alzheimer’s association dementia care practice recommendations · 2018-06-21 · alzheimer’s...
TRANSCRIPT
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Alzheimer’s Association® Dementia Care Practice Recommendations
Editor-in-Chief: Suzanne Meeks, PhD Supplement Editors: Sam Fazio, PhD Douglas Pace, NHA Supplement Associate Editors: Beth A. Kallmyer, MSWKatie Maslow, MSWSheryl Zimmerman, PhD
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe Alzheimer’s Association would like to acknowledge individuals living with dementia, their families and care partners, as well as the professionals who provide daily care and support.
The Alzheimer’s Association is the leading voluntary health organization in Alzheimer research, care and sup-port. Our mission is to eliminate Alzheimer’s disease through the advancement of research; to provide and enhance care and support for all affected; and to reduce the risk of dementia through the promotion of brain health.
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Contact information
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Disclaimer
Statements of fact and opinion in the articles in The Gerontologist are those of the respective authors and contributors and not of TheGerontologist or Oxford University Press. Neither Oxford University Press nor The Gerontologist make any representation, express or implied, in respect of the accuracy of the material in this journal and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The reader should make her or his own evaluation as to the appropriateness or otherwise of any experimen-tal technique described.
Copyright © 2012 The Gerontological Society of America
Indexing and abstracting
Index Medicus, MEDLINE, PubMed, Current Contents, and Social Index.
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-wise without prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923.
Instructions for authors
Full instructions for manuscript preparation and submission can be found at http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/geront/for_authors/.
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, schol-arship, and education by publishing worldwide.
Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India; Printed by Edwards Brothers Inc, USA.
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Print and online access: £294/$443/€443Print edition only: £270/$406/€406Site-wide online access only: £243/$365/€365
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The current year and two previous years’ issues are available from Oxford Journals. Previous volumes can be obtained from the Peri odicals Service Company, 11 Main Street, Germantown, NY 12526, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Email: [email protected]. Tel: (518) 537-4700. Fax: (518) 537-5899.
Contact information
Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, UK. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +44 (0)1865 353907. Fax: + 44 (0)1865 353485. In the Americas, please contact: Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (800) 852-7323 (toll-free in USA/Canada) or (919) 677-0977. Fax: (919) 677-1714. In Japan, please contact: Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, 4-5-10-8F Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8386, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (81) 3 5444 5858. Fax: (81) 3 3454 2929.
Methods of payment
Payment should be made: by cheque (to Oxford Journals, Cashiers Office, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK); by bank transfer [to Barclays Bank Plc, Oxford Office, Oxford (bank sort code 20-65-18) (UK); overseas only Swift code BARC GB22 (GB£ Sterling Account no. 70299332, IBAN GB89BARC20651870299332; US$ Dollars Account no. 66014600, IBAN GB27BARC20651866014600; EU€ EURO Account no.
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Postal information
The Gerontologist (ISSN: 0016-9013) is published in February, April, June, August, October, and December by Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513-2009, USA.Periodicals Postage Paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to The Gerontologist,Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513-2009.
Environmental and ethical policies
Oxford Journals, a division of Oxford University Press, is committed to working with the global community to bring the highest quality research to the widest possible audience. Oxford Journals will protect the environment by implementing environmentally friendly policies and practices wherever possible. Please see http://www.oxfordjournals.org/ethicalpolicies.html for further information on environmental and ethical policies.
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Disclaimer
Statements of fact and opinion in the articles in The Gerontologist are those of the respective authors and contributors and not of TheGerontologist or Oxford University Press. Neither Oxford University Press nor The Gerontologist make any representation, express or implied, in respect of the accuracy of the material in this journal and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The reader should make her or his own evaluation as to the appropriateness or otherwise of any experimen-tal technique described.
Copyright © 2012 The Gerontological Society of America
Indexing and abstracting
Index Medicus, MEDLINE, PubMed, Current Contents, and Social Index.
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-wise without prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923.
Instructions for authors
Full instructions for manuscript preparation and submission can be found at http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/geront/for_authors/.
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, schol-arship, and education by publishing worldwide.
Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India; Printed by Edwards Brothers Inc, USA.
Subscriptions
A subscription to The Gerontologist comprises 6 issues. Prices include dispatch by Standard Air. Airmail rates are available on request. The Gerontologist Advance Access contains papers that have recently been accepted but have not yet been included within an issue. Advance Access is updated daily.
Annual Subscription Rate (Volume 51, 6 issues, 2011)Corporate
Print and online access: £294/$443/€443Print edition only: £270/$406/€406Site-wide online access only: £243/$365/€365
Institutional
Print and online access: £235/$354/€354Print edition only: £216/$325/€325Site-wide online access only: £194/$292/€292
Please note: UK£ rate applies to UK and Rest of World, except US and Canada (US$) and Europe (Eur€). There are other subscription rates available; for a complete listing, please visit http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/geront/access_purchase/price_list.html.
Full prepayment in the correct currency is required for all orders. Payment should be in US dollars for orders being delivered to the USA or Canada; Euros for orders being delivered within Europe (excluding the UK); GBP Sterling for orders being delivered else-where (i.e., not being delivered to USA, Canada, or Europe). All orders should be accompanied by full payment and sent to your near-est Oxford Journals office. Subscriptions are accepted for complete volumes only. Orders are regarded as firm, and payments are not refundable. Our prices include dispatch by Standard Air. Claims must be notified within four months of despatch/order date (whichever is later). Subscriptions in the EEC may be subject to European VAT. If registered, please supply details to avoid unnecessary charges. For subscriptions that include online versions, a proportion of the sub-scription price may be subject to UK VAT. Subscribers in Canada, please add GST to the prices quoted. Personal rate subscriptions are only available if payment is made by personal cheque or credit card, delivery is to a private address, and is for personal use only.
The current year and two previous years’ issues are available from Oxford Journals. Previous volumes can be obtained from the Peri odicals Service Company, 11 Main Street, Germantown, NY 12526, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Email: [email protected]. Tel: (518) 537-4700. Fax: (518) 537-5899.
Contact information
Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, UK. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +44 (0)1865 353907. Fax: + 44 (0)1865 353485. In the Americas, please contact: Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (800) 852-7323 (toll-free in USA/Canada) or (919) 677-0977. Fax: (919) 677-1714. In Japan, please contact: Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, 4-5-10-8F Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8386, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (81) 3 5444 5858. Fax: (81) 3 3454 2929.
Methods of payment
Payment should be made: by cheque (to Oxford Journals, Cashiers Office, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK); by bank transfer [to Barclays Bank Plc, Oxford Office, Oxford (bank sort code 20-65-18) (UK); overseas only Swift code BARC GB22 (GB£ Sterling Account no. 70299332, IBAN GB89BARC20651870299332; US$ Dollars Account no. 66014600, IBAN GB27BARC20651866014600; EU€ EURO Account no.
