american civil war, 1861-1863 american system of mass production shiloh fredericksburg william...
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American Civil War, 1861-1863
• American System of Mass Production
• Shiloh• Fredericksburg• William Sherman• Ulysses Grant
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Northern Advantages
• 25,000,000 freemen to 6,000,000
• 110,000 factories to 18,000
• CSA made 36,000 tons of iron in 1860– PA alone made 580,000
tons
• Railroads, bureaucracy, navy, industrial methods
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Southern Advantages
• Geography• Strategy• Military traditions
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Key Developments, 1861-1863
• Industry– American System of Mass Production
• Technology– Rifles and Railroads
• Mass armies and mass mobilization
• North better positioned to take advantage of these changes
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Quest for Decisive Battle
• First Bull Run, Antietam, Shiloh all attempts to win big battles for big results
• Few of these battles decisive on any level
• Why doesn’t this strategy work?
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Shiloh6 April 1862
• Largest CSA offensive of the war to date
• CSA aimed to get interior lines between armies of Grant and Buell
• Five CSA corps operated on separate LOC
• USA surprised, panicked• US troops lost 20,000 men and
retreated 2 miles• But CSA had taken 70%
casualties in first line of attack
A. S. Johnston, considered the finest CSA field commander. Killed at Shiloh
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Shiloh, 7 April
• USA reinforced to 50,000 men against 25,000 for CSA
• CSA continued to charge and take high losses
• More casualties in two days than in all previous American wars COMBINED
• 110,000 men fought, more than 24,000 casualties
• How was the war any different?
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Veterans of Shiloh
• Sherman– Don’t fight man for man;
don’t order charges– Defeat the enemy’s will, not
its soldiers• Grant
– Attrition as the key, despite the carnage it causes
• Forrest– Aristocratic generals don’t
fight well– Search for a strategy to
target North’s economic edge
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Fredericksburg, Dec., 1862
• Attempt to win a big battle and On To Richmond
• Jominian theory suggest a central attack
• Burnside ordered five separate charges. Why?
• USA lost 12,500 to CSA’s 5,000
• Crushing defeat for USA, Jominian approaches
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Gettysburg, July 3, 1863
• Strategic alternatives• “There is my enemy,
and there is where I will strike him”
• Federal troops chanted “Fredericksburg” at the defeated Confederates
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The New Way of War