america in world war ii chapter 35 ap notes. why was time the most needed weapon? great britain and...
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America in World War II
Chapter 35
AP Notes
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Why was time the most needed weapon?
• Great Britain and S. U. could fall to the Germans
• German scientists….
• Retool for war production
• Needed to supply forces on 2 fronts
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How did Japan’s attack on Peal Harbor impact America?
• Unified the nation on the war effort• Anti – interventionism withered away• WWII sped assimilation of ethnic
groups• Italian and German Americans well
established and supporters of FDR• Repression generally absent
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What actions were taken against Japanese Americans?
• Pearl Harbor…
• 120,000 Japanese Americans…
• Executive Order 9066…
• Rooted in racial prejudice and jealousy…
• Korematsu v. U.S….
• Compensation….
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How did the war affect the size of government and the budget?• Budget 10x its New Deal
amount• Defense spending $9 billion
$98 billion• Number of federal employees
quadrupled
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What happened to the Depression?
• It’s over
• 1942 election more Republicans sent to Congress – block New Deal legislation
• Concentrate on supplying planes, ships, guns, and food
• 1942-1945 – GNP doubled
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How did America become the “Arsenal of Democracy”?
• Wartime conversion
– Automobile factories tanks and airplanes
– Could not buy many consumer items
– Major companies retooled to produce war material
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How did the U.S. out-produce the Axis?
• Large industrial base
• Natural resources
• Large labor supply
• American workers twice as productive as German and 5 x as productive as Japanese
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What was the role of the War Production Board?
• Manage the economy…
• Factories operated around the clock
• Synthetic rubber and fabrics created
• Created 17 million jobs
• Increased American productive capacity by 50%
• GNP in 1939 was $88.6 billon to $198.7 billion in 1944
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How effective was the War Production Board?
• 1940-45 totals– 250,000 planes– 80,000 landing craft– 650,000 artillery pieces– 15 million rifles– 100,000 armored cars– 75,000 tanks– Millions of tons of bombs– 41 billion rounds of ammunition
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Ship-building: Henry Kaiser
• 1941 – 355 days to build a battle ship• 1945 – 14 days• Pre-fabrication
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B-24s on the runway at Ford’s Willow Run plant
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Demographic Changes?
• California received 10% of defense funds…
• Movement from the South to Detroit and California…
• Southern textiles profited…
• Poor sharecroppers and tenant farmers got jobs in factories..
• Middle class doubled….
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How was farming impacted by the war?
• Good times for Am. Farmers…
• Productivity soared
• Technology and fertilizers improved…
• Increased prices
• Decreased farm population
• Value of farm land increased
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How did the war affect employment?
• Full employment – longer hours
• Overtime – time and a half
• Increased hiring of minorities and women…
• Unemployment was 9.9% in 1941 and 1.2% in 1945
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How did employment change for women?
• Women encouraged to work…
• Earned $0.65 on the dollar to a man
• Considered temporary…
• Broke stereotypes...
• Found work exciting…
• Better pay than traditional jobs…
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Norman Rockwell’s Rosie the Riveter
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What strains did war place on families?
• Housing shortages…
• Rationing…
• Balancing work and households…
• Lack of child care…
• Latchkey kids…
• Juvenile delinquency…
• High school drop-outs…
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Ration coupons for meat, milk, sugar, cheese, coffee, butter, and gasoline
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Other war time trends?
• Marriage rate up…
• Incomes up….
• Divorce rate up…
• Public health improved…
• Death rate down…
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What was the “Double V” campaign?
• Destroy racism at home and abroad
• Victory on battlefield and over racial discrimination
• Black support of war hinged upon America’s commitment to racial justice
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How was A. Philip Randolph a leader in civil rights?
• President of the Sleeping Car Porters Union…
• Organized a march on Washington demanding that the gov’t open jobs in the defense industry to blacks
• Executive Order 8802…
• Fair Employment Practices Commission…
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What was CORE?
• Interracial – Congress of Racial Equality
• Pacifists…
• Sit-ins…
• Integrate diners – Jack Sprat Coffee Houses in Chicago
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What were the goals of the NAACP?
• Anti – lynching and poll tax legislation
• End discrimination in the military
• End black disenfranchisement• Membership grew from 50,000 in
1940 to 450,000 in 1945
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What was the source of racial tension during the war?
• Black migration -1.2 million left the South to work in defense industry…
• Housing shortage…• Whites objected to economic
equality..• Increased black militancy…
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White mob in Detroit streets - 1943
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How did blacks gain by the war experience?
• More blacks are voting…
• Other countries are aware of racism in the U.S…
• The U.S. appears hypocritical….
• High expectations from blacks…
• 1 million blacks in the military – slowly begins to integrate…
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The American G. I.?
• 16.4 million Americans served
• “Government Issue”…
• Considered temporary service…
• Beginning of a more homogenized society…
• Depended on solidarity of the group for survival…
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How did women serve in the military?
• 350,000
• WACS
• WAVES
• Better educated and more skilled than…
• Administration, communication, clerical, health-care
• Government feared “immorality”…
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WACS during WWII
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What was the status of the African American soldier?
• 1 million served• All-black regiments with white officers…• Majority in Signal, Engineer, and
Quartermaster Corps – construction and stevedore work…
• Minority given fighting and low officer status near the end of the war…
• Encountered discrimination everywhere…
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What was the status of Japanese – American soldiers?
• Also fought in segregated units
• Fought in European theater
• Served as interpreters in U.S.
• 442d regiment fought in France and Italy
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Objectives….
