american cultures review, mr. homan final exam review chapters 11, 12, and 13

American Cultures Review, Mr. Homan

Final Exam Review

Chapters 11, 12, and 13


What caused WWI?

• Nationalism• Imperialism• Militarism• Alliance System


What were Wilson’s Fourteen Points?

• Points 1-5 aimed at preventing another war

• Points 6-13 addressed political boundary changes

• Point 14 called for the creation of an international peace organization


Why did the Allies reject Wilson’s peace plan?

• The Allied leaders were angry with Germany and were determined to punish them severely.


Why did Americans disagree about the League of Nations?

• The League threatened the US foreign policy of isolationism.

• Also, threatened the constitutional right of Congress to declare war.


What effect did the WWI have on women’s lives?

• Women moved into jobs that had been exclusively held by men.

• Their efforts helped boost support for woman suffrage (right to vote) and passage of the 19th Amendment.


Term meaning prejudice against foreign-born people?

• Nativism


Term meaning a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs?

• Isolationism


How did the Teapot Dome scandal during the Harding administration hurt the

country economically?

• Public oil reserves for the US Navy were leased for the profit of private oil companies.


What was the impact of the automobile?

• Paved roads constructed

• Shopping centers and other businesses catering to the car

• People commuted to work

• Urban sprawl• Regional differences

diminished


How did the use of electricity affect Americans’ lifestyle?

• Transformed the nation– Factories ran their

machines– Farms were electrified– Successful Americans

bought modern conveniences, i.e., refrigerators, stoves, toasters


How did the installment plan (easy consumer credit) fuel

superficial prosperity?

• The economy will fail when consumers can not afford to pay back their credit debt.


Why do you think the 18th Amendment failed to

eliminate alcohol consumption?• Traditional part of many

cultures• Government failed to

provide sufficient staff and resources to enforce the law

• Manufacturing, selling, and transporting liquor could be easily concealed


How did criminals take advantage of prohibition?

• Broke the law by smuggling, as well as by making alcohol and selling it for profit.– Speakeasies –

hidden saloons and nightclubs


Summarize the beliefs of fundamentalism.

• Believed that all important knowledge can be found in the Bible.

• What is in the Bible is true.

• Reject Darwin’s theory of evolution.


What was the conflict between fundamentalists and those who

accepted evolution?

• Fundamentalists believed God created the world in 6 days;

• Evolutionists argued that modern species developed over millions of years from earlier life forms.


How was the flapper like and unlike women of today?

• Like– Used clothing, hairstyles,

and behavior to claim a new freedom.

• Unlike– Today’s women have

greater freedom.


Why do some writers reject American culture and values?

• They found American culture shallow and materialistic;

• America lacked unifying ideals


What ideals did the Harlem Renaissance promote?

• A message of self-pride;• Celebration of their

heritage;• Trials of being black in a

white world.


This music genre was born during the early 1900s in New Orleans, where black musicians blended instrumental ragtime with vocal blues

into this new exuberant sound called

• Jazz


Final Exam Review

Chapters 14 & 15


How did popular perceptions of prosperity influence the

election of 1928?• Americans were happy

with Republican leadership of the country.


How did speculation and margin buying cause stock prices to rise?

• Caused over investment as people ignored the risks and bought more than they could pay for.


What did the experience of farmers and consumers during the

1920s suggest about the health of the economy?

• Beneath the surface prosperity, the economy was in trouble.


What are the causes of the Great Depression?

• Tariffs (taxes on imports) cut down on the foreign market for American goods;

• A crisis in the farm sector;• The availability of easy credit;• An unequal distribution of wealth.


Identify causes of the Dust Bowl?

• Overproduction of crops;

• Destruction of grasslands;

• Drought;• High winds.


Why did so many men leave their homes during the Depression?

• Men were disheartened by their inability to support their families and abandoned them.

• Others hoped to find work and send money home to their families.


How did the Great Depression affect women and children?

• Women– Managed tight

household budgets;– Encountered opposition

in holding jobs outside the home.

• Children– Suffered from poor diets

and inadequate health care;

– Welfare programs and schools were closed down.


What did the Bonus Army want?• As veterans of WWI

they had been promised a cash bonus


How did Roosevelt plan to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression

after winning the 1932 election?

• The New Deal • The New Deal focused on three general goals:– Relief for the needy– Economic recovery– Financial reform


What did Roosevelt do during the Hundred Days?

