alternative use of produced water in aquaculture and hydroponic systems at … · alternative use...
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Alternative Use of Produced Alternative Use of Produced Water in Aquaculture and Water in Aquaculture and
Hydroponic Systems at Naval Hydroponic Systems at Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3Petroleum Reserve No. 3
Presented by:Presented by:Lorri Jackson, Critique, Inc., Lorri Jackson, Critique, Inc.,
Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing CenterRocky Mountain Oilfield Testing CenterGround Water Protection Council MeetingGround Water Protection Council Meeting
Colorado Springs, COColorado Springs, COOctober 16October 16--17, 200217, 2002
Teapot Dome OilfieldTeapot Dome OilfieldWyomingWyoming
nn High Desert High Desert PlainsPlains
nn SemiSemi--arid climatearid climatenn 1010--1414””
precipitation precipitation annuallyannually
nn Severe draughtSevere draught
Produces a lot of water. Produces a lot of water. nn How much is a How much is a
lot?lot?nn 40,000 barrels 40,000 barrels
of produced of produced water in this water in this drainage drainage everyday.everyday.
nn 613,200,000 613,200,000 gallons of gallons of water each water each year.year.
Biology 101 Biology 101 LessonLessonnn 3 Requirements to Sustain a Biological 3 Requirements to Sustain a Biological
PopulationPopulationnn Food Food (PW can grow the food.)(PW can grow the food.)
nn Shelter Shelter (PW can be the shelter.)(PW can be the shelter.)
nn Reproduction Reproduction (If food and shelter are adequate reproduction takes care of (If food and shelter are adequate reproduction takes care of itself. )itself. )
nn We use food, shelter & reproduction We use food, shelter & reproduction information to farm, manage wildlife, grow information to farm, manage wildlife, grow fish, garden, etc.fish, garden, etc.
nn We relate food, shelter & reproduction to We relate food, shelter & reproduction to specific Life Cycles.specific Life Cycles.
NPRNPR--3 Produced 3 Produced WatersWaters
nn TensleepTensleep Water Water nn Fair QualityFair Qualitynn High TemperatureHigh Temperature
NPR-3 Geologic Column
Ground level
-200
-700
-1200
-1700
-2200
-2700
-3200
-3700
-4200
-4700
-5200
-5700
-6200
Sea level
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
Carlile Shale
Steele Shale
Shannon Sand
Niobrara Shale
1st Wall Creek Sand
2nd Wall Creek Sand (+/-2800)
3rd Wall Creek Sand (+/-3100)
Muddy Sand (+/-3500)
Lakota Sands (+/-3700)
Dakota &
Chugwater
Goose Egg
Tensleep (+/-5500)
Amsden
Madison
Sussex SandShannon Sand
90%
TensleepTensleep Water ChemistryWater ChemistryTable 1. Tensleep Formation Water Quality Characteristics
Analyses Result Units Method Irrigation Water Standards (Excellent)
Irrigation Water Standards (Unsuitable)
Major Ions
Bicarbonate as HCO3 148 mg/L A2320 B
Calcium 268 mg/L E200.7
Carbonate as CO3 ND mg/L A2320 B
Chloride 870 mg/L E200.7
Magnesium 34.2 mg/L E200.7
Potassium 90.3 mg/L E200.7
Sodium 642 mg/L E200.7
Sulfate 887 mg/L E200.7Physical Properties
Conductivity 4740 umhos/cm A2510 B 250 >300pH 7.93 s.u. A2320 B 6.5 >8.0
TDS 3220 mg/L A2540 C 175 >2100Sodium Content (as Na)
62 meq/L 22 >80
Metals – Total
Iron 0.546 mg/L E200.7Organic Characteristics
Oil and Grease – Total Recoverable
2.2 mg/L 413.1
SAR 9.79 Calculated 3.0 >15.0
Tomato FactsTomato Facts
nn Cultivated by the IncasCultivated by the Incasnn 1812 first appeared on the 1812 first appeared on the stockmarketstockmarketnn 1818 earliest published tomato catsup 1818 earliest published tomato catsup
recipe (Maine housewives)recipe (Maine housewives)nn After the French Alliance, Colonial After the French Alliance, Colonial
Americans adopted tomatoes into their Americans adopted tomatoes into their pantries, although seed catalogs still listed pantries, although seed catalogs still listed tomatoes under "annual and ornamental tomatoes under "annual and ornamental flowers".flowers".
Hybrid Hybrid Hydroponic Hydroponic Tomato Life Tomato Life CycleCycle
SeedSeed
SeedlingSeedling
RootingRooting
FlowerFlower
MarketMarket
HarvestHarvest
Hybrid Hybrid Hydroponic Hydroponic
Tomato PFDTomato PFD
HarvestHarvestWeigh, TestDistribute
FlowerFlowerString
RootingRootingPerlite
SeedlingSeedlingLettuce Bed,Raceway
SeedSeedRock Wool
Favorable Water Chemistry for Favorable Water Chemistry for Hybrid Hydroponic TomatoesHybrid Hydroponic Tomatoes
nn pHpH 5.85.8--6.56.5nn Water TempWater Temp 6060--80 F80 Fnn AmbAmb. Temp . Temp 7070--79 F daytime79 F daytimenn HumidityHumidity 8080--90%90%nn Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen 33--5 mg/L 5 mg/L nn Nutrient BalanceNutrient Balance (NPK)(NPK) 55--1010--10 or 1010 or 10--1010--1010
Hybrid Hydroponic Tomato Hybrid Hydroponic Tomato Demonstration ResultsDemonstration Results
Table 3. Hybrid Tomato Growth Test Results.
