altruistic punishment in humans

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    Altruistic Punishment

    in HumansErnst Fehr & Simon Gchter

    Clemente Jones & Nguyen LamPsychology 45

    !5"!#"$!%4

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    ntro'uction

    E(olution o) Human Coo*eration+

    Kin Selection , Coo*eration among geneticallyclose in'i(i'uals-

    Direct Reciprocity , Sel.sh incenti(es )orlong/term 0ilateral coo*eration-

    Indirect Reciprocity , Coo*erators 0uil' are*utation-

    ????, Non/re*eate' coo*eration amonggenetically unrelate' *eo*le 1ith no re*utationgains-

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    Solution

    Punishment+

    Grou* 0etter o2 i) )ree ri'ing is 'eterre'

    No one has incenti(e to *unish 0ecause itcosts themsel(es as 1ell as )ree ri'er

    Punishment o) )ree ri'ers 3 Secon'/or'er*u0lic goo'

    Can 1or6 i) enough *eo*le *unish )reeri'ers altruistically7 1ith cost an' 1ithout

    material 0ene.ts )or the *unishers-

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    8he 9uestion

    :o humans engage in altruistic*unishment7 an' i) so7 ho1 'oes

    this inclination a2ect the a0ility o)achie(ing an' sustaining

    coo*eration;

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    Partici*ants

    $4! un'ergra'uate stu'ents )rom theS1it?erlan'@ an' theFe'eral nstitute o) 8echnology

    >S1it?erlan'@ (oluntarily *artici*ate' inthe e*eriments-

    B% Females

    D ales

    :i2erent maors

    BB stu'ents , control grou* )or theemotion uestionnaire-

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    :esign

    Pre/Stu'y Partici*ants 1ere ran'omly assigne' to one

    o) ten e*erimental sessions >1ith $4su0ects"session@-

    $4 su0ects allocate' to si grou*s o) )our-

    Each o) the $4 su0ects *laye' t1o D/*erio'games+

    Punishment

    No Punishment

    Each *artici*ant 1as *lace' in )ront o) acom*uter in a 0ooth such that su0ects coul'not see each other-

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    :esign Cont-

    Each mem0er o) the grou* recei(e' anen'o1ment o) $! real monetary sta6es@an' each one coul' contri0ute 0et1een !/$!

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    Con'ition+ Punishment

    Su0ect coul' *unish each o) the othergrou* mem0ers a)ter they 1ere in)orme'a0out the others in(estments-

    A *unishment 'ecision 1as im*lemente'0y assigning 0et1een !/%! *oints to the*unishe' mem0er-

    Each *oint assigne' cost the *unishe'mem0er B

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    esults

    n the %! sessions7 su0ects *unishe' othergrou* mem0ers a total o) %7$K! times+

    #4-B o) the su0ects *unishe' at leastonce-

    B4-B *unishe' more than 5 times- -B *unishe' more than %! times-

    8he more a su0ects in(estment )ell short o)the a(erage in(estment o) the other three

    grou* mem0ers7 the more the su0ect 1as*unishe'-

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    Figure %

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    esults Cont-

    8he *resence o) *unishers esta0lishes acre'i0le threat that 'eters non/coo*eration+

    Punishe' su0ects contri0ute more in thenet *erio's-

    8he act o) *unishment7 although costly )orthe *unisher7 *ro(i'es a 0ene.t to othermem0ers o) the *o*ulation 0y in'ucing*otential non/coo*erators to increase their

    in(estments- 8he intro'uction >or elimination@ o) the

    *unishment o**ortunity le' to animme'iate rise >or )all@ in in(estment-

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    Figure $a

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    Figure $0

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    hy Punish in a Mne/Shot

    Contet; Negative emotions+

    Can trigger a 1illingness to *unish

    )ree ri'ers7 'es*ite 0eing costlyan' yiel'ing no 'irect 0ene.t-

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    EmotionsScenario % $O

    ou 'eci'e to in(est %D 5O )rancs tothe *roect- 8he secon' grou* mem0er

    in(ests %4 BO an' the thir' %# KO

    )rancs- Su**ose the )ourth mem0erin(ests $ )rancs to the *roect- ouno1 acci'ently meet this mem0er-

    Please in'icate your )eeling to1ar'sthis *erson-

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    Emotionsesults % $O

    Anger"annoyance measure' on se(en/*oint scale >% 3 Qnot at all7 K 3 Q(erymuch@

    Scenario %+4K ha' anger le(els o) D or K

    BK ha' anger le(el o) 5

    Scenario $+%K-4 ha' anger le(els o) D or K

    #!-5 ha' anger le(els o) 4 or 5

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    EmotionsScenario B 4O

    magine that the other three grou*mem0ers in(est %47 %D an' %# B7 5

    an' KO )rancs to the *roect- ou in(est

    $ )rancs to the *roect an' the others6no1 this- ou no1 acci'entally meet

    one o) the other mem0ers- Pleasein'icate the )eeling you e*ect )rom

    this mem0er to1ar's you-

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    Emotionsesults B 4O

    Anger"annoyance measure' on se(en/*oint scale >% 3 Qnot at all7 K 3 Q(erymuch@

    Scenario B+K4-5 *re'icte' anger le(els o) D or K

    $$-5 *re'icte' anger le(el o) 5

    Scenario 4+%K-# *re'icte' anger le(els o) D or K

    #!*re'icte' anger le(els o) 4 or 5

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    Controlling )or Rias

    Same )our scenarios *resente' to BBsu0ects that ha' not *artici*ate' inthe e*eriments-

    Same emotional *atterns )rom the$4! e*erimental su0ects 1eree*resse' in the BB controls-

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    m*lications

    Altruistic Punishment 3 6ey )orce inesta0lishment o) human coo*eration-

    8here is more at 1or6 in sustaining

    human coo*eration than is suggeste' 0y6in/selection7 'irect reci*rocity7 in'irectreci*rocity7 an' costly signaling-

    in Selection:irect

    eci*rocityn'irect

    eci*rocity

    AltruisticPunishment

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    Limitations

    Selecti(e *o*ulation+

    High cogniti(e a0ility

    -E---:-

    Se atio+

    B% Females

    D ales

    NM8 re*resentati(e o) the *o*ulation