78923655, IBAN GB16BARC20651878923655]; or by credit card (Mastercard, Visa, Switch or American Express).
Postal information
The Gerontologist (ISSN: 0016-9013) is published in February, April, June, August, October, and December by Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513-2009, USA.Periodicals Postage Paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to The Gerontologist,Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513-2009.
Environmental and ethical policies
Oxford Journals, a division of Oxford University Press, is committed to working with the global community to bring the highest quality research to the widest possible audience. Oxford Journals will protect the environment by implementing environmentally friendly policies and practices wherever possible. Please see http://www.oxfordjournals.org/ethicalpolicies.html for further information on environmental and ethical policies.
Digital object identifiers
For information on dois and to resolve them, please visit www.doi.org.
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For information on how to request permissions to reproduce articles or information from this journal, please visit www.oxfordjournals.org/permissions.
Advertising
Advertising, inserts, and artwork enquiries should be addressed to Advertising and Special Sales, Oxford Journals, Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1865 354767; Fax: +44 (0)1865 353774; E-mail: [email protected].
Disclaimer
Statements of fact and opinion in the articles in The Gerontologist are those of the respective authors and contributors and not of TheGerontologist or Oxford University Press. Neither Oxford University Press nor The Gerontologist make any representation, express or implied, in respect of the accuracy of the material in this journal and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The reader should make her or his own evaluation as to the appropriateness or otherwise of any experimen-tal technique described.
Copyright © 2012 The Gerontological Society of America
Indexing and abstracting
Index Medicus, MEDLINE, PubMed, Current Contents, and Social Index.
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-wise without prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923.
Instructions for authors
Full instructions for manuscript preparation and submission can be found at http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/geront/for_authors/.
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, schol-arship, and education by publishing worldwide.
Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India; Printed by Edwards Brothers Inc, USA.
Subscriptions
A subscription to The Gerontologist comprises 6 issues. Prices include dispatch by Standard Air. Airmail rates are available on request. The Gerontologist Advance Access contains papers that have recently been accepted but have not yet been included within an issue. Advance Access is updated daily.
Annual Subscription Rate (Volume 51, 6 issues, 2011)Corporate
Print and online access: £294/$443/€443Print edition only: £270/$406/€406Site-wide online access only: £243/$365/€365
Institutional
Print and online access: £235/$354/€354Print edition only: £216/$325/€325Site-wide online access only: £194/$292/€292
Please note: UK£ rate applies to UK and Rest of World, except US and Canada (US$) and Europe (Eur€). There are other subscription rates available; for a complete listing, please visit http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/geront/access_purchase/price_list.html.
Full prepayment in the correct currency is required for all orders. Payment should be in US dollars for orders being delivered to the USA or Canada; Euros for orders being delivered within Europe (excluding the UK); GBP Sterling for orders being delivered else-where (i.e., not being delivered to USA, Canada, or Europe). All orders should be accompanied by full payment and sent to your near-est Oxford Journals office. Subscriptions are accepted for complete volumes only. Orders are regarded as firm, and payments are not refundable. Our prices include dispatch by Standard Air. Claims must be notified within four months of despatch/order date (whichever is later). Subscriptions in the EEC may be subject to European VAT. If registered, please supply details to avoid unnecessary charges. For subscriptions that include online versions, a proportion of the sub-scription price may be subject to UK VAT. Subscribers in Canada, please add GST to the prices quoted. Personal rate subscriptions are only available if payment is made by personal cheque or credit card, delivery is to a private address, and is for personal use only.
The current year and two previous years’ issues are available from Oxford Journals. Previous volumes can be obtained from the Peri odicals Service Company, 11 Main Street, Germantown, NY 12526, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Email: [email protected]. Tel: (518) 537-4700. Fax: (518) 537-5899.
Contact information
Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, UK. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +44 (0)1865 353907. Fax: + 44 (0)1865 353485. In the Americas, please contact: Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (800) 852-7323 (toll-free in USA/Canada) or (919) 677-0977. Fax: (919) 677-1714. In Japan, please contact: Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, 4-5-10-8F Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8386, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (81) 3 5444 5858. Fax: (81) 3 3454 2929.
Methods of payment
Payment should be made: by cheque (to Oxford Journals, Cashiers Office, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK); by bank transfer [to Barclays Bank Plc, Oxford Office, Oxford (bank sort code 20-65-18) (UK); overseas only Swift code BARC GB22 (GB£ Sterling Account no. 70299332, IBAN GB89BARC20651870299332; US$ Dollars Account no. 66014600, IBAN GB27BARC20651866014600; EU€ EURO Account no.
78923655, IBAN GB16BARC20651878923655]; or by credit card (Mastercard, Visa, Switch or American Express).
Postal information
The Gerontologist (ISSN: 0016-9013) is published in February, April, June, August, October, and December by Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513-2009, USA.Periodicals Postage Paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to The Gerontologist,Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513-2009.
Environmental and ethical policies
Oxford Journals, a division of Oxford University Press, is committed to working with the global community to bring the highest quality research to the widest possible audience. Oxford Journals will protect the environment by implementing environmentally friendly policies and practices wherever possible. Please see http://www.oxfordjournals.org/ethicalpolicies.html for further information on environmental and ethical policies.
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Disclaimer
Statements of fact and opinion in the articles in The Gerontologist are those of the respective authors and contributors and not of TheGerontologist or Oxford University Press. Neither Oxford University Press nor The Gerontologist make any representation, express or implied, in respect of the accuracy of the material in this journal and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The reader should make her or his own evaluation as to the appropriateness or otherwise of any experimen-tal technique described.
Copyright © 2012 The Gerontological Society of America
Indexing and abstracting
Index Medicus, MEDLINE, PubMed, Current Contents, and Social Index.
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-wise without prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923.
Instructions for authors
Full instructions for manuscript preparation and submission can be found at http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/geront/for_authors/.
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, schol-arship, and education by publishing worldwide.
Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India; Printed by Edwards Brothers Inc, USA.
58 8
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The mention of trade names, commercial products or organizations, and the inclusion of advertisements in the journal does not imply endorsement by The Gerontologist, the editors, the editorial board, The Gerontological Society of America or Oxford University Press.
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Subscriptions
A subscription to The Gerontologist comprises 6 issues. Prices include dispatch by Standard Air. Airmail rates are available on request. The Gerontologist Advance Access contains papers that have recently been accepted but have not yet been included within an issue. Advance Access is updated daily.
Annual Subscription Rate (Volume 51, 6 issues, 2011)Corporate
Print and online access: £294/$443/€443Print edition only: £270/$406/€406Site-wide online access only: £243/$365/€365
Institutional
Print and online access: £235/$354/€354Print edition only: £216/$325/€325Site-wide online access only: £194/$292/€292
Please note: UK£ rate applies to UK and Rest of World, except US and Canada (US$) and Europe (Eur€). There are other subscription rates available; for a complete listing, please visit http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/geront/access_purchase/price_list.html.
