amc week 9 ballistics email
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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Firearms and Ballistics
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Revolver
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Semi-Auto Pistol
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How a gun works
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Four Components of Ammunition
• Primer
– Rimmed or Centerfire
• Cartridge Case or Shotshell
• Propellant
• Projectile(s)
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Ammunition
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Ammunition
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PREMIUM LOAD with SHOTCUP
Pellets do notcontact bore
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Some problems
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Stable vs. Instable
Projectile Flight
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Rifling
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• When a firearm is manufactured, the individual parts are made with tools that are in a constant state of change
• As a result, no two guns will leave the same marks on the ammunition components
• The marks found on bullets are sometimes referred to as striations
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The match on the bullet
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Gunshot Residue
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Source of Gunshot Residue
• Firing a weapon may cause microscopic particles of primer residue and gunpowder to be deposited on the hands of the shooter
• The higher the caliber, the more GSR depositied on hands
• .22 caliber rim-fire cartridges will sometimes not show traditional GSR particles
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Primers
• Lead Styphnate– Primary explosive
• Barium Nitrate– Oxygen Source
• Antimony Sulfide– Fuel
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Formation of the Particle
• Upon detonation, the compounds of the primer vaporize, mix and then condense back into particles
• The result: what was once three separate particles have become one particle made up of lead, barium and antimony
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Inside a GSR kit
• Each GSR kit contains– Instructions– A pair of rubber gloves– Labels– Two sample vials
• Each vial contains adhesive coated aluminum stub mounted on the base of a rubber stopper
• Stub pressed and lifted on the surface being sampled– Hand – Face– Clothing
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The Examination
• Look for particles with the proper morphology and size
• Look for particles which contain all three components of the primer– Lead (Pb)– Barium (Ba)– Antimony (Sb)
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Scanning Electron Microscope
• Magnification ranges from 10x to 10,000x
• Allows you to visualize GSR particles and gives you information on the elemental makeup of the particles
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GSR Particle on the SEM
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Positive: What does it mean?
• The individual fired a weapon
• The individual handled a weapon right after it was fired
• The individual was very near when the gun was fired
• The individual touched a surface that had GSR on it.
• Etc, etc, etc.
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Negative: What does it mean?
• The individual did not fire a weapon
• The individual washed their hands
• The sample was collected after the recommended 4-6 hour time window
• The individual was wearing gloves when they fired the weapon
• Etc, etc, etc.
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Bullet Trajectory
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Projectile Penetration
• Three Possibilities– Projectile is stopped by impact without
penetration– Projectile will penetrate the object without
exiting– Projectile will pass through object (Perforate)
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Definitions
• PenetrationPenetration is when a projectile enters but does
not exit. Not to be confused with Perforation
• Perforation Perforation is when a projectile passes through
and through. Not to be confused with Penetration
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Penetration and perforation
The Bullets effect on sheet metal at increasing angles
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Critical Angle and Deflection
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Critical Angle and Deflection
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Trajectory reconstruction using lasers
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Laser trajectory at night
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Shotgun Pellet PatternsIn General…. For every 1” across
= 1 Yard from Muzzle
7”
Muzzle to Target = 7 Yards
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Pellet Pattern Diameter vs. Range
Orthogonal Impacts
d d d
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Non-Orthogonal Pellet Patterns
sin-1 (d/D) = incidence angle
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Orthogonal StrikesNo. 4 Buck12-ga.
d = 7 in.
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450 Incident Angle with No. 4 Buck, 12 ga.
d = 7 in.
d/D = 0.67Sin-1 = 420
Same Rangeas previous shot
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LEFT vs RIGHT
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RIFLING TWIST DETERMINATIONfrom
RICOCHET MARKS on SMOOTH, HARD SURFACES
The“Chisum”
Trail
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230-gr. .45 Auto FMJ-RN Incident Angle = 100
Surface = Smooth Steel Ricochet Angle = 1.40
130
profile views
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Three 50-gr. FMJ .25 Automatic BulletsRicocheted from a Hard, Unyielding Surface
after Low (less that 50) Incident Angle Impacts
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Cartridge Case Ejection Patterns
• Each Firearm is Different – Ammunition– Ground Surface
• Shooter’s Stance Does Not Matter– Weaver vs. Prone– Grip doesn’t matter
• How the Gun is Held Matters
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Ejection Patterns
X
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Bullets and Glass
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BB Impact
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Effects of Projectiles on Common Materials
• Laminated
Glass
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Laminated Auto Glass
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What else can be matched?
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Extractor and Breech
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