Gonad GlandAmanda Siess

Marisa MalwitzPatricia LeslieHAP Period 5

The Endocrine System helps to regulate and also maintain different body functions by making and releasing hormones.

The system is made up of glands that release their hormones directly into the blood stream for chemical signaling of target cells.

Major areas of control consist of: ◦ Responding to stress and injury◦ Growth and development◦ Absorption of nutrients◦ Energy metabolism◦ Water and electrolyte balance◦ Reproduction◦ Birth◦ Lactation

The glands have a rich body supply through which the hormones can travel to their destined organs.

The hormones alter the metabolism of the destined organs through increasing or decreasing the activity.

Endocrine System

Ovaries- in the female◦ reproductive

Testes- in the male◦ Reproductive

Gonad Glands

The Ovaries are located in the lateral wall of the pelvis in what is called the ovarian fossa.

The testes are located in the scrotum of a male, which is located directly under the penis.

The gonad gland is the primary reproductive organs of both female and male.

The Ovaries are the female gonads and the Testes are the male gonads.

The ovaries and the testes are considered to be mixed glands in both genders, since they make both cells and hormones. The hormones and cells produced are vital for reproduction.

The sperm is the male gamete, and the Ovum (eggs) is the female gamete. Fertilization occurs when the sperm meets and merges with the egg.

The ovaries produce:◦ Estrogen ◦ Progesterone

The testes produce:◦ Testosterone

The main sex hormone that is in women, and also is essential for the menstrual cycle.

Both men and women have this hormone but it is mostly found in the women. The difference between men and women because of this hormone are:◦ Breasts◦ Widened pelvis◦ A greater amount of body fat in the

butt, thigh and also hip region.◦ Have less facial hair and have

smoother skin than men.

Estrogen regulates the menstrual cycle and also prepares the uterus for pregnancy by enriching and thickening the endometrium.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h29833qGuds

Estrogen is made in the ovaries for the most part , developing egg follicles.

Three compounds are made in the hormone group of estrogen:◦ Estrone◦ Estradiol- main type during a

woman’s life after she starts the menstrual cycle and continues until menopause.

◦ Estriol

When a woman reaches a certain age, they start to go through menopause which is a decrease in estrogen it produces: ◦ Vaginal dryness◦ Memory problems◦ Hot flashes ◦ Fatigue◦ Irritability ◦ And in some cases: decrease in bone

density

Estrogen

Plays a role in maintaining pregnancy

This hormone is produced in the ovaries, the placenta, and also in the adrenal glands.

Progesterone helps prepare the females body for:◦ conception◦ Pregnancy◦ regulates monthly menstrual cycle ◦ plays a role in sexual desire.

One of the most important function of this hormone is to cause the endometrium to secrete special proteins during the second half of the menstrual cycle, to prepare to receive and nourish an implanted fertilized egg. ◦ If the implantation doesn’t happen, then

both estrogen and progesterone levels drop , and the endometrium breaks down and menstruation occurs.

Progesterone is produced in the placenta if pregnancy happens and progesterone levels remain elevated throughout pregnancy.

A combination of increased estrogen and progesterone levels keep down further ovulation during a pregnancy, while the progesterone encourages growth of milk-producing glands in the breasts during the pregnancy.

When progesterone levels are high, it is to be believed that this hormone is mostly responsible for premenstrual syndrome:◦ Breast tenderness◦ Feeling bloated◦ Mood swings

If a woman misses her period, it is possibly due to the failure to ovulate, and also low progesterone levels.

http://lcmrschooldistrict.com/roth/PowerPoint_Lectures/chapter41/videos_animations/menstrual_summary.html

Progesterone

Testosterone affects the sexual features and development in men.

Testosterone is made in both men and women, in small amounts by the adrenal gland, in the ovaries for women, and it is found in large amounts in the testicles of men.

Testosterone level is controlled by the pituitary gland in the body.◦ When testosterone levels are low, the

pituitary gland will release a hormone which tells the testicles to produce more testosterone.

Before a boy reaches puberty, the levels of testosterone usually are low, and when puberty has been reached, testosterone levels increase and create:◦ deeper voice ◦ Bigger muscles◦ Produce sperm◦ Develop facial and body hair

Testosterone is also found to be accounted for half of this hormone in their body, except in smaller amounts than men.

This hormone plays an important part in both men and women’s body, it affects the:◦ brain◦ Bone◦ Muscle mass◦ Fat distribution◦ The vascular system◦ Energy levels◦ Genital tissues◦ Sexual functioning

Testosterone is found mostly in the blood, and is bound to a protein called “sex hormone binding globulin”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djqqao2Uebo

Testosterone

Ovarian cysts:◦ Fluid-filled sacs (similar to blisters)◦ Common among women during

reproductive years◦ Growths that form on either of the two

almond-sized glands on each side of the uterus.

Testicular torsion:◦ Means twisting◦ When this happens, the twisting kinks

and then blocks the blood vessels to one of the testicles.

◦ If not treated immediately, the testicle may die.

Diseases

Facts about the Testes:◦ -Testes develop

within the abdomen, during fetal life

◦ -The testes hang away from the body in the scrotum because sperm need to be kept a few degrees cooler than body temperature

Facts about the Ovaries◦ -Woman`s eggs are

formed within the ovaries, before birth

◦ -About 500,000 immature eggs are present within the ovaries before birth

Interesting Facts…

http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/body_guide/reftext/html/endo_sys_fin.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/588769/testis http://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-gonads.htm http://www.yourhormones.info/glands/ovaries.aspx http://www.yourhormones.info/glands/testes.aspx http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-estrogen.htm http://www.healthywomen.org/condition/progesterone http://men.webmd.com/testosterone-15738 http://

womenshealth.about.com/cs/ovarianconditions/a/yrovrisovuovads_2.htm

http://men.webmd.com/guide/testicular-disease

Citations

Concept Check

1.What hormones do the Ovaries & the Testes produce?

2.What is the main role of the specific hormones for each gland?

3.What does Estrogen do in Women?4.What does Testosterone do in Men?