Full prepayment in the correct currency is required for all orders. Payment should be in US dollars for orders being delivered to the USA or Canada; Euros for orders being delivered within Europe (excluding the UK); GBP Sterling for orders being delivered else-where (i.e., not being delivered to USA, Canada, or Europe). All orders should be accompanied by full payment and sent to your near-est Oxford Journals office. Subscriptions are accepted for complete volumes only. Orders are regarded as firm, and payments are not refundable. Our prices include dispatch by Standard Air. Claims must be notified within four months of despatch/order date (whichever is later). Subscriptions in the EEC may be subject to European VAT. If registered, please supply details to avoid unnecessary charges. For subscriptions that include online versions, a proportion of the sub-scription price may be subject to UK VAT. Subscribers in Canada, please add GST to the prices quoted. Personal rate subscriptions are only available if payment is made by personal cheque or credit card, delivery is to a private address, and is for personal use only.
The current year and two previous years’ issues are available from Oxford Journals. Previous volumes can be obtained from the Peri odicals Service Company, 11 Main Street, Germantown, NY 12526, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Email: [email protected]. Tel: (518) 537-4700. Fax: (518) 537-5899.
Contact information
Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, UK. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +44 (0)1865 353907. Fax: + 44 (0)1865 353485. In the Americas, please contact: Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (800) 852-7323 (toll-free in USA/Canada) or (919) 677-0977. Fax: (919) 677-1714. In Japan, please contact: Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, 4-5-10-8F Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8386, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (81) 3 5444 5858. Fax: (81) 3 3454 2929.
Methods of payment
Payment should be made: by cheque (to Oxford Journals, Cashiers Office, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK); by bank transfer [to Barclays Bank Plc, Oxford Office, Oxford (bank sort code 20-65-18) (UK); overseas only Swift code BARC GB22 (GB£ Sterling Account no. 70299332, IBAN GB89BARC20651870299332; US$ Dollars Account no. 66014600, IBAN GB27BARC20651866014600; EU€ EURO Account no.
78923655, IBAN GB16BARC20651878923655]; or by credit card (Mastercard, Visa, Switch or American Express).
Postal information
The Gerontologist (ISSN: 0016-9013) is published in February, April, June, August, October, and December by Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513-2009, USA.Periodicals Postage Paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to The Gerontologist,Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513-2009.
Environmental and ethical policies
Oxford Journals, a division of Oxford University Press, is committed to working with the global community to bring the highest quality research to the widest possible audience. Oxford Journals will protect the environment by implementing environmentally friendly policies and practices wherever possible. Please see http://www.oxfordjournals.org/ethicalpolicies.html for further information on environmental and ethical policies.
Digital object identifiers
For information on dois and to resolve them, please visit www.doi.org.
Permissions
For information on how to request permissions to reproduce articles or information from this journal, please visit www.oxfordjournals.org/permissions.
Advertising
Advertising, inserts, and artwork enquiries should be addressed to Advertising and Special Sales, Oxford Journals, Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1865 354767; Fax: +44 (0)1865 353774; E-mail: [email protected].
Disclaimer
Statements of fact and opinion in the articles in The Gerontologist are those of the respective authors and contributors and not of TheGerontologist or Oxford University Press. Neither Oxford University Press nor The Gerontologist make any representation, express or implied, in respect of the accuracy of the material in this journal and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The reader should make her or his own evaluation as to the appropriateness or otherwise of any experimen-tal technique described.
Copyright © 2012 The Gerontological Society of America
Indexing and abstracting
Index Medicus, MEDLINE, PubMed, Current Contents, and Social Index.
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-wise without prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923.
Instructions for authors
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Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, schol-arship, and education by publishing worldwide.
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THE GERONTOLOGISTVOLUME 58, NUMBER S1
February 2018
Contents
EditorialAlzheimer’s Association Dementia Care Practice Recommendations
Sam Fazio, Douglas Pace, Katie Maslow, Sheryl Zimmerman, and Beth Kallmyer S1
Review ArticlesThe Fundamentals of Person-Centered Care for Individuals With Dementia
Sam Fazio, Douglas Pace, Janice Flinner, and Beth Kallmyer S10
Nonphysician Care Providers Can Help to Increase Detection of Cognitive Impairment and Encourage Diagnostic Evaluation for Dementia in Community and Residential Care Settings
Katie Maslow and Richard H. Fortinsky S20
Person-Centered Assessment and Care PlanningSheila L. Molony, Ann Kolanowski, Kimberly Van Haitsma, and Kate E. Rooney S32
Ongoing Medical Management to Maximize Health and Well-being for Persons Living With Dementia
Mary Guerriero Austrom, Malaz Boustani, and Michael A. LaMantia S48
Meeting the Informational, Educational, and Psychosocial Support Needs of Persons Living With Dementia and Their Family Caregivers
Carol J. Whitlatch and Silvia Orsulic-Jeras S58
Progressive Support for Activities of Daily Living for Persons Living With DementiaLindsay P. Prizer and Sheryl Zimmerman S74
Evidence-Based Nonpharmacological Practices to Address Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Kezia Scales, Sheryl Zimmerman, and Stephanie J. Miller S88
Long-Term Care Workforce Issues: Practice Principles for Quality Dementia CareSusan D. Gilster, Marie Boltz, and Jennifer L. Dalessandro S103
From Research to Application: Supportive and Therapeutic Environments for People Living With Dementia
Margaret P. Calkins S114
Evidence-Based Interventions for Transitions in Care for Individuals Living With DementiaKaren B. Hirschman and Nancy A. Hodgson S129
ConclusionImproving Care Through Public Policy
Laura Thornhill and Rachel Conant S141
Cover Photograph—Copyright © Alzheimer’s Association, 2018, All Rights Reserved
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Annual Subscription Rate (Volume 51, 6 issues, 2011)Corporate
Print and online access: £294/$443/€443Print edition only: £270/$406/€406Site-wide online access only: £243/$365/€365
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Print and online access: £235/$354/€354Print edition only: £216/$325/€325Site-wide online access only: £194/$292/€292
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Oxford Journals, a division of Oxford University Press, is committed to working with the global community to bring the highest quality research to the widest possible audience. Oxford Journals will protect the environment by implementing environmentally friendly policies and practices wherever possible. Please see http://www.oxfordjournals.org/ethicalpolicies.html for further information on environmental and ethical policies.
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Disclaimer
Statements of fact and opinion in the articles in The Gerontologist are those of the respective authors and contributors and not of TheGerontologist or Oxford University Press. Neither Oxford University Press nor The Gerontologist make any representation, express or implied, in respect of the accuracy of the material in this journal and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The reader should make her or his own evaluation as to the appropriateness or otherwise of any experimen-tal technique described.
