america secedes from the empire 1775-1783. second continental congress the second continental...
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America Secedes from the Empire
1775-1783
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Second Continental Congress
• The Second Continental Congress – met May 1775 and takes command of the Revolution– All 13 colonies– Drafted new
appeals to the king– Raised money to
create army & navy
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Congress Drafts George Washington
• George Washington appointed as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army
• Why he was a good choice:– From Virginia, the largest colony– Wealthy, not a fortune
seeker– Fellow aristocrat &
trusted by his peers
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George Washington• Wealthy Virginian
– Tobacco farmer
• 43 yrs old• Not a military genius
– Lost more than he won
• Born leader– Tall, athletic, expert horseman– Exceptionally brave, dignified– High moral standards
• Excelled at whipping his army into shape, keeping it together and organizing retreats
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To War or Not to War?
• From April 1775 to July 1776– Colonists tried to settle differences with the king– Continued to affirm their loyalty– Yet still raising armies and fighting
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Phase IPhase I:: The Northern CampaignThe Northern Campaign[1775-1776][1775-1776]
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Ticonderoga & Crown Point
• May 1775 – Ethan Allen & Benedict Arnold surprise British garrisons at Ft. Ticonderoga & Crowns Point and seize a store of gunpowder and artillery
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Bunker Hill
• June 1775 – In Boston, colonists entrenched on Breed’s Hill with 1,500 enact a huge toll on the attacking force of 3,000 British redcoats before retreating
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Olive Branch Petition
• Continental Congress begged the king to end the hostilities– Professed their loyalty
• George III declared the colonists to be treasonous
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Hessian Hirelings
• George III hires 30,000 Germans from principality of Hesse– Shocked colonists
• Why bring in outsiders?• Germans known for their butchery• “Hessian Flies” – were mercenaries concerned
with loot– Many eventually deserted an became American citizens
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Canada
• Oct. 1775 – British burn Falmouth, Maine (Portland)• Americans invade Canada
– Hope to add 14th colony– Thought French would rebel– Deprive British of base of operations
• Attack seen as an act of aggression– Colonists said they were only defending
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The Abortive Conquest of Canada
• General Richard Montgomery – took Montreal
• He and General B. Arnold attacked Quebec– Their assault was repelled– Montgomery killed, Arnold wounded
• French showed no desire to side with anti-Catholic colonists Richard Montgomery
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Death of Montgomery
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January 1776
• Jan. 1776 – British burn Norfolk• “Evacuation Day” – March 1776, British evacuate
Boston• Colonists were still hopeful for a resolution, but
– Colonial unity was poor– Open rebellion could get you hanged and drawn and
quartered
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Common Sense
• Common Sense – written by Thomas Paine, was a pamphlet which expressed a need for American independence from England– Was a big seller– 500,000 copies, (1 for every 5 people)– Paine gave all proceeds to the cause
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Thomas Paine
• Paine felt the tiny island of England shouldn’t be in control of the vast continent of America
• Called George III the “Royal Brute of Great Britain”
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Paine & the Idea of “Republicanism”
• Called for a republic – power flowed from the people, not from a monarch– Government should receive its authority from popular consent
• Colonists very receptive to this idea– Experience with governing– No hereditary aristocracy
• Collective good of the people mattered more than the individual
• Some colonists wanted a republic ruled by a “natural aristocracy”
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Writing the Declaration
• June 7th – Richard Henry Lee motioned for Independence (adopted July 2nd)
• Committee was appointed by the Continental Congress to write a document declaring Independence– Benjamin Franklin– John Adams– Roger Sherman– Robert Livingston– Thomas Jefferson
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Signers of the Declaration
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Declaration of Independence• July 4, 1776 – America declares its
independence from England• Declaration of Independence – written by
Thomas Jefferson– Jefferson was influenced by John Locke– Spoke of the Unalienable Rights of all people
• God-given rights that a government cannot take away
– “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”
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John Locke
• Spoke of Natural Rights of all people
• “life, liberty and the right to own property”
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Social Contract Theory
• Rousseau – wrote of a Social Contract– People agree to live together and follow rules– Violators should be outlawed– If a ruler violates the contract, the people have a right to
overthrow him
"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains."
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Advantages of Declaring Independence
• Foreign aid could be solicited• Was a source of inspiration to colonists and those
abroad
Franklin told his convention delegates they must hang together, or they would all hang separately.
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“You are to be hanged by the neck, but not until you are dead; for while you are still living your bodies are to be taken down, your bowels torn out and burned before your faces, your heads then cut off, and your bodies divided each into four quarters, and your heads and quarters to be then at the King’s disposal; and may the Almighty God have mercy on your souls. – George III
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Patriots & Loyalists
• The Revolutionary War was in part a civil war• Loyalists – fought for King (“Tories”)
– Were educated, wealthy & cultured– Happy with the status quo– Many were King’s officials– Anglican church
• Patriots – “Whigs”• Many colonists were apathetic or neutral
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LoyalistLoyalist
StrongholdsStrongholds
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Patriot Militias
• Militias were successful at encouraging the populace to join the cause
• British were inept at gaining the hearts & minds of the people
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The Loyalist Exodus
• After the Declaration Loyalists were handled roughly, imprisoned, and some hanged– Many fled to England or Canada (80,000)
• Estates confiscated & sold
– 50,000 fought for the King• Spied• Incited Indians• Forced patriot soldiers
to stay home• Probably not used well
enough by King!!
