Latin Revolutions

Although often overlooked Latin revolutions have had a profound impact on the political and social make-up of the world as we know it.

Definition

• Revolution, forcible and often violent change

of a social or political order by a sizable

segment of a country's population.

Revolution

Does a revolution have to be violent?

What is the difference between a revolution and a rebellion or coup d’ etat?

Background

The French Revolution

Enlightenment

Colonial power in Latin America

Latin Revolutions General Facts: South America:

Who:

When:

Why:

How:

Mexico:

Who:

When:

Why:

How:

Brazil:

Who:

When:

Why:

How:

Latin American Colonial Society

Peninsulares- born in Spain or Portugal

Creoles- Spaniards or French born in Latin America. Often mixed race (European and African)

Mulattos- Mixed European and African ancestry

Mestizos –Mixed European and Indian ancestry

Indians- Native Americans

Revolution in Haiti

The vast majority of Saint Domingue’s population were enslaved Africans.

In August of 1791 100,000 slaves rose in revolt.

Toussaint L’Ouverture emerged as the leader of the slave revolt.

By 1801 L’Ouverture had control of the territory and freed the slaves.

Revolution in Haiti

During the civil war that followed

the Haitian slave uprising, British

and Spanish forces invaded the

French colony. Haitian leader

Toussaint L'Ouverture defeated

the European generals in battle,

then ruled Haiti until 1802.

Revolution in Haiti

1802, 16,000 French troops are sent by Napoleon to depose Toussaint and regain control of Haiti.

Toussaint is double crossed by the French and imprisoned in 1802.

He died in 1803

Revolution in Haiti

Toussaint’s general Jean-Jacques Dessalines continued the fight against the French in 1804.

He declared the colony an independent country.

What is the big deal?

The revolution directly impacted the United States.

Refugees from Haiti pored into Louisiana.

These refugees from Saint-Domingue—white

planters, mulatto artisans, and some African

slaves—brought with them their language,

religion, laws, newspapers, education, art, and

their skills at growing sugar, all of which strongly

influenced the culture of the lower South.

French Imperialism and the U.S.

The French failure to regain control over

Saint-Domingue also influenced

Napoleon to abandon efforts to build an

empire in the western hemisphere. In

1803 France sold its North American

province of Louisiana.

Haitian Influence throughout

South America

Haiti was the 2nd independent nation (free

from European rule)

What was the first?

Haiti gave support to Simón Bolívar, leader

of the movement for South American

independence from Spain in the early 1800s.

In return, Bolivar made abolition of slavery one of

the goals of his movement.

The End of Spanish Rule

Napoleon’s conquest of Spain in 1808 spurs revolts throughout the Spanish colonies.

Two brilliant generals emerged during these wars of independence, Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin.

How did Enlightenment ideas spur

on these Latin Revolutions? Bolivar visited Europe and then the new US, there he studied the US government and documents

Liked the ideas of democracy and equality for all

Bolivar visited London looking for support. There he found ideas from:

John Locke, Thomas Paine, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire

Simon Bolivar Simón Bolívar helped win

independence from

Spain for Bolivia,

Colombia, Ecuador,

Peru, and Venezuela.

Revered throughout

South America, Bolívar

earned the name The

Liberator. He won

Venezuela’s

independence in 1821.

Jose de San Martin

Argentine general

José de San Martín

helped lead South

America to freedom

from Spanish rule.

San Martín is

regarded as one of

Argentina’s

foremost heroes.

San Martin

Bolivar

Meet in Ecuador

Bolivar and San Martin

Met in 1822 (in modern day Ecuador)

Bolivar took charge of both armies

• San Martin left

• Bolivar completed the liberation of Peru

– Unknown of Bolivar angered San Martin and caused him to leave or if San Martin left knowing Bolivar was more capable.

Read Bolivar DBQ

Revolution in Mexico

Indian and Mestizos led by Padre Hidalgo called for independence from Spain on Sept. 16, 1810.

Spanish and Creole forces crushed the “unruly” rebels in 1811. Padre Jose Maria Morelos rose up in 1811 to continue the revolution.

• In 1815 he was defeated by Agustin de Iturbide (a Creole man).