Copyright © 2012 The Gerontological Society of America
Indexing and abstracting
Index Medicus, MEDLINE, PubMed, Current Contents, and Social Index.
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-wise without prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923.
Instructions for authors
Full instructions for manuscript preparation and submission can be found at http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/geront/for_authors/.
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, schol-arship, and education by publishing worldwide.
Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India; Printed by Edwards Brothers Inc, USA.
Subscriptions
A subscription to The Gerontologist comprises 6 issues. Prices include dispatch by Standard Air. Airmail rates are available on request. The Gerontologist Advance Access contains papers that have recently been accepted but have not yet been included within an issue. Advance Access is updated daily.
Annual Subscription Rate (Volume 51, 6 issues, 2011)Corporate
Print and online access: £294/$443/€443Print edition only: £270/$406/€406Site-wide online access only: £243/$365/€365
Institutional
Print and online access: £235/$354/€354Print edition only: £216/$325/€325Site-wide online access only: £194/$292/€292
Please note: UK£ rate applies to UK and Rest of World, except US and Canada (US$) and Europe (Eur€). There are other subscription rates available; for a complete listing, please visit http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/geront/access_purchase/price_list.html.
Full prepayment in the correct currency is required for all orders. Payment should be in US dollars for orders being delivered to the USA or Canada; Euros for orders being delivered within Europe (excluding the UK); GBP Sterling for orders being delivered else-where (i.e., not being delivered to USA, Canada, or Europe). All orders should be accompanied by full payment and sent to your near-est Oxford Journals office. Subscriptions are accepted for complete volumes only. Orders are regarded as firm, and payments are not refundable. Our prices include dispatch by Standard Air. Claims must be notified within four months of despatch/order date (whichever is later). Subscriptions in the EEC may be subject to European VAT. If registered, please supply details to avoid unnecessary charges. For subscriptions that include online versions, a proportion of the sub-scription price may be subject to UK VAT. Subscribers in Canada, please add GST to the prices quoted. Personal rate subscriptions are only available if payment is made by personal cheque or credit card, delivery is to a private address, and is for personal use only.
The current year and two previous years’ issues are available from Oxford Journals. Previous volumes can be obtained from the Peri odicals Service Company, 11 Main Street, Germantown, NY 12526, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Email: [email protected]. Tel: (518) 537-4700. Fax: (518) 537-5899.
Contact information
Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, UK. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +44 (0)1865 353907. Fax: + 44 (0)1865 353485. In the Americas, please contact: Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (800) 852-7323 (toll-free in USA/Canada) or (919) 677-0977. Fax: (919) 677-1714. In Japan, please contact: Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, 4-5-10-8F Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8386, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (81) 3 5444 5858. Fax: (81) 3 3454 2929.
Methods of payment
Payment should be made: by cheque (to Oxford Journals, Cashiers Office, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK); by bank transfer [to Barclays Bank Plc, Oxford Office, Oxford (bank sort code 20-65-18) (UK); overseas only Swift code BARC GB22 (GB£ Sterling Account no. 70299332, IBAN GB89BARC20651870299332; US$ Dollars Account no. 66014600, IBAN GB27BARC20651866014600; EU€ EURO Account no.
78923655, IBAN GB16BARC20651878923655]; or by credit card (Mastercard, Visa, Switch or American Express).
Postal information
The Gerontologist (ISSN: 0016-9013) is published in February, April, June, August, October, and December by Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513-2009, USA.Periodicals Postage Paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to The Gerontologist,Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513-2009.
Environmental and ethical policies
Oxford Journals, a division of Oxford University Press, is committed to working with the global community to bring the highest quality research to the widest possible audience. Oxford Journals will protect the environment by implementing environmentally friendly policies and practices wherever possible. Please see http://www.oxfordjournals.org/ethicalpolicies.html for further information on environmental and ethical policies.
Digital object identifiers
For information on dois and to resolve them, please visit www.doi.org.
Permissions
For information on how to request permissions to reproduce articles or information from this journal, please visit www.oxfordjournals.org/permissions.
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Advertising, inserts, and artwork enquiries should be addressed to Advertising and Special Sales, Oxford Journals, Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1865 354767; Fax: +44 (0)1865 353774; E-mail: [email protected].
Disclaimer
Statements of fact and opinion in the articles in The Gerontologist are those of the respective authors and contributors and not of TheGerontologist or Oxford University Press. Neither Oxford University Press nor The Gerontologist make any representation, express or implied, in respect of the accuracy of the material in this journal and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The reader should make her or his own evaluation as to the appropriateness or otherwise of any experimen-tal technique described.
Copyright © 2012 The Gerontological Society of America
Indexing and abstracting
Index Medicus, MEDLINE, PubMed, Current Contents, and Social Index.
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-wise without prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923.
Instructions for authors
Full instructions for manuscript preparation and submission can be found at http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/geront/for_authors/.
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, schol-arship, and education by publishing worldwide.
Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India; Printed by Edwards Brothers Inc, USA.
Subscriptions
A subscription to The Gerontologist comprises 6 issues. Prices include dispatch by Standard Air. Airmail rates are available on request. The Gerontologist Advance Access contains papers that have recently been accepted but have not yet been included within an issue. Advance Access is updated daily.
Annual Subscription Rate (Volume 51, 6 issues, 2011)Corporate
Print and online access: £294/$443/€443Print edition only: £270/$406/€406Site-wide online access only: £243/$365/€365
Institutional
Print and online access: £235/$354/€354Print edition only: £216/$325/€325Site-wide online access only: £194/$292/€292
Please note: UK£ rate applies to UK and Rest of World, except US and Canada (US$) and Europe (Eur€). There are other subscription rates available; for a complete listing, please visit http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/geront/access_purchase/price_list.html.
Full prepayment in the correct currency is required for all orders. Payment should be in US dollars for orders being delivered to the USA or Canada; Euros for orders being delivered within Europe (excluding the UK); GBP Sterling for orders being delivered else-where (i.e., not being delivered to USA, Canada, or Europe). All orders should be accompanied by full payment and sent to your near-est Oxford Journals office. Subscriptions are accepted for complete volumes only. Orders are regarded as firm, and payments are not refundable. Our prices include dispatch by Standard Air. Claims must be notified within four months of despatch/order date (whichever is later). Subscriptions in the EEC may be subject to European VAT. If registered, please supply details to avoid unnecessary charges. For subscriptions that include online versions, a proportion of the sub-scription price may be subject to UK VAT. Subscribers in Canada, please add GST to the prices quoted. Personal rate subscriptions are only available if payment is made by personal cheque or credit card, delivery is to a private address, and is for personal use only.