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Phase IIPhase II::
NY & PANY & PA[1777-1778][1777-1778]
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General Washington at Bay
• British concentrated on NY city as base– Centrally located seaport– Bring in 500 ships & 30,000 men
• Washington – 18,000 untrained men
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Battle of Long Island
• Battle of Long Island – colonists retreat in panic to Manhattan with cover of fog– Washington retreats to Penn. with British close behind– General William Howe does not press his advantage
• Remembered Bunker Hill• Limited supplies• Had a mistress
New York City in flames (1776)
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New Jersey Campaign
• Washington recrosses the Delaware River on Christmas & surprises a camp of Hessians at Trenton
• He then slips away and attacks a smaller British encampment at Princeton
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Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851
Washington Crosses the Delaware
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Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion
• 1776 – England wanted to capture Hudson River Valley– General “Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne advanced from
Lake Champlain– Howe’s troops to come from New York– Colonel Barry St. Leger from Lake Ontario
• Benedict Arnold able to stall Burgoyne at Lake Champlain– Winter descends– Burgoyne goes back to Montreal
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General John Burgoyne
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Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion
• Spring 1777 – Burgoyne starts invasion with 7,000 troops– Encumbered by heavy baggage train– Many women– Chopping through forest– American militia begin attacking his flanks
• He’s in trouble
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Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion
• General Howe doesn’t head north– Instead marches towards Philadelphia
• Washington moves to defend
• Washington defeated at Brandywine Creek & Germantown– Howe takes Philadelphia– Washington sets up winter quarters at Valley Forge
• Starving, frost bitten• Baron von Steuben whips army into shape
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New Jersey Campaign
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Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion
• Burgoyne gets bogged down north of Albany– Attacked from behind by B.
Arnold and in front by General Horatio Gates
– St. Legers forces halted by colonists
General Horatio Gates
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Saratoga
– Burgoyne forced to surrender at Saratoga
• Revived the Cause• Victory French waiting for
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Burgoyne’s Surrender
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Revolution in Diplomacy?• French were eager to get involved in war
– Hated England– Wanted to deprive it of its money earning colonies
• Americans wanted aid, but they were idealistic– “Model Treaty”
1. No political connections2. No military connections3. Only commercial connections
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Benjamin Franklin in Paris• 70 yr old Franklin sent to France in 1776
– Deliberately violated French norms & customs• Dressed as a country
bumpkin• Wore furs• Was loved by commoners
& ladies of the court
• After Saratoga in 1777,Parliament offers thecolonies home rule
• Alliance between American & France
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The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War
• France joins in 1778– Spain & Holland in 1779– War spreads across the
world
• English navy outnumbered• League of Armed
Neutrality – passivehostility towards England bymany other European countries– Would stay neutral– Get involved if trade infringed upon
Catherine the Great
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French Aid
• France had secretly aided the colonies– Gunpowder, rifles, money
• Now the French gave much more– Equipment, many armed troops, navy
• French navy disrupts the British blockade– British pull out of Philadelphia & concentrate on New York
city• June 1778, Washington attacks retreating British at Monmouth, NJ
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Phase III: The Southern Strategy Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-[1780-1781]1781]
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French Arrive
• French army arrives in Newport, RI– 6,000 led by Rochambeau
• Americans suspicious of new ally
• No real military advantage at first
Comte de Rochambeau
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Treachery of Benedict Arnold
• Benedict Arnold turns traitor– Felt unappreciated– Planned to give up West Point
• For £6,300 and officer’s commission
– Trick detectedin time
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Blow & Counter Blow
• British plan an attack from south– 1778-1779 – Georgia overrun – 1780 – Charlestown falls
• 5,000 men & 400 cannon captured
– War intensifies in Carolinas• Patriots fighting Loyalists
– Tide turns in 1780 & 1781 with American victories in Kings Mountain & Cowpens
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“Fighting Quaker”
• General Nathanael Greene – is able to exhaust the forces of British General Cornwallis– Strategy of standing then retreating
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Land Frontier
• British had many Iroquois allies– Indians feared American expansion– “hair buyers” – paid money for scalps– 1777 – “bloody year” on Frontier
• 1784 – Treaty of Fort Stanwix – signed by Iroquois Confederacy and the U.S.– Indians gave up their land
• Westward expansion continues• George Rogers Clark raids British forts in Illinois
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Sea Frontier
• Americans had a small navy– Tried to destroy British trade– Captain John Paul Jones most famous
• American Privateers– Privately owned armed ships
• Over a 1,000
– “legalized pirates”– Harassed enemy– Brought in gold
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Yorktown
• 1780-1781 – difficult period– Inflation, despair, mutinous intentions– Gov. practically bankrupt
• Cornwallis moved to Yorktown, Virginia– For seaborne supplies & reinforcements
• Oct 1781 – Washington marches 300 miles south from NY– ½ his troops were French led by Rochambeau
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Yorktown
• French navy commanded by Admiral de Grasse beats off the British navy & takes harbor of Yorktown
• Cornwallis is surrounded and forced to surrender
• War essentially over – Fighting continues in the South– “No quarter for Tories!”
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Cornwallis’s Surrender
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Treaty of Paris
• George III wanted to continue the fight– Britons had little will left– 1782 – Lord North’s regime collapses– Whigs take control
• U.S. sends John Jay (NY), John Adams (NE), and Benjamin Franklin to Paris– Told to consult with French on all matters
• Congress bullied by French• French had made promises to Spain
– Gibraltar– Area west of the Appalachians– Wanted a weak, subservient America
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Treaty of Paris
• American ambassadors came to terms with England separately in 1782
• Treaty of Paris (1783) – formally ended the war– Expanded American land holdings– Access to fishing in Newfoundland– Americans had to give Loyalists their land back– Allow British creditors to collect debts
• British were very generous– Why?
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