always remember speech & interpersonal communication enhancement unit, iium

ALWAYS REMEMBERALWAYS REMEMBERALWAYS REMEMBERALWAYS REMEMBER

Speakers are Speakers are not born, they not born, they

are made.are made.Speech & Interpersonal

Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM

Speech & Interpersonal Communication

Enhancement Unit, IIUM

BENEFITS OF DEBATINGBENEFITS OF DEBATING

• Cultivates quick and multi-Cultivates quick and multi-dimensional, logical thinking.dimensional, logical thinking.

• Enhances the ability to develop Enhances the ability to develop reasoned opinions.reasoned opinions.

• Gives a better understanding of the Gives a better understanding of the current events and the world around current events and the world around us.us.

• Improves self-confidence, speaking Improves self-confidence, speaking style and command of language.style and command of language.

• Enriches your overall leadership Enriches your overall leadership qualities.qualities.

Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM


GOOD DEBATERS POSSESSGOOD DEBATERS POSSESS

• Good knowledge of current issues.Good knowledge of current issues.

• Ability to generate ideas.Ability to generate ideas.

• Ability to think critically and logically.Ability to think critically and logically.

• Ability to present the ideas Ability to present the ideas systematically.systematically.

• Ability to handle culturally diverse Ability to handle culturally diverse and challenging situations with great and challenging situations with great ease and to one’s their (own) ease and to one’s their (own) enjoyment.enjoyment.

DIFFERENT FORMATS OF DEBATESDIFFERENT FORMATS OF DEBATES

• Parliamentary & Non-parliamentaryParliamentary & Non-parliamentary– Parliamentary debates allow Points of Information

(POI) while Non-Parliamentary debates do not.

• Malaysian ConventionalMalaysian Conventional– 3 members to a team– Topics given in advance– POIs not allowed

• American ParliamentaryAmerican Parliamentary– 2 members to a team– POIs are allowed


DIFFERENT FORMATS OF DEBATESDIFFERENT FORMATS OF DEBATES

• Royal Malaysian/ AsianRoyal Malaysian/ Asian– 3 members to a team– POIS are allowed.

• British Parliamentary (World British Parliamentary (World Debates)Debates)– 2 member to team and 4 teams in a

debate– POIs are allowed

Opening Gov.

Opening Opp.Closing Opp.

Speaker/

Chairperson

Audience

Set up in a British Parliamentary Format of Debate

Closing Gov.


A DEBATE IS JUDGED ON THE BASIS OF:

A DEBATE IS JUDGED ON THE BASIS OF:

1. Matter:What you present (i.e. the content)

2. Manner:How you present (i.e. the style)

3. Method:Organisation/ structure of your presentation

1. Matter:What you present (i.e. the content)

2. Manner:How you present (i.e. the style)

3. Method:Organisation/ structure of your presentation


ELEMENTS OF MATTER

ELEMENTS OF MATTER

1. Definitions:- Set up of the debate

2. Arguments:- Must be logical- Must be relevant

3. Evidences:- Must be relevant- Evidential value (strength)

1. Definitions:- Set up of the debate

2. Arguments:- Must be logical- Must be relevant

3. Evidences:- Must be relevant- Evidential value (strength)

4. Rebuttals:- Must be logical- Must be relevant- Must be prompt

4. Rebuttals:- Must be logical- Must be relevant- Must be prompt


DEFINING A TOPIC

DEFINING A TOPIC• Explain the key-words in Explain the key-words in

the topic.the topic.

• Identify what you want to Identify what you want to prove and what is your prove and what is your stand. This is called the stand. This is called the theme of your team.theme of your team.

• If there is a measurement If there is a measurement involved, set up the involved, set up the yardstick or criteria for yardstick or criteria for such measurement.such measurement.


RULES OF DEFINITIONRULES OF

DEFINITION• It must bear a close relation to the motion.• It must not be truistic.• It must not employ time or place setting.• It must not be based on overly specific

knowledge

Characteristics of a Proper Definition:Characteristics of a Proper Definition:

• Literal with key-words definition. • Metaphorical definition.• Issue based &/or specified definition (different

from time-place setting).