• Passed 15 major pieces of legislation expanding the role of the national government in the economy.– Called for a bank holiday and allowed only healthy banks

to reopen.– Revived public confidence in banks


Which New Deal programs were created to provide relief for farmers and workers?

• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)– Reduce supply to increase prices

• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)– Built dams for flood control & hydroelectric power

• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)– Built roads, planted trees & developed parks

• Civil Works Administration (CWA)– Built schools, hired teachers, built roads


How did liberal and conservative critics differ in their opposition to the New Deal?

• Liberals– Did not do enough to

help the poor;– Did not go far enough in

reforming the nation’s economy.

• Conservatives– Spent too much money

on direct relief;– Trying to control

business and socialize the economy.


Why did Roosevelt launch theSecond New Deal?

• Based on the popularity of the first Hundred Days and the urging of the his social reformer wife, Eleanor.


Why was the Wagner Act significant?

• It gave the federal government the power to protect and aid workers.


The New Deal Coalition was a diverse group dedicated to supporting FDR and the Democratic

Party from the 1930s through the late 1960s. The coalition included:

• Southern whites• Mexican Americans• Native Americans• African Americans• Unionized

industrial workers


Identify the lasting legacy of the New Deal

• Banking and finance are reformed.• Government takes a more active role in the

economy.• Workers benefit from labor standards.• Social Security system continues to provide for the

needy.• Conservation efforts continue to preserve the

environment.

Homan, American Cultures, Key Concepts

Final Exam Review

Chapters 16 & 17


Why did new democracies set up after WWI fail?

• A lack of democratic tradition;• the Treaty of Versailles caused

anger and resentment;• Economic devastation of

Europe.


What are the characteristics of a totalitarian state?

• Complete control over citizens;• Ruthless suppression of opposition.

Fascist Italy – Benito MussoliniNazi Germany – Adolf HitlerCommunist Soviet Union – Josef StalinFascist Spain – Francisco Franco


What law did America’s Congress pass to maintain its foreign policy of isolationism?

• Neutrality Acts– Outlawed arm sales or loans to warring nations;– Banned arm sales to nations engaged in civil war.


What actions did Japanese militarists take in the 1930s that alarmed Americans?

• The surprise attack of Chinese province of Manchuria rich in natural resources and “living space.”


What was the name of the treaty that ended World War I?

• Treaty of Versailles


Why did the German people hate the treaty?

• War-Guilt Clause (humiliation)• Great economic depression • Massive war reparations• High unemployment• Loss of territory & colonial

possessions• Reduction of military forces


• What country did Britain and France allow Hitler to take because of the policy of appeasement?

• Czechoslovakia

• What country did Hitler attack that finally forced Britain and France to declare war?

• Poland


What was appeasement, and why did Churchill oppose it so strongly?

• An attempt to do whatever was necessary to pacify Hitler;

• Churchill saw this as an abandonment of moral principles that would lead to war and a national disaster.


What was the Battle of Britain?

• Aerial defense of Great Britain from pending German invasion;

• Britain now stood alone against the German onslaught.


Describe the non-aggression pact.

• Commitment by fascist Germany and communist Soviet Union never to attack one another;

• Divided Poland between the two dictators;• Allowed Hitler to concentrate on a one-front war.


How did Roosevelt help the Allies?

• America becomes the “Great Arsenal of Democracy” by lending or leasing arms and other supplies “to any country whose defense was vital to the United States.”


How did Germany prevent American goods from reaching Great Britain?

• U-boats attacking in wolf packs

What does the US do to deal with this threat?

• Convoy System including:– Use of sonar and radar– Airborne patrols– Armed destroyers


Why was the Atlantic Charter important?

• It set forth the war aims of the Allies.


What does WAAC stand for and what was the function of its members?

• Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps

• Noncombat positions– Nurses– Ambulance drivers– Radio operators– Electricians– Pilots


Describe the significance of the Battle of Stalingrad.

• 1,100,000 Soviet soldiers killed (more than all American deaths in war)

• Marks turning point• Germany now in retreat


What basic problems were the Office of Price Administration (OPA) & War Production Board

(WPA) created to solve?

• Controlling inflation • Managing shortages• Making sure that the

armed forces and war industries got the resources they needed.


What attack precipitated America’s entry into WWII?

• The Japanese attack on the US Naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.


Who was the American commander of the Allied campaigns in North Africa and Europe?