The current year and two previous years’ issues are available from Oxford Journals. Previous volumes can be obtained from the Peri odicals Service Company, 11 Main Street, Germantown, NY 12526, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Email: [email protected]. Tel: (518) 537-4700. Fax: (518) 537-5899.
Contact information
Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, UK. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +44 (0)1865 353907. Fax: + 44 (0)1865 353485. In the Americas, please contact: Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (800) 852-7323 (toll-free in USA/Canada) or (919) 677-0977. Fax: (919) 677-1714. In Japan, please contact: Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford Journals, 4-5-10-8F Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8386, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (81) 3 5444 5858. Fax: (81) 3 3454 2929.
Methods of payment
Payment should be made: by cheque (to Oxford Journals, Cashiers Office, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK); by bank transfer [to Barclays Bank Plc, Oxford Office, Oxford (bank sort code 20-65-18) (UK); overseas only Swift code BARC GB22 (GB£ Sterling Account no. 70299332, IBAN GB89BARC20651870299332; US$ Dollars Account no. 66014600, IBAN GB27BARC20651866014600; EU€ EURO Account no.
78923655, IBAN GB16BARC20651878923655]; or by credit card (Mastercard, Visa, Switch or American Express).
Postal information
The Gerontologist (ISSN: 0016-9013) is published in February, April, June, August, October, and December by Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513-2009, USA.Periodicals Postage Paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to The Gerontologist,Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513-2009.
Environmental and ethical policies
Oxford Journals, a division of Oxford University Press, is committed to working with the global community to bring the highest quality research to the widest possible audience. Oxford Journals will protect the environment by implementing environmentally friendly policies and practices wherever possible. Please see http://www.oxfordjournals.org/ethicalpolicies.html for further information on environmental and ethical policies.
Digital object identifiers
For information on dois and to resolve them, please visit www.doi.org.
Permissions
For information on how to request permissions to reproduce articles or information from this journal, please visit www.oxfordjournals.org/permissions.
Advertising
Advertising, inserts, and artwork enquiries should be addressed to Advertising and Special Sales, Oxford Journals, Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1865 354767; Fax: +44 (0)1865 353774; E-mail: [email protected].
Disclaimer
Statements of fact and opinion in the articles in The Gerontologist are those of the respective authors and contributors and not of TheGerontologist or Oxford University Press. Neither Oxford University Press nor The Gerontologist make any representation, express or implied, in respect of the accuracy of the material in this journal and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The reader should make her or his own evaluation as to the appropriateness or otherwise of any experimen-tal technique described.
Copyright © 2012 The Gerontological Society of America
Indexing and abstracting
Index Medicus, MEDLINE, PubMed, Current Contents, and Social Index.
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-wise without prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923.
Instructions for authors
Full instructions for manuscript preparation and submission can be found at http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/geront/for_authors/.
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, schol-arship, and education by publishing worldwide.
Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India; Printed by Edwards Brothers Inc, USA.
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article-abstract/58/suppl_1/NP/4847791by gueston 14 February 2018
-
Steven M. Albert, PhDUniversity of Pittsburgh
Rebecca S. Allen, PhDThe University of Alabama
Jacqueline L. Angel, PhD The University of Texas at Austin
Tamara A. Baker, PhDUniversity of South Florida
Daniel Béland Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy
Jennifer Bellot, PhD, RN, MHSA Thomas Jefferson University
Mercedes Bern-Klug, PhD, MSW The University of Iowa
Richard Birkel, PhD National Council on Aging
Christine E. Bishop, PhD Brandeis University
Jamila Bookwala, PhD Lafayette College
Hayden Bosworth, PhD Durham VA Medical Center and Duke University Medical Center
Barbara J. Bowers, PhD, RN, FAAN University of Wisconsin-Madison
Margaret P. Calkins, PhD IDEAS Consulting Inc.
Francis Caro, PhD University of Massachusetts Boston
Nicholas G. Castle, PhD University of Pittsburgh
Barbara B. Cochrane, PhD, RN, FAAN University of Washington
Constance L. Coogle, PhD Virginia Commonwealth University
Teresa Cooney, PhD University of Missouri
Katrina Cubit, PhDAustralian Nursing & Midwifery
Accreditation Council
Sara J. Czaja PhDUniversity of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Jeanette M. Daly, RN, PhD The University of Iowa
Kara Bottiggi Dassel, PhD Arizona Association of AAAs
Adam Davey, PhDTemple University
Howard B. Degenholtz, PhD University of Pittsburgh
David J. Ekerdt, PhDUniversity of Kansas
Connie Evashwick, PhD, ScD, FACHE Saint Louis University
Richard H. Fortinsky, PhDUniversity of Connecticut Health Center
Lisa Fredman, PhDBoston University
Helene H. Fung, PhDChinese University of Hong Kong
Joseph E. Gaugler, PhD University of Minnesota
Laura N. Gitlin, PhD Johns Hopkins University
Kathy E. Green, PhD University of Denver
R. Turner Goins, PhDWest Virginia University
Leslie K. Hasche, PhD, MSWUniversity of Denver
William E. Haley, PhDUniversity of South Florida
Jon Hendricks, PhD Oregon State University
Pamela Herd, PhDUniversity of Wisconsin
Robert B. Hudson, PhDBoston University
Kathryn Hyer, PhD, MPPUniversity of South Florida
Marshall B. Kapp, JD, MPH Florida State University
Brian Kaskie, PhD University of Iowa
Nancy Kelley-Gillespie, PhD University of Nebraska at Omaha
Mary Ann Kluge, PhDUniversity of Colorado, Colorado Springs
Peter A. Lichtenberg, PhD, ABPPWayne State University
Phoebe S. Liebig, PhDUniversity of Southern California
Rebecca G. Logsdon, PhDUniversity of Washington
Ronald J. Manheimer, PhDThe Manheimer Group
Graham J. McDougall Jr., PhD, RN, FAAN, FGSA
The University of Texas at Austin
Lisa C. McGuire, PhD Center for Disease Control and
Prevention
Kate de Medeiros, PhDMiami University
Suzanne Meeks, PhDUniversity of Louisville
Claudia Meyer, MPHNational Ageing Research Institute