Parameter Tomato A Tomato B
Water Tensleep Produced Water Potable
Number of Plants 28 28
Number of Tomatoes Harvested 1591 1766Total Weight of Harvest 111 339Average Tomato Weight (lb) 0.07 lb 0.19 lbMaximum Weight(lb) 4.675 6.0
Minimum Weight (lb) 0.875 1.2
Average Plant Height 10 ft 14 ft Date of Plant Flowering April 17 April 20
Comments Bumblebees introduced to aide pollination.1st year tomato plant variety grew better than 2nd year.
Bumblebees introduced to aide pollination.
Tilapia FactsTilapia Facts
nn Tilapia is African native Tilapia is African native BechuanaBechuana word word ““thiapethiape,,”” meaning fish.meaning fish.
nn First tilapia cultivation began 2,500 First tilapia cultivation began 2,500 years ago in Africa.years ago in Africa.
nn Most commercial tilapia today are Most commercial tilapia today are hybrids.hybrids.
nn US Commercial cultivation concentrated US Commercial cultivation concentrated in AZ, CA, FL.in AZ, CA, FL.
Nest Building and
Courtship
Ovulation and Spawning
Brood Stock(mouth incubation)
Fingerlings(1-5g)
On Growing(5-25g)
Nile Tilapia Nile Tilapia Life CycleLife Cycle
Yolk-Sac Fry (5 days)
Table Fish (450-680g)
Tanks, Raceways,Cages, Ponds
Table Fish (450-680g)
On Growing(5-25g)Tanks, Raceways,
Cages, Ponds
Fingerlings(1-5g)Tanks
Yolk-Sac Fry (5 days)Troughs
Nile Tilapia Nile Tilapia PFDPFD
Brood Stock(mouth incubation)Tanks
Favorable Water Chemistry Favorable Water Chemistry for Nile Tilapiafor Nile Tilapia
nn pHpH 6.56.5--9.09.0nn Salinity Salinity 00--28 28 pptpptnn AlkalinityAlkalinity 5050--700 mg/L700 mg/Lnn TAN*TAN* 0.50.5--1 mg/L1 mg/Lnn Water Temp Water Temp 7777--90 F90 Fnn DODO 33--5 mg/L5 mg/Lnn CO2CO2 <15 mg/L<15 mg/Lnn TurbidityTurbidity 2525--100 mg/L 100 mg/L
*Total Ammonia Nitrogen*Total Ammonia Nitrogen
Nile Tilapia Nile Tilapia Demonstration ResultsDemonstration ResultsTable 2. NileTilapia Growth Results.
Parameter Tank A Tank B
Water Tensleep Produced Water Potable
Number of Fish Stocked 394 394Number of Fish Harvested 286 394% Mortality 27% See comments
Weight of Fish 169 lb 183 lbAverage Weight 9.5 oz 7.5 ozMaximum Weight 16.0 oz 12.9 ozMinimum Weight 1.8 oz 0.4 oz
Weight Food Fed 12.3 oz/d 12.3 oz/d
Food:Fish Ratio (yield) 1.5:1 1.6:1
Comments Fish reproduced.
Future of Produced Water & Geothermal Future of Produced Water & Geothermal Spring Water Grown FoodsSpring Water Grown Foods
nn Feasibility Feasibility (Is it feasible to grow foods with PW?) (Is it feasible to grow foods with PW?)
nn Water QualityWater Qualitynn InfrastructureInfrastructurenn Market DemandMarket Demand
nn Energy Balance Energy Balance (energy input/lb of food produced)(energy input/lb of food produced)
nn 1.51.5--1.6:1 yield ratio1.6:1 yield ratio
nn Economics Economics (projected cost of food $/lb)(projected cost of food $/lb)
nn Market DemandMarket Demandnn $4$4--$6/lb retail ($3.50$6/lb retail ($3.50--$5.00/lb wholesale)$5.00/lb wholesale)nn $1.20/lb $1.20/lb OpExOpEx for for recirculatingrecirculating systemsystem
nn ChallengesChallenges (economics, public acceptance, markets, etc)(economics, public acceptance, markets, etc)
nn FutureFuture (R&D efforts to make use thermal hot spring waters to grow food(R&D efforts to make use thermal hot spring waters to grow foods years year--round round in Wyoming. How much PW is available for such projects?)in Wyoming. How much PW is available for such projects?)
For more information contact:For more information contact:Lorri JacksonLorri Jackson
888888--599599--2200 x 50112200 x 5011or email:or email:
[email protected]@rmotc.doe.gov