number of dead at 300.[3] Twenty-five soldiers also died, and 39 were wounded (6 of the wounded would later die).[7] At least twenty soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor.[8] In 2001, the National Congress of American Indians passed two resolutions condemning the awards and called on the U.S. government to rescind them.[9] The site of the battle has been designated a National Historic Land
Yana tribe of California hunters just wanted to escape. For more than a decade they lived in caves and avoided all contact with white settlers.
In October 1891 the remaining 250 Flatheads were first put on a reservation. The federal government drastically reduced the size of the reservation using a large part of it to provide a national reserve for buffalo. Only a handful of Flat heads mostly elderly continued to live together in pocket of rural poverty
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States within the U.S. Department of the Interior. It is responsible for the administration and management of 55,700,000 acres (225,000 km2) of land held in trust by the United States for Native Americans in the United States, Native American Tribes and Alaska Natives.The Bureau of Indian Affairs is one of two bureaus under the jurisdiction of the Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs: the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Bureau of Indian Education, which provides education services to approximately 48,000 Native Americans.The BIA’s responsibilities once included providing health care to American Indians and Alaska Natives. In 1954 that function was legislatively transferred to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, now known as the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, where it has remained to this day as the Indian Health Service
Colonel Kit Carson burnt the Navajos crops in 1863, Navajos were forced in a 300 mile “Long Walk” to the desolate Bosque Redondo reservation where they nearly starved. Four years later, the Indian Bureau allowed the severely reduced tribe to return to a fraction of its former lands.