Edward Alan Miller, PhD, MPA University of Massachusetts Boston
Nancy Morrow-Howell, PhD, MSW, ACSW Washington University in St. Louis
Naoko Muramatsu, PhD, MHSAUniversity of Illinois at Chicago
Linda S. Noelker, PhD Benjamin Rose Institute on Aging
Frank Oswald, PhDGoethe University Frankfurt
Patricia A. Parmelee, PhDThe University of Alabama
Julie Hicks Patrick, PhD West Virginia University
Loretta Pecchioni, PhD Louisiana State University
Nancy J. Petersen, PhD Department of Veterans Affairs Medical
Center, Houston
Carl F. Pieper, DrPH Duke University Medical Center
Larry Polivka, PhD Claude Pepper Center
Thomas R. Prohaska, PhD University of Illinois at Chicago
Jill Quadagno, PhD The Florida State University
Anna Rahman, PhDUniversity of Southern California
Ruth E. Ray, PhDWayne State University
Virginia E. Richardson, PhD, MSWThe Ohio State University
Sara E. Rix, PhDAARP Public Policy Institute
Karen A. Roberto, PhDVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Miriam S. Rose, MEdBenjamin Rose Institute on Aging
Michael J. Rovine, PhDPennsylvania State University
Laura P. Sands, PhDPurdue University
Andrew Scharlach, PhD University of California- Berkeley
Rick J. Scheidt, PhDKansas State University
Richard Schulz, PhDUniversity of Pittsbugh
Debra Sheets, PhD, MSN, RNUniversity of Victoria
A. Lynn Snow, PhDUniversity of Alabama
Avron Spiro, PhD VA Boston Healthcare System andBoston University Medical Center
Maximiliane E. Szinovacz, PhD University of Massachusetts-Boston
Jeanne A. Teresi, EdD, PhDColumbia University and Research Division,
Hebrew Home, Riverdale
Jennifer L. Troyer, PhD University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Jim Vanden Bosch, MA Terra Nova Films
Hans-Werner Wahl, PhD University of Heidelberg
Dana Beth Weinberg, PhD Queens College and The Graduate Center - City
University of New York
Maureen Wilson-Genderson, PhDVirginia Commonwealth University
Jacqueline S. Zinn, PhD Temple University
EDITORIAL BOARD
THE GERONTOLOGIST A Journal of The Gerontological Society of America
Susan Aguiñaga, PhDUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Steven M. Albert, PhD, FGSAUniversity of Pittsburgh
Georgia J. Anetzberger, PhD, ACSW, FGSACase Western Reserve University
Jacqueline L. Angel, PhD, FGSAThe University of Texas at Austin
Katherine P. Anthony, MAOregon State University
Özgür Arun, PhDAkdeniz University, Turkey
Myra A. Aud, PhD, RNUniversity of Missouri–Columbia
Shoshana H. Bardach, PhDLexington VA Medical Center
Kristin Baughman, PhDNortheast Ohio Medical University
Jennifer Baumbusch, PhD, RNUniversity of British Columbia
Daniel Béland, PhDJohnson-Shoyama Graduate School
of Public Policy
Mercedes Bern-Klug, PhD, MSW, FGSAThe University of Iowa
Brian D. Carpenter, PhD, FGSAWashington University in St. Louis
Francis Caro, PhD, FGSAUniversity of Massachusetts Boston
Dawn C. Carr, PhDFlorida State University
Grace I. L. Caskie, PhDLehigh University
Namkee G. Choi, PhD, FGSAThe University of Texas at Austin
Constance L. Coogle, PhD, FGSAVirginia Commonwealth University
Sara J. Czaja, PhD, FGSAUniversity of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Malcolm P. Cutchin, PhD, FGSAWayne State University
Kara Bottiggi Dassel, PhDUniversity of Utah
Adam Davey, PhD, FGSATemple University
Kate de Medeiros, PhDMiami University
Charles A. Emlet, PhD, MSW, FGSAUniversity of Washington Tacoma
Karen Fingerman, PhD, FGSAThe University of Texas at Austin
Helene H. Fung, PhD, FGSAChinese University of Hong Kong
R. Turner Goins, PhD, FGSAWestern Carolina University
Stephen M. Golant, PhD, FGSAUniversity of Florida
Kathy E. Green, PhDUniversity of Denver
Emily A. Greenfield, PhDRutgers, The State University of New Jersey
William E. Haley, PhD, FGSAUniversity of South Florida
Leslie K. Hasche, PhD, MSWUniversity of Denver
Allison R. Heid, PhDRowan University
Gregory A. Hinrichsen, PhD, FGSAMount Sinai School of Medicine
Faith Pratt Hopp, PhDWayne State University School of Social Work
Kathryn Hyer, PhD, MPP, FGSAUniversity of South Florida
Shannon Jarrott, PhD, FGSAThe Ohio State University
Brian Kaskie, PhDThe University of Iowa
Nancy Kelley-Gillespie, PhDUniversity of Nebraska at Omaha
Barbara King, PhD, APRN-BCUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison
Peter A. Lichtenberg, PhD, ABPP, FGSAWayne State University
Rebecca G. Logsdon, PhD, FGSAUniversity of Washington
Karen S. Lyons, PhD, FGSAOregon Health & Science University
Ronald J. Manheimer, PhDThe Manheimer Group
Graham J. McDougall Jr., PhD, RN, FAAN, FGSAThe University of Alabama
Lisa C. McGuire, PhD, FGSACenter for Disease Control and Prevention
Tay K. McNamara, PhDBoston College
Claudia Meyer, MPHNational Ageing Research Institute
Edward Alan Miller, PhD, MPA, FGSAUniversity of Massachusetts Boston
Sara Moorman, PhDBoston College
Nancy Morrow-Howell, PhD, MSW, ACSW, FGSAWashington University in St. Louis
Naoko Muramatsu, PhD, MHSA, FGSAUniversity of Illinois at Chicago
Frank Oswald, PhD, FGSAGoethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
Jaap Oude Mulders, PhDNetherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute
Patricia A. Parmelee, PhD, FGSAThe University of Alabama
Jennifer A. Palmer, MS, PhDInstitute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife
Julie Hicks Patrick, PhD, FGSAWest Virginia University
Loretta Pecchioni, PhDLouisiana State University
Karl Pillemer, PhD, FGSACornell University
Courtney Polenick, PhDUniversity of Michigan
Larry Polivka, PhD, FGSAClaude Pepper Center
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Fellow of The Gerontological Society of America (FGSA)
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S1© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected].
Editorial
Alzheimer’s Association Dementia Care Practice RecommendationsSam Fazio, PhD,1,* Douglas Pace, NHA,1 Katie Maslow, MSW,2 Sheryl Zimmerman, PhD,3 and Beth Kallmyer, MSW1
1Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, Illinois. 2The Gerontological Society of America, Washington, District of Columbia. 3Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research and the School of Social Work, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
*Address correspondence to: Sam Fazio, PhD, Alzheimer’s Association, 225 N Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60601. E-mail: [email protected]
Background and IntroductionAlzheimer’s disease is a degenerative brain disease and the most common cause of dementia. Dementia is a syn-drome—a group of symptoms—that has a number of causes. The characteristic symptoms include difficulties with memory, language, problem solving, and other cogni-tive skills that affect a person’s ability to perform everyday activities (Alzheimer’s Association, 2017).