Kinds of Definitions:Kinds of Definitions:


• You can only challenge a definition if it violates any of the criteria stated earlier. Frequently used terms in challenging definitions are: wholly unreasonable, squirrel, time-place set, truistic.

• You cannot challenge a definition simply because you have a more reasonable or better definition.

Grounds for Challenge:Grounds for Challenge:

CHALLENGE OF DEFINITION




CHALLENGE OF DEFINITION• Challenge must come from the leader of the opposition, not

later. • Leader of the opposition must provide an alternative

definition.• In most of the cases, the teams must introduce an 'even if’

argument. • An `Even if' argument is not possible in some cases. (e.g.

truistic definition & definition running counter to the resolution i.e. where govt. has taken the opposition’s case).

• In a definition debate, all the speakers except the PM argue the following:

• Why challenge?• Validity/ invalidity of the two definitions.• Even if we are to accept the other side's definition, these are the

weaknesses of their case.• Positive case under their own definition.


• First, identify what you have to prove under the topic.

• Then, identify what helps you to prove it. Put them in the format of an argument or a set of arguments.

• Not everything that you know on the subject is relevant.

• Anticipate the questions that may be raised against your arguments and see if you have good answers to them.

• Block the opportunity for those questions to be raised by addressing them briefly as you explain the argument.

• Present the arguments in order of their strength.

• Avoid empty rhetoric and emotionalism - be rational.

GETTING THE RIGHT ARGUMENTS

GETTING THE RIGHT ARGUMENTS


ESTABLISHING AN ARGUMENT

ESTABLISHING AN ARGUMENT

Basic statement

Conclusion/ how it proves your team’s theme

Proofs/ evidences/ examples that factually establish your basic statement

Logical explanations of why and how the basic statement stands


• Do not rebut the example, attack the very premise of the argument of the other side. Only then contrary examples can be supplemented.

• It is advisable to provide multiple rebuttals to each argument of the other side.

• Rebuttals should also be in conformity with your case.

• Rebut the rebuttals of your case by the other side in order to defend your case.

EFFECTIVE REBUTTALSEFFECTIVE REBUTTALS

Attacks(R ebut the Argum ents)

D efence(R ebut the R ebutta ls)

R ebutta ls


ELEMENTS OF MANNER/STYLEELEMENTS OF

MANNER/STYLE• Respectable attitude towards the judges and the other team.

• Vocal style: volume, clarity, pace, intonation etc.

• Use of notes: not to read a written text.

• Eye contact.

• Body language: hand gestures, pacing, standing etc.

• Impression of sincerity.

• Humour, wit, appropriate and healthy sarcasm.


ELEMENTS OF METHODELEMENTS OF METHOD- Team structureTeam structure

- Continuity of team’s theme in all the speeches.- Consistency among all the speakers (no

contradictions)- Reinforcement of team members' arguments- Clear & logical separation between arguments.

- Individual StructureIndividual Structure- Attractive opening/ outline of the speech.- Proper organisation & priority of the arguments.- Organisation of rebuttals.- Appropriate timing of the speech- Summary of the speech.

- Responses to the dynamics of the debateResponses to the dynamics of the debate- Right thing at the right time.

- Ability to follow the progression of and changes in the debate, and to re-act accordingly.


MODEL INDIVIDUAL SPEECH

MODEL INDIVIDUAL SPEECH

Definitions/ theme of the team

Presentation of your own arguments

Reiteration and defence of your own team’s case

Rebuttals (attacks and defence)

Conclusion (why your team’s case stands and other team’s case does not)


PROPOSITION/PROPOSITION/GOVERNMENT:GOVERNMENT:

TEAMS’ ROLES: ASIAN/ AUSTRALS

TEAMS’ ROLES: ASIAN/ AUSTRALS

To support the motion which To support the motion which involves:involves:

– Defining the motion,

– Constructing a positive case in favour of the motion,

– Providing substantive materials and arguments in support of the case,

– Responding to any challenges made to that case by the Opposition.