• Explain American strategy to counter Japanese successes in the Pacific
• Describe Allied effort to defeat Hitler
• Discuss the final military efforts that brought Allied victory in Europe and Asia
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The Atlantic Charter – August, 1941
• Self determination
• Equal trading rights
• System of general security
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War in the Pacific
Japanese victories• Philippines• Malaya• Thailand• Hong Kong• Guam• Wake Island• Gilbert Islands• Manila• Singapore• Dutch East Indies
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Bataan Death March – April, 1942
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Camp O’Donnel – Death camp – 1,600 Americans died here as well as 10,000 Filipinos
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Battle of Coral Sea
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Battle of Coral Sea
• Japanese goals ……
• Outcome of the battle ….
• Significance ….
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Battle of Midway 1942
• Japanese goals…
• Results of the battle: 4 Japanese aircraft carriers were destroyed
• Significance: Turning point of WWII in the Pacific
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Japanese torpedo planes attack the USS Yorktown
Yorktown is abandoned
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Battle of Guadalcanal
• Situation in the Pacific
• Strategy of island hopping
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Early Danger
• Allies decide to concentrate on defeating Hitler and use defensive action against the Japanese in the Pacific
• Hitler was seen as the greater threat
• June 22, 1941 – Germany attacked the Soviet Union
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Siege of Leningrad – 900 days
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Battle of Stalingrad
• 300,000 German troops
• 4 months• More Russians died
than Americans in the entire war
• Turning point of the war in Europe
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North Africa
• German and Italian forces were fighting in North Africa
• Field Marshal Erwin Rommel – the “Desert Fox”
• Target – Suez Canal and oil• Germans invaded Egypt and came within
70 miles from Alexandria• Soviet Union wanted a second major front
in France
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Operation Torch
• November, 1942• Eisenhower invaded
Morocco• Montgomery drove
from Egypt• Rommel caught in
between – Lost– 250,000 Germans
surrendered
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Invasion of Sicily - 1943
• Soft underbelly of Europe
• Italy surrendered Sept.
• Mussolini rescued by Germans
• Allies fought their way north against the Germans
• 1944 Allies landed at Anzio
• Six months later Allies took Rome
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Mussolini and his mistress were dragged through the streets of Rome and hung upside down in humiliation.
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Battle of the Atlantic
• 1943-1944
• Characterized by the contributions of science and technology
• Radar and sonar – depth charges
• RAF and USAF – strategic bombing – night and day – incendiary bombing –
• Hamburg – 60,000 dead
• Dresden – incendiary bombing
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Aftermath of firebombing in Dresden Germany
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Dresden
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Soviet Offensive-1943
• Reclaimed Russian cities
• Poland – established a puppet government at Lublin
• Romania
• Bulgaria
• Helped Marshal Tito in Yugoslavia
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Casablanca-1943
• Roosevelt
• Churchill
• Unconditional surrender
• Resolve to attack Italy before France
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Election 1944
• Democrats – FDR and Truman• Republicans – Thomas Dewey and John
Bricker• Issue – FDR’s failing health• Outcome
– FDR wins an unprecedented fourth term– Strength for FDR in urban vote– Congress is increasingly conservative and
Republican
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Tehran Conference
• Churchill, Stalin, and FDR
• Agreed to invasion across English Channel
• Began air strikes to soften Germany
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Operation Overlord
• D-Day – June 6, 1944
• Eisenhower - commander
• 150,000 Allied soldiers
• 5 beaches
• Goal?
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Liberation of Paris
• Pushed through to Paris
• Rapid Allied advance
• Germans retreated rapidly
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Battle of the Bulge
• German counter –offensive
• Bulged into the Allied lines
• Total surprise to the Allies
• Month long battle
• American losses – 75 to 80,000
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Yalta Conference – February, 1945
• Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill• Germany divided into 4• Berlin divided into 4• “friendly gov’t in Poland”• S.U. to get ½ reparations
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Yalta
• S.U. will enter war against Japan
• UN decided upon• Agreed to try
German and Japanese criminals of war
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Defeat of Germany
• Allies attacked from the west with Eisenhower
• Allies stopped 50 miles west of Berlin
• Soviets took Berlin
• Russians and U.S. met at Elbe River
• May 8 - terms
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Discovery of the Holocaust
• 1942 – “Final Solution” – systematic campaign to liquidate European Jews
• Extermination camps in Poland
• 6 million Jews – over 1 million children
• 5 million Slavs, Gypsies and enemies of the German State
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April 12, 1945
• Death of FDR• Harry Truman
– Vice President– From Missouri– Not in the inner
circle– No – nonsense
approach with Soviets
– Plain speaker
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Deterioration of Soviet-American relations
• Truman had no patience with S.U.• Wanted free elections in Poland• Told S.U. to keep promises of Yalta• Wanted Soviet help in defeating
Japan and creating U.N.• Met at Potsdam
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Defeat of Japan
• Iwo Jima– 700 miles from Japan-base to bomb Japan– 5 miles square– 6 weeks and 26,000 marine casualties
• Okinawa– 350 miles from Japan– 7,600 Am. Deaths/110,000 Japanese deaths– Kamikaze attacks
• Naval Blockade and aerial bombing of Japan
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Marines at Iwo Jima
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Potsdam Conference – July, 1945
• Truman, Stalin, Attlee, Churchill
• Truman informed Stalin of bomb
• Issued order that bomb be used if Japan did not surrender by Aug. 3
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Decision to drop the bomb
• Interim Committee
• Would cost 1,000,000 Am. Lives to invade Japan
• Drop on a deserted island – might work
• Japan near surrender – wanted to keep Emperor
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VJ Day – August 14
• Cost of war:
–292,000 Americans died
–18 million Russians
–4 million Germans
–2 million Japanese
–Total: 60 million people