According to the Alzheimer’s Association 2017 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures, an estimated 5.5 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s demen-tia. One in 10 people aged 65 years and older (10%) has Alzheimer’s dementia, and almost two-thirds of Americans with Alzheimer’s are women. In addition to gender differences, Alzheimer’s dementia affects racial and ethnic groups disproportionately. Compared to older white adults, African Americans are about twice as likely to have Alzheimer’s or other dementias, and Hispanics are approximately 1.5 times as likely (Alzheimer’s Association, 2017).
Almost 60% of older adults with Alzheimer’s or other dementias reside in the community, only 25% of who live alone. As their disease progresses, people with Alzheimer’s or other dementias generally receive more care from fam-ily members, unpaid caregivers, and community-based and residential care providers. Forty-two percent of residents in assisted living communities have Alzheimer’s or other dementias (Caffrey et al., 2012; Zimmerman, Sloane, & Reed, 2014), and 61% of nursing home residents have mod-erate or severe cognitive impairment (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2016). Further, by age 80, 75% of people with Alzheimer’s dementia are admitted to a nursing
home, compared with only 4% of the general population (Arrighi, Neumann, Lieberburg, & Townsend, 2010).
Since its inception, the Alzheimer’s Association has been a leader in outlining principles and practices of qual-ity care for individuals living with dementia. Early on, the Guidelines for Dignity described goals for quality care, fol-lowed by Key Elements of Dementia Care and the Dementia Care Practice Recommendations, as more evidence became available. In this new iteration, the Alzheimer’s Association Dementia Care Practice Recommendations outline recom-mendations for quality care practices based on a compre-hensive review of current evidence, best practice, and expert opinion. The Dementia Care Practice Recommendations were developed to better define quality care across all care settings, and throughout the disease course. They are intended for professional care providers who work with individuals living with dementia and their families in resi-dential and community-based care settings.
With the fundamentals of person-centered care as the foundation, the Dementia Care Practice Recommendations (see Figure 1) illustrate the goals of quality dementia care in the following areas:
• Person-centered care• Detection and diagnosis• Assessment and care planning• Medical management• Information, education, and support• Ongoing care for behavioral and psychological symptoms
of dementia, and support for activities of daily living• Staffing• Supportive and therapeutic environments• Transitions and coordination of services
The Gerontologistcite as: Gerontologist, 2018, Vol. 58, No. S1, S1–S9
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This article highlights the recommendations from all 10 articles in the Supplement Issue of The Gerontologist entitled, Alzheimer’s Association Dementia Care Practice Recommendations. Each article provides more detail about the specific recommendations, as well as the evidence and expert opinion supporting them. This supplement includes two areas that generally are not included in recommen-dations for providers in community and residential care settings, although these topics are frequently included in recommendations for physicians and other medical care providers—detection and diagnosis and ongoing medical management. Different from existing recommendations on these two topics, the articles are written for nonphysi-cian care providers and address what these providers can do to help with these important aspects of holistic, per-son-centered dementia care. Throughout all of the articles, Alzheimer’s disease and dementia are used interchangeably. Care partner is used to refer to those people supporting individuals in the early stages of dementia, and caregivers is used to refer to those supporting individuals in the middle and late stages; care provider is used for paid professionals. Lastly, the closing article by Thornhill and Conant (2018) outlines the interplay of policy and practice rounds out the supplement.
The Alzheimer’s Association is hopeful that these Recommendations will greatly inform and substantially influence dementia care standards, training, practice, and policy.
Practice Recommendations for Person-Centered Care (Fazio, Pace, Flinner, & Kallmyer, 2018)
1. Know the person living with dementiaThe individual living with dementia is more than a diagnosis. It is important to know the unique and com-plete person, including his/her values, beliefs, interests,
abilities, likes, and dislikes—both past and present. This information should inform every interaction and experience.
2. Recognize and accept the person’s realityIt is important to see the world from the perspective of the individual living with dementia. Doing so rec-ognizes behavior as a form of communication, thereby promoting effective and empathetic communication that validates feelings and connects with the individual in his/her reality.
3. Identify and support ongoing opportunities for mean-ingful engagementEvery experience and interaction can be seen as an opportunity for engagement. Engagement should be meaningful to, and purposeful for, the individual living with dementia. It should support interests and prefer-ences, allow for choice and success, and recognize that even when the dementia is most severe, the person can experience joy, comfort, and meaning in life.
4. Build and nurture authentic, caring relationshipsPersons living with dementia should be part of rela-tionships that treat them with dignity and respect, and where their individuality is always supported. This type of caring relationship is about being present and con-centrating on the interaction, rather than the task. It is about “doing with” rather than “doing for” as part of a supportive and mutually beneficial relationship.
5. Create and maintain a supportive community for indi-viduals, families, and staffA supportive community allows for comfort and creates opportunities for success. It is a community that values each person and respects individual differences, cel-ebrates accomplishments and occasions, and provides access to and opportunities for autonomy, engagement, and shared experiences.
6. Evaluate care practices regularly and make appropriate changesSeveral tools are available to assess person-centered care practices for people living with dementia. It is important to regularly evaluate practices and models, share findings, and make changes to interactions, pro-grams, and practices as needed.
Practice Recommendations for Detection and Diagnosis (Maslow & Fortinsky, 2018)
1. Make information about brain health and cognitive aging readily available to older adults and their familiesWithin their scope of practice and training, nonphysi-cian care providers who work with older adults and their families in community or residential care settings should either talk with them or refer them to other experts for information about brain health, changes in cognition that commonly occur in aging, and the importance of lifestyle behaviors and other approaches
Figure 1. Dementia Care Practice Recommendations.
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to maintain brain health. They should suggest print and online sources of additional information as appropriate.
2. Know the signs and symptoms of cognitive impairment, that signs and symptoms do not constitute a diagnosis of dementia, and that a diagnostic evaluation is essen-tial for diagnosis of dementiaAll nonphysician care providers who work with older adults in community or residential care settings should be trained to recognize the signs and symptoms of cog-nitive impairment. They should be trained that signs and symptoms are not sufficient for a diagnosis of dementia and that a diagnostic evaluation must be conducted by a physician who can make the diagnosis.
3. Listen for concerns about cognition, observe for signs and symptoms of cognitive impairment, and note changes in cognition that occur abruptly or slowly over timeDepending on their scope of practice, training, and agency procedures, if any, nonphysician care providers who work with older adults in community or residen-tial care settings should listen for older adults’ concerns about dementia and observe for signs and symptoms of cognitive impairment and changes in cognition. As appropriate and in accordance with agency procedures and respect for individuals’ privacy, nonphysician care providers should communicate with coworkers about observed signs and symptoms, changes in cognition, and concerns of older adults and family members about the older adult’s cognition. Depending on their scope of practice and training, they should encourage the older adult and family to talk with the individual’s physician about the signs and symptoms, changes in cognition, and older adult and family concerns.
