america’s changing - mr. goethalsmrgoethals.weebly.com/uploads/1/6/5/4/16542680/57... · 2018....
TRANSCRIPT
America’s Changing
Foreign Policies
(1970’s – 1980’s)
The U.S. versus The Soviet Union
Setting the Stage
Continuities: Prevent the Spread of Communism
Promote Global Democracy
Avoid Global Nuclear War
Changing Policies: Harry S. Truman’s
Containment
D. D. Eisenhower’s
Brinkmanship
J. F. Kennedy’s
Flexible Response
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Major Concerns
“The Long Telegram”
Outlined Soviet plan for expansion
and promoted the U.S. Policy of
Containment
“The Domino Effect”
Promoted U.S. Intervention
to prevent continued
Communist Expansion
The U.S. versus The Soviet Union
Changing Strategies
1.Intervention (Eisenhower - Johnson) – Containment by direct political-military
involvement in the Korean & Vietnam Conflicts
2.Engagement (Nixon - Carter) – Containment of Soviet behavior through the
adoption of Detente
3.Confrontation (Reagan Doctrine) – Containment by readopting policies that challenge
Soviet economic and military capabilities
The Changing U.S. Strategies
The Dynamic Questions
• Was intervention in Korea and Vietnam a
logical action of U.S. Containment Policy?
• Was engagement through Détente a result
of the failures of intervention?
• Was the initiation of confrontation the result
of the failed success of engagement?
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Historical Overview
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War?
Conventional
Intervention?
Korean Conflict (1951-1954)
Vietnam Conflict (1959-1973)
Both Ended in
Stalemate
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Historical Overview
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War?
Political Poker: Brinkmanship?
Eisenhower’s Threat to
use Nuclear Weapons:
Kennedy’s Threat to use
Nuclear Weapons:
Korean Conflict Ends? Cuban Crisis Ends?
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Historical Overview
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War?
CIA Sponsored Operations?
Bay of Pigs (1961) Iranian Coup (1953) Military Coup in
Guatemala (1954)
The Changing U.S. Strategies
New Concerns
“The Korea or Vietnam Dilemma”
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and another failed Conflict?
Solutions: Changes in U.S. Foreign Policy Control
Adoption of a New Foreign Policy
Increased Use of Special Operations
• Intervention didn’t produce positive results
The Changing U.S. Strategies
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and another failed Conflict?
Congress challenged Presidential Powers
• 1973 War Powers Resolution
Congress removed the president’s power to use military force without their approval
• 1976 Arms Export Control Act
President has ability to sell military equipment to countries only for self defense
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Historical Overview
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and another failed Conflict?
Management of World Issues through Détente?
Nixon Visits
China (1972)
Nixon Visits
Moscow (1974)
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Historical Overview
Why did the U.S. adopt Détente?
“The Vietnam Syndrome”
25 July 1969: The Nixon Doctrine
First, the United States will keep all of its treaty commitments.
Second, we shall provide a shield if a nuclear power threatens the freedom of a
nation allied with us or of a nation whose survival we consider vital to our
security.
Third, in cases involving other types of aggression, we shall furnish military and
economic assistance when requested in accordance with our treaty
commitments. But we shall look to the nation directly threatened to assume the
primary responsibility of providing the manpower for its defense.
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Historical Overview
Why did the U.S. adopt Détente?
“The Strategic Parity”
Knowledge of the
changing balance
of Nuclear Weapons
Capabilities between
the U.S. & U.S.S.R.
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Historical Overview
Why did the U.S. adopt Détente?
“The Sino-Soviet Split”
Changing Political
ideologies between
China and the
U.S.S.R.
U.S. no longer
required to face a
unified opposition
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Historical Overview
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and another failed Conflict?
Handling World Issues through Flexible Response?
1973 Yom Kippur War
• U.S. pledged support to Israel while
the Soviets supported Egypt and Syria
• Arab Oil Embargo is launched against
the U.S. by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia
• U.S & Soviets brokered Cease Fire
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Historical Overview
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and another failed Conflict?
Strategic Arms Limitations Treaties (SALT I and II)
Ford & Brezhnev Sign SALT I in 1974 Carter & Brezhnev Sign SALT II in 1979
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World
Handling World Tensions through Diplomacy?
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and rising tensions in the Middle East?
1978 Camp David Accords
Egypt’s President
Anwar Sadat &
Israel’s Prime Minister
Menachem Begin
signed peace
agreement brokered by
Pres. Jimmy Carter
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and rising tensions in the Middle East?
Soviet-Afghan War
1979 - 1989
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World
Handling World Tensions through Diplomacy?
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and rising tensions in the Middle East?
1979 Iranian Revolution
Shah –vs- Ayatollah Khomeini
1979-81 Iranian Hostage Crisis
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World
Continuing CIA Sponsored Operations?
Anti-Soviet Muhajideen in
Afghanistan (1979 - 1989)
Pro-Democracy Contras
in Nicaragua (1979 - 1990)
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and rising tension in the Middle East?
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and the Collapse of Détente?
Debate over Détente Begins:
• Had détente been over sold?
• Was the world changing?
• Did the US overreact in 1979?
• Did the US under react before 1979?
(poor anticipation of problems)
• Were we too soft on the USSR?
• What was the Solution?
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and the Collapse of Détente?
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World
Dilemma of Reagan’s
Confrontation Policy:
• containing the USSR,
• avoiding nuclear war,
• avoiding direct US intervention
• resolving current oil crisis
• but pressuring the USSR & the Arabs
• How do you oppose the spread of communism
while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and the Collapse of Détente?
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World
• How do you pressure a weakening Soviet
Union while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and direct U.S. Intervention?
A New Wave of Communist Revolutions
Ethiopia 1974
Cambodia 1975
Vietnam 1975
Angola 1975
Mozambique 1975
Afghanistan 1979
Nicaragua 1979
Grenada 1979
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World
• How do you pressure a weakening Soviet
Union while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and direct U.S. Intervention?
The Soviet’s preach the
supremacy of the state,
declare its omnipotence over
individual man and predict its
eventual domination of all
peoples on the Earth. They are
the focus of evil in the modern
world....
Ronald Regan, 1983
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World
• How do you pressure a weakening Soviet
Union while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and direct U.S. Intervention?
America does possess the
technologies to attain very
significant improvements in the
effectiveness of our conventional,
nonnuclear forces. Proceeding
boldly with these new technologies,
we can significantly reduce any
incentive that the Soviet Union may
have to threaten attack against the
United States or its allies.
Ronald Regan’s SDI, 1983
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World
• How do you pressure a weakening Soviet
Union while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and direct U.S. Intervention?
Marine Corps Barracks Bombing
in Beirut, Lebanon (23 Oct 1983)
U.S. Invasion of Grenada to oust
Cuban Rebels (25 Oct 1983)
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World
• How do you pressure a weakening Soviet
Union while avoiding possible Nuclear War
and direct U.S. Intervention?
Reagan ordered U.S. Air Force Bombings of Libya
as a result of Libyan attacks on U.S. Navy warships in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)
The Changing U.S. Strategies
Changing Policies in a Changing World