altruistic punishment in humans
DESCRIPTION
Altruistic punishment slideshowTRANSCRIPT
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
1/22
Altruistic Punishment
in HumansErnst Fehr & Simon Gchter
Clemente Jones & Nguyen LamPsychology 45
!5"!#"$!%4
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
2/22
ntro'uction
E(olution o) Human Coo*eration+
Kin Selection , Coo*eration among geneticallyclose in'i(i'uals-
Direct Reciprocity , Sel.sh incenti(es )orlong/term 0ilateral coo*eration-
Indirect Reciprocity , Coo*erators 0uil' are*utation-
????, Non/re*eate' coo*eration amonggenetically unrelate' *eo*le 1ith no re*utationgains-
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
3/22
Solution
Punishment+
Grou* 0etter o2 i) )ree ri'ing is 'eterre'
No one has incenti(e to *unish 0ecause itcosts themsel(es as 1ell as )ree ri'er
Punishment o) )ree ri'ers 3 Secon'/or'er*u0lic goo'
Can 1or6 i) enough *eo*le *unish )reeri'ers altruistically7 1ith cost an' 1ithout
material 0ene.ts )or the *unishers-
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
4/22
8he 9uestion
:o humans engage in altruistic*unishment7 an' i) so7 ho1 'oes
this inclination a2ect the a0ility o)achie(ing an' sustaining
coo*eration;
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
5/22
Partici*ants
$4! un'ergra'uate stu'ents )rom theS1it?erlan'@ an' theFe'eral nstitute o) 8echnology
>S1it?erlan'@ (oluntarily *artici*ate' inthe e*eriments-
B% Females
D ales
:i2erent maors
BB stu'ents , control grou* )or theemotion uestionnaire-
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
6/22
:esign
Pre/Stu'y Partici*ants 1ere ran'omly assigne' to one
o) ten e*erimental sessions >1ith $4su0ects"session@-
$4 su0ects allocate' to si grou*s o) )our-
Each o) the $4 su0ects *laye' t1o D/*erio'games+
Punishment
No Punishment
Each *artici*ant 1as *lace' in )ront o) acom*uter in a 0ooth such that su0ects coul'not see each other-
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
7/22
:esign Cont-
Each mem0er o) the grou* recei(e' anen'o1ment o) $! real monetary sta6es@an' each one coul' contri0ute 0et1een !/$!
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
8/22
Con'ition+ Punishment
Su0ect coul' *unish each o) the othergrou* mem0ers a)ter they 1ere in)orme'a0out the others in(estments-
A *unishment 'ecision 1as im*lemente'0y assigning 0et1een !/%! *oints to the*unishe' mem0er-
Each *oint assigne' cost the *unishe'mem0er B
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
9/22
esults
n the %! sessions7 su0ects *unishe' othergrou* mem0ers a total o) %7$K! times+
#4-B o) the su0ects *unishe' at leastonce-
B4-B *unishe' more than 5 times- -B *unishe' more than %! times-
8he more a su0ects in(estment )ell short o)the a(erage in(estment o) the other three
grou* mem0ers7 the more the su0ect 1as*unishe'-
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
10/22
Figure %
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
11/22
esults Cont-
8he *resence o) *unishers esta0lishes acre'i0le threat that 'eters non/coo*eration+
Punishe' su0ects contri0ute more in thenet *erio's-
8he act o) *unishment7 although costly )orthe *unisher7 *ro(i'es a 0ene.t to othermem0ers o) the *o*ulation 0y in'ucing*otential non/coo*erators to increase their
in(estments- 8he intro'uction >or elimination@ o) the
*unishment o**ortunity le' to animme'iate rise >or )all@ in in(estment-
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
12/22
Figure $a
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
13/22
Figure $0
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
14/22
hy Punish in a Mne/Shot
Contet; Negative emotions+
Can trigger a 1illingness to *unish
)ree ri'ers7 'es*ite 0eing costlyan' yiel'ing no 'irect 0ene.t-
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
15/22
EmotionsScenario % $O
ou 'eci'e to in(est %D 5O )rancs tothe *roect- 8he secon' grou* mem0er
in(ests %4 BO an' the thir' %# KO
)rancs- Su**ose the )ourth mem0erin(ests $ )rancs to the *roect- ouno1 acci'ently meet this mem0er-
Please in'icate your )eeling to1ar'sthis *erson-
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
16/22
Emotionsesults % $O
Anger"annoyance measure' on se(en/*oint scale >% 3 Qnot at all7 K 3 Q(erymuch@
Scenario %+4K ha' anger le(els o) D or K
BK ha' anger le(el o) 5
Scenario $+%K-4 ha' anger le(els o) D or K
#!-5 ha' anger le(els o) 4 or 5
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
17/22
EmotionsScenario B 4O
magine that the other three grou*mem0ers in(est %47 %D an' %# B7 5
an' KO )rancs to the *roect- ou in(est
$ )rancs to the *roect an' the others6no1 this- ou no1 acci'entally meet
one o) the other mem0ers- Pleasein'icate the )eeling you e*ect )rom
this mem0er to1ar's you-
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
18/22
Emotionsesults B 4O
Anger"annoyance measure' on se(en/*oint scale >% 3 Qnot at all7 K 3 Q(erymuch@
Scenario B+K4-5 *re'icte' anger le(els o) D or K
$$-5 *re'icte' anger le(el o) 5
Scenario 4+%K-# *re'icte' anger le(els o) D or K
#!*re'icte' anger le(els o) 4 or 5
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
19/22
Controlling )or Rias
Same )our scenarios *resente' to BBsu0ects that ha' not *artici*ate' inthe e*eriments-
Same emotional *atterns )rom the$4! e*erimental su0ects 1eree*resse' in the BB controls-
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
20/22
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
21/22
m*lications
Altruistic Punishment 3 6ey )orce inesta0lishment o) human coo*eration-
8here is more at 1or6 in sustaining
human coo*eration than is suggeste' 0y6in/selection7 'irect reci*rocity7 in'irectreci*rocity7 an' costly signaling-
in Selection:irect
eci*rocityn'irect
eci*rocity
AltruisticPunishment
-
7/21/2019 Altruistic Punishment in Humans
22/22
Limitations
Selecti(e *o*ulation+
High cogniti(e a0ility
-E---:-
Se atio+
B% Females
D ales
NM8 re*resentati(e o) the *o*ulation