4. Develop and maintain routine procedures for detection of cognition and referral for diagnostic evaluationAdministrators of organizations that provide services for older adults in community or residential care set-tings and self-employed care providers should develop and maintain routine procedures for assessment of cognition. They should, at a minimum, maintain an up-to-date list of local memory assessment centers and physicians, including neurologists, geriatricians, and geriatric psychiatrists, who can provide a diagnostic evaluation for older adults who do not have a primary care physician or have a primary care physician who does not provide such evaluations. Ideally, nonphysician care providers and organizations that work with older adults should partner with physicians, health plans, and health care systems to establish effective referral procedures to ensure that older adults with signs and symptoms of cognitive impairment can readily receive a diagnostic evaluation.
5. Use a brief mental status test to detect cognitive impair-ment only if:• such testing is within the scope of practice of the
nonphysician care provider, and
• the nonphysician care provider has been trained to use the test; and
• required consent procedures are known and used; and
• there is an established procedure for offering a referral for individuals who score below a preset score on the test to a physician for a diagnostic evaluation.
6. Encourage older adults whose physician has recom-mended a diagnostic evaluation to follow through on the recommendationWithin their scope of practice, training, and agency pro-cedures, if any, nonphysician care providers who work with older adults in community or residential care set-tings and are aware that an older adult’s physician has recommended a diagnostic evaluation should encour-age the older adult and family, if appropriate, to follow through on the recommendation. They should talk with the older adult and family about the reasons for and importance of getting a diagnostic evaluation and pro-vide print and online sources of additional information.
7. Support better understanding of a dementia diagnosisWithin their scope of practice, training, and agency pro-cedures, if any, nonphysician care providers who work with older adults in community or residential care set-tings and are aware that the older adult has received a dementia diagnosis but does not understand the diagno-sis (or the older adult’s family does not understand the diagnosis) should encourage the older adult and family to talk with the diagnosing physician. The care provider should also offer print and online sources of additional information as appropriate.
Practice Recommendations for Person-Centered Assessment and Care Planning (Molony, Kolanowski, Van Haitsma, & Rooney, 2018)
1. Perform regular, comprehensive person-centered assess-ments and timely interim assessmentsAssessments, conducted at least every 6 months, should prioritize issues that help the person with dementia to live fully. These include assessments of the indi-vidual and care partner’s relationships and subjective experience and assessment of cognition, behavior, and function, using reliable and valid tools. Assessment is ongoing and dynamic, combining nomothetic (norm-based) and idiographic (individualized) approaches.
2. Use assessment as an opportunity for information gath-ering, relationship-building, education, and supportAssessment provides an opportunity to promote mutual understanding of dementia and the specific situation of the individual and care partners, and to enhance the quality of the therapeutic partnership. Assessment should reduce fear and stigma and result in referrals to community resources for education, information and
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support. Assessment includes an intentional preassess-ment phase to prepare the assessor to enter the experi-ence of the person living with dementia and their care partner(s).
3. Approach assessment and care planning with a collab-orative, team approachMultidisciplinary assessment and care planning are needed to address the whole-person impact of demen-tia. The person living with dementia, care partners, and caregivers are integral members of the care plan-ning team. A coordinator should be identified to inte-grate, document and share relevant information and to avoid redundancy and conflicting advice from multiple providers.
4. Use documentation and communication systems to facilitate the delivery of person-centered information between all care providersComprehensive, high-quality assessment is of benefit only if it is documented and shared with care provid-ers for use in planning and evaluating care. Information must be current, accessible, and utilized.
5. Encourage advance planning to optimize physical, psy-chosocial, and fiscal wellbeing and to increase aware-ness of all care options, including palliative care and hospiceEarly and ongoing discussion of what matters, includ-ing values, quality of life and goals for care, are essen-tial for person-centered care. The person living with dementia’s preferences and wishes should be honored in all phases of the disease, even when proxy decision making is required. The individual and family should be referred to health care team members to provide ongoing education and support about symptom man-agement and palliative care.
Practice Recommendations for Medical Management (Austrom, Boustani, & LaMantia, 2018)
1. Take a holistic, person-centered approach to care and embrace a positive approach to the support for persons living with dementia and their caregivers that acknowl-edges the importance of individuals’ ongoing medical care to their well-being and quality of lifeNonphysician care providers must adopt a holistic approach to providing care and ongoing support to the person living with dementia and their family caregiv-ers. They should work to reduce existing barriers to coordination of medical and nonmedical care and sup-port. Adopting a positive approach towards care can reduce real or perceived messages of hopelessness and helplessness and replace these with positive messages and an approach that encourages persons living with dementia and their caregivers to seek support and care over the course of the disease.
2. Seek to understand the role of medical providers in the care of persons living with dementia and the contribu-tions that they make to careNonmedical care providers and family caregivers should work with medical providers towards develop-ing a shared vision of care to support the person living with dementia.
3. Know about common comorbidities of aging and dementia and encourage persons living with dementia and their families to talk with the person’s physician about how to manage comorbidities at home or in resi-dential care settingsCommon comorbidities can negatively impact a per-son living with dementia, and conversely, a diagnosis of dementia can make the treatment and management of comorbid conditions quite challenging. Nonmedical care providers should encourage persons living with dementia and their families to report acute changes in health and function to the person’s physician, and to let the physician know about difficulties they encounter in managing acute and chronic comorbidities at home or in a residential care facility.
4. Encourage persons living with dementia and their fami-lies to use nonpharmacologic interventions for common behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia firstIncreasing evidence suggests nonpharmacological inter-ventions are effective at managing behavioral and psy-chological symptoms of dementia. Community care providers should encourage persons with dementia and their families to try these interventions first before con-sidering pharmacological treatments.
5. Understand and support the use of pharmacological interventions when they are necessary for the person’s safety, well-being, and quality of lifeAlthough nonpharmacological interventions are pre-ferred, there are times when pharmacological treat-ment is warranted for behavioral and psychological symptoms. It is important for community care pro-viders to understand that pharmacological treatment can have value for the person living with dementia in certain situations and to help them and their fam-ily caregiver to accept such treatment. Community care providers should also understand the general principles for starting and more importantly, ending pharmacological treatments and encourage the person living with dementia and family caregivers to ask their medical providers for regular medication reviews and to consider the discontinuation of medications when appropriate.
6. Work with the person living with dementia, the fam-ily, and the person’s physician to create and implement a person-centered plan for possible medical and social crisesIt is helpful for persons living with dementia and their caregivers to have a plan in place should a medical or
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social crisis occur, such as an illness, hospitalization or the death of a caregiver. Having a plan in place will help the person’s physician and community care pro-viders provide care and support that reflects the prefer-ences of the person living with dementia and reduce stress for family m