amelia olton. 1) nationalities 2) stem changing 3) para 4) indirect object pronouns 5) pronoun...
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Grammar BookAmelia Olton
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Semester 1- Table of Contents1) Nationalities2) Stem Changing3) Para4) Indirect Object Pronouns5) Pronoun Placement6) Gustar7) Affirmative/ Negative Words8) Superlatives9) Reflexives10) Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement11) Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement12) Sequencing events13) Preterite14) Trigger Words15) Car, gar, zar16) Deber+infinitive17) Modal verbs18) Present Progressives19) Adverbs
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Stem Changing
Boot verbs change only inside the boot. There are 4 kinds of boot verbs.
o-ue e-ie e-i u-ue
The endings remain the same for ar, er and ir verbs.
Nosotros and vosotros will not change in the stem.
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Para
Used for The purpose of/ in order to▪ Para bailar la salsa…
For the benefit of/ directed to▪ Es para ello.
In the direction of/ specific placce▪ Voy para Georgia
Specfic times▪ Me despierto en la noche.
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Indirect Object Pronouns
Are nouns that tell to whom or for whom.
Comes before the verb.
Ex. Bob me compra un regalo.
le
te
me
les
os
nos
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Pronoun Placement
1) Attach the pronoun to the infinitive.2) Attach the pronoun to a progressive
tense.3) Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command.4) Place the pronoun before a
conjugated verb.
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Gustar
The gusta is conjugated to the thing being gusta-ed
Me gustas tu.
Le gusta• Te gusta• Me gusta
Les gusta• Os gusta• Nos gusta
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Affirmative/ Negative Words• somethingAlgo• someoneAlguien
• someAlgún/alguno(a)• alwaysSiempre• alsoTambién
• nothingNada
• no oneNadie
• none, not anyNingún/ninguno(a)
• neverNunca
• Neither, eitherTampoco
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Superlatives
To add emphasis, add –ísimo on the end Fantasiquísimo, grandísimo
If the word ends in _ change to _ ↓
c• qu
q• gu
z• C
n or r• Add
cisimo
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Reflexives Used when the subject recieves the action Usually has –se at the end to show reflexiveness
Ducharse – to shower one’s self When congugated, the pronoun goes to the
beginning and congugates Me ducho- I shower myself
Se
Te
Me
Se
Os
Nos
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Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement
Drop the “s”
DiHazVePonSalSéTenVen
The pronoun goes after the command
Eat it! !Cómelo!
Have it! !Tienelo!
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Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement
1. Put into yo form2. Change vowel3. Add “s”
The pronoun has to be put before the command because it is not affirmative.
TenerVenir
Dar/decirIrSerHacerEstarSaber
No tengasNo vengas
No dé/ digasNo voyas
No seasNo hagasNo estés
No sepas
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Sequencing Events
Segundo
Primero
Second
First
Tercero Third
Entonces
Then
Luego/después
AfterAntes de/ después
deBefore/ after
Por fin
Finally
Por la mañana/ tarde/ noche
In/ during the …
Los lunes, etc.On Monday,
etc.
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Preterite
e
asteoamos
aron
i
isteio
imos
ieron
AR ER/IR
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Trigger Words
Un día Una vez Ayer A noche Hace un año Ya El mes pasado Anteayer Por una hora Por fin A las ocho El cinco de febrero Dos veces
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-Car, -Gar, -Zar
When the ending of a verb (yo form) is all messed up change the ending like this.
Car-que Dar-gue Zar-ce
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Deber + Infinitive
Debe
• Debes• Debo
Deben
• -• Debemos
should, ought to add infinitive after to say what
someone ought to do
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Modal Verbs
When verbs are used in modal verb combinations, the 2nd verb is not conhugated, but rather left in the infinitive form
Deber, Desear(desire), necesitar, poder, querer, saber, soler(usually,used to)
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Present Proggresive
Estar
Present progres
sive verb(infinitive)
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Adverbs
Add –mente and make feminine Cuidadmente, especialmente,
facilmente, felizmente, frecuentemente, lentamente, normalmente, rapidamente, recientemente, tranquilamente
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Table of Contents -2
1) Preterite2) Demonstratives w/ Pronouns3) Ordinal Numbers4) Prepositions5) Future6) Imperfect7) Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns8) Reflexives
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Preterite
Cucaracha Andar > anduv___ Estar > estuv___ Poder > pud___ Poner > pus___ Querer > quis___ Saber > sup___ Tener > tuv___ Venir > vin___ Conducir > conduj___ Producir > produj___ Traducir > traduj___ Decir > dij___ Traer > traj___
Car, Gar, Zar When the ending of a
verb (yo form) is all messed up change the ending like this.
Car-que Dar-gue Zar-ce
Trigger Words Un día Una vez Ayer A noche Hace un año Ya El mes pasado Anteayer Por una hora Por fin A las ocho El cinco de febrero Dos veces
Spock Verbs Hacer
• Hice• Hiciste• Hizo• Hicimos• Hicieron
Dar/Ver• d/v i• d/v iste• d/v io• d/v imos• d/v ieron
Ir/Ser• Fui• Fuiste• Fue• Fuimos• Fueron
Snake/Snakey Snake verbs change
the 3rd person to the conjugated form.
Dormir
• Dormi• Dormimos• Dormiste• Durmio• Durmieron
Snakey verbs change the i to a y
Leer
• Lei• Leimos• Leiste• Leyo• Leyeron
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Demonstratives with PronounsAdjectives Singular
MasculanPluralMasculan
SingularFeminine
PluralFeminine
Aqui Este Estos Esta Estas
Alli Ese Esos Esa Esas
Alla Aquel Aquellos Aquella Aquellas
Put an accent on the first e to make a pronoun If it is an unknown gender, then change the e or a to an o
• This is called a neuter
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Ordinal Numbers
primerofirst
segundosecond
tercerothird
cuartofourth
quintofifth
sextosixth
séptimoseventh
octavoeighth
novenoninth
décimotenth
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Prepositions
Abajo Down
Arriba Up
Debajo de Beneath
Dentro de Within
Encima de Above
Fuera de Outside
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Future
Add on to the infinitive form -é -ás -á -emos -án.
caberyo cabré
haberyo habré
poderyo podré
quereryo querré
saberyo sabréponeryo pondré
saliryo saldré
teneryo tendré
valeryo valdré
veniryo vendrédeciryo diré
haceryo haré
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Imperfect
abaabasabaábamosabaisaban
íaíasíaíamosíaisían
ser ver ir
eraeraseraéramoseraiseran
veíaveíasveíaveíamosveíaisveían
ibaibasibaíbamosibaisiban
IRREGULAR
Shows a future that is not specific
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Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns mine
el mío / la míalos míos / las mías
yours (familiar)el tuyo / la tuyalos tuyos / las tuyas
yours (formal)el suyo / la suyalos suyos / las suyas
oursel nuestro / la nuestralos nuestros / las nuestras
yours (familiar)el vuestro / la vuestralos vuestros / las vuestras
yours (formal)el suyo / la suyalos suyos / las suyas
mi(s)my
tu(s)your (familiar)
su(s)his, her, your (formal), their
nuestro(-a, -os, -as)our
vuestro(-a, -os, -as)your (fam. pl.)
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Reflexives Used when the subject recieves the action Usually has –se at the end to show reflexiveness
Ducharse – to shower one’s self When congugated, the pronoun goes to the
beginning and congugates Me ducho- I shower myself
Se
Te
Me
Se
Os
Nos