• Dwight D. Eisenhower


Who was the American commander of US forces fighting the Japanese in the Pacific?

• Douglas MacArthur


What was the Manhattan Project?

• The top-secret American development of the atomic bomb.


Why did Truman use the A-Bomb against Japan?

• Viewed the bomb as a military weapon

• Force unconditional surrender

• Limit US killed & wounded


What act of Congress allowed returning veterans to go to college for free?

• GI Bill of Rights– Education and training– Home, farm , or new

business loans


What caused the race riots in the 1940s?

• Discrimination;• Racism;• the concentration of minorities in cities.


Why did President Roosevelt order the internment of Japanese Americans?

• Because some Americans perceived them as a threat to national security.

Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

Final Exam Review

The Cold WarChapter 18


What caused the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States after WWII?

• Different economic and political systems

• Soviets had been an ally to Germany (Non-Aggression Pact 1939)

• Stalin resented Allies delay in invading Europe so to open a second German front

• Stalin was not in on the A-Bomb development

What did Stalin do to make Truman distrust him?

• Stalin refused to allow free elections in Eastern Europe

, American Cultures, NPHS


What were Truman’s goals in establishing a policy of containment?

• To stop the spread of Soviet expansion and influence


US Aims vs. USSR Aims in Europe

• Create new world order for self-determination

• Gain access to raw materials and markets

• Stable governments and markets for US goods

• Reunite Germany

• Expand communism• Rebuild using

equipment and raw materials from E. Europe

• Control E. Europe has buffer against US influence

• Keep Germany divided and weak


Winston Churchill coined this phrase to describe the division between

Eastern and Western Europe?

• Iron curtain


This phrase describes the conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union in which neither nation directly confronted

each other on the battlefield?

• Cold War


What was the Marshall Plan?

• 16 European countries receive $13 billion in aid

• Revives Western Europe’s economy

• Stops the appeal of communism

• US economy benefits


What was the Truman Doctrine?

• The US promises to help countries resist communist takeover

• Ex. Greece and Turkey


What were the effects of the Berlin Airlift?

• Broke the Soviet blockade of Berlin

• Increased US prestige• Reduced Soviet prestige


Why was the NATO alliance created?

• Members pledged military support to one another in case any member was attacked.


What factors led to the Communist takeover of China?

• The Nationalists were corrupt

• Nationalists did not support peasant population

• Communists had strong leadership

• The Communists worked to win peasant support


How did Korea become a divided nation following WWII?

• Japanese troops above the 38the parallel surrendered to the Soviets.

• Japanese troops below the 38th parallel surrendered to the US.


How did the involvement of communist China affect the Korean War?

• As UN forces takeover the North, the Chinese enter on the side of the North Koreans and push the UN forces back to the 38th parallel.


How did Truman and MacArthur differ over strategy in the Korean War?

• MacArthur wanted to wage full-scale nuclear war against China.

• Truman wanted to limit the war and avoid WWIII.


How did the Loyalty Review Board pose a threat to civil liberties?

• Individuals under investigation were not allowed to see the evidence against them.


Why was Hollywood a target of anti-communist investigations by Congress?

• HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee believed Hollywood was sneaking communist propaganda into films.

• Members pointed to pro-Soviet films made during WWII.


Why did the Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs heighten the anti-communist mood of Americans?

• They added to the impression that the US was being betrayed by Communist spies.


This term has come to refer to the unfair tactic of accusing people of

disloyalty without any evidence.

• McCarthyism


How did the US and Soviet Union start the arms race?

• By developing more powerful weapons, including the H-bomb.

• = 1 million tons of TNT• Almost 70x more

powerful than bomb dropped on Hiroshima


What was the role of the CIA in the Cold War?

• To gather intelligences and to carry out secret operations against unfriendly governments.


What were the results of the Suez War?

• Great Britain, France and Israel withdrew from the canal and control passed to Egypt.


This was a warning to the Soviet Union that the US would defend the Middle East against any

attack from a communist country?

• Eisenhower Doctrine


How was Stalin similar to and different from Nikita Khrushchev?

• Both believed in communism dominating the world

• Unlike Stalin, Khrushchev thought this could be achieved peacefully.


This term defined Eisenhower’s willingness to go to the edge of all-out war to stop the spread of communism.

• Brinkmanship

american cultures review, mr. homan final exam review chapters 11, 12, and 13

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