OPPOSITION:OPPOSITION:

To negate the motion which To negate the motion which involves:involves:

Responding to the Government's definition, Constructing a case in opposition to the motion, Providing substantive material and arguments in support of the (opposition) case, Responding to the arguments delivered by the Government.


- Defines

- Builds a positive case to support the motion

- Responds to the Opp.’s case.

TEAM ROLES: BRITISH PARLIAMENTARY

TEAM ROLES: BRITISH PARLIAMENTARY

- Responds to the government’s case

- Builds a case to oppose the motion

- Supports the Opening Gov.’s case,

- Adds new dimensions, arguments to further substantiate the government’s case.

- Responds to the Opp.’s case

- Supports the Opening Opp.’s case

- Adds new dimension, arguments in Opp.’s case

- Responds to government’s case

OPENING GOV.OPENING GOV.

CLOSING GOV.CLOSING GOV. CLOSING OPP.CLOSING OPP.

OPENING OPP.OPENING OPP.


• 1st Speaker /Prime Minister1st Speaker /Prime Minister – Defines the topic.– Gives the case structure and theme.– Presents own arguments.– Provides a summary of his speech. (What I've given u so far..).

• 2nd Speaker2nd Speaker– Rebuts. – Reiterates and defends his first speaker’s arguments.– Presents own argument.– Provides a summary of his speech.

• 3rd Speaker3rd Speaker– Rebuts substantially.– Reiterates and defends his own team's case.– Provides a summary of his speech.

• Reply SpeakerReply Speaker– Presents a comparative overview of the clash points in the Presents a comparative overview of the clash points in the

debate proving why his team’s case standsdebate proving why his team’s case stands

PROPOSITION/ PROPOSITION/ GOVERNMENT:GOVERNMENT:

SPEAKERS' ROLES: ASIAN/ AUSTRALS



• 1st Speaker /Opposition Leader1st Speaker /Opposition Leader– Responds to the definition (i.e. Accepts, Rejects or Responds to the definition (i.e. Accepts, Rejects or

Clarifies).Clarifies).– Rebuts the Prime Minister’s arguments.Rebuts the Prime Minister’s arguments.– Gives the case structure and theme of his team.Gives the case structure and theme of his team.– Presents own arguments.Presents own arguments.– Provides a summary of his speech.Provides a summary of his speech.

• 2nd Speaker2nd Speaker– Same as the proposition 2nd speakerSame as the proposition 2nd speaker

• 3rd Speaker3rd Speaker– Same as the proposition 3rd speakerSame as the proposition 3rd speaker

• Reply SpeakerReply Speaker– Same as the proposition reply speakerSame as the proposition reply speaker

OPPOSITION:OPPOSITION:




POINTS OF INFORMATION (POIs)

POINTS OF INFORMATION (POIs)

• A POI can be in a question or statement form and A POI can be in a question or statement form and should not take more than 15 seconds.should not take more than 15 seconds.

• Each speaker should accept at least two POIs. Each speaker should accept at least two POIs.

• All three members of the team should try to give All three members of the team should try to give POIs, but they must not be disruptive.POIs, but they must not be disruptive.

• POIs are judged on the basis of:POIs are judged on the basis of:- the threat they pose to the strength of the argument of the threat they pose to the strength of the argument of

the debater.the debater.- value of its wit and humour.value of its wit and humour.

• Responses to the POIs are judged on the basis of:Responses to the POIs are judged on the basis of:– promptness and confidence in answering.promptness and confidence in answering.– strength of the response.strength of the response.– value of wit and humour in the response.value of wit and humour in the response.


always remember speech & interpersonal communication enhancement unit, iium

Documents

better definition

proper definition

metaphorical definition

keywords definition

specified definition

timeplace setting

challenging definitions

nonparliamentary debates