In a strange change of events Iturbide – the man who defeated Morelos – proclaimed independence for Mexico in 1821.

• What caused him to change his mind?

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Helped Mexico gain independence from Spanish rule in 1821

Became President of Mexico four times from 1833-1855

Fought the US in the 1830’s to regain control of Texas

In 1848 he lost to the U.S. and signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Santa Anna cont.

Mexico lost a lot of land including California, Texas, and the present day New Mexico and Arizona area

The Alamo, a famous site in San Antonio, Texas where Mexican forces defeated U.S. colonists

Benito Juarez A Zapotec Indian who became a powerful politician

Led a reform movement, La Reforma

Education and distributing land fairly were his goals

Became President in 1861

Promoted trade, opened roads, and rail roads

The French

The wealthy conservatives invited the French because leaders like Juarez threatened their power

May 5, 1862, Mexico defeated the French at the Battle of Puebla- celebrated today as Cinco de Mayo

But…Napolean III sent an army to Mexico and took control of Mexico in the 1863

Austrian archduke Maximilian ruled Mexico as emperor for a short time

Porfirio Diaz

Gained power and ruled Mexico from 1867-1911

He was an Indian from Oaxaca

Built banks, stabilized the currency, and increased foreign investment

The rich became wealthier and the poor became poorer

Diaz worsened the conditions in Mexico, giving rise to revolution

Francisco Madero

From a rich family and educated in the U.S. (UC Berkeley)

Began the new Mexican Revolution with his push for a democratic government

Was exiled into the U.S. by Diaz, then he called for an armed revolution allowing “Pancho” Villa and Zapata to gain power

Francisco “Pancho” Villa

Popular figure from North Mexico

Had qualities similar to “Robin-Hood”

Fought and supported the poor and landless

He was wanted by the U.S. for murdering U.S. citizens in Columbus, New Mexico

Emiliano Zapata

Was the leader of a Southern army in Mexico

Forced Diaz out of power in 1911

Supported the poor and wanted land redistribution

Venustiano Caranza

Was supported by Villa and Zapata

Became President after General Victoriano Huerta was removed from power

He turned against Zapata and Villa and had Zapata murdered

Overview of the Mexican Revolution

Over a million Mexicans died

There was a constant power struggle between the leaders and dictators of Mexico

The real revolution was fought between the rich, who controlled most of the land, and the poor, which was the majority of the population

The Mexican Constitution

It broke up large sections of ownership

Banned foreign ownership of land

Established minimum wage

Labor unions and the right to strike were established

Gov. took over land owned by the Church

Gov. took over natural resources

Brazil’s Battle for Independence

Brazil had been a Portuguese Colony until the French conquest of Spain and Portugal.

Royal leaders leave Brazil hearing that Napoleon might be coming

After Napoleon’s defeat in 1815 the Portuguese government wanted to make Brazil, it’s largest former colony, part of the Portuguese empire.

Only Portuguese leader left in Brazil was Dom Pedro (son of Portuguese king)

1822, Creoles in Brazil demand independence from Portugal and petition for a new ruler.

Dom Pedro grants them the independence

Bloodless change of power!

September 7, 1822 marks the official declaration of Brazilian independence.

Disunity

What were some of the negative consequences of independence in Latin America?

Increase in poverty

Unfair land distribution

Devastated countryside

Discuss

Who has the right to govern a land –the stronger group, like the Colonial powers (ie: Spain) or the original natives who live there?

Quick Assessment!

1. This person led the slave revolt on the island of Haiti

2. This term was used to describe people of mixed European and Indian ancestry.

3. This was the priest who called for the peasant rebellion in Mexico.

4. This person was known as the Latin American Liberator.

5. This term was used to describe people born in Spain.

1. This person led the slave revolt on the island of Haiti

1. Toussaint L’Ouverture

2. This term was used to describe people of mixed European and Indian ancestry.

1. Mestizo

3. This was the priest who called for the peasant rebellion in Mexico.

1. Padre Hidalgo

4. This person was known as the Latin American Liberator.

1. Simon Bolivar

5. This term was used to describe people born in Spain.

1. Peninsulares