alternative fules

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Alternative fuels

Alternative fuels, also known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any

materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels.

Conventional fuels include: fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, propane, and natural gas),

and nuclear materials such as uranium.

Some well known alternativefuels includebiodiesel,bioalcohol (methanol,ethanol,

butanol), chemically stored electricity (batteries and fuel cells), hydrogen, non-fossil

methane, non-fossil natural gas, vegetable oil,and otherbiomass sources.

Contents

1 Background

2 Biofuel

o 2.1 Biomass

3 Alcohol fuels

4 Hydrogen

5 HCNG

6 Liquid nitrogen

7 Compressed air

8 Alternative fossil fuels

9 Nuclear power

10 References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioalcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Butanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_used_as_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_used_as_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Background%23Backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Biofuel%23Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Biomass%23Biomasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Alcohol_fuels%23Alcohol_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Hydrogen%23Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#HCNG%23HCNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#HCNG%23HCNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Liquid_nitrogen%23Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Compressed_air%23Compressed_airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Alternative_fossil_fuels%23Alternative_fossil_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Nuclear_power%23Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#References%23Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioalcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Butanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_used_as_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Background%23Backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Biofuel%23Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Biomass%23Biomasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Alcohol_fuels%23Alcohol_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Hydrogen%23Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#HCNG%23HCNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Liquid_nitrogen%23Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Compressed_air%23Compressed_airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Alternative_fossil_fuels%23Alternative_fossil_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#Nuclear_power%23Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#References%23References


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Background

The main purpose of fuel is to store energy, which should be in a stable form and

can be easily transported to the place of production. Almost all fuels are chemical fuels.

We as a user use this fuel to perform mechanical work, such as powering an engin

Biofuel

Main article: Biofuel

Alternative fuel dispensers at a regular gasoline station in Arlington, Virginia. B20

biodiesel at the left and E85ethanolat the right.

Biofuels are also considered a renewable source. Although renewable energy is

used mostly to generate electricity, it is often assumed that some form of renewable energy

or at least it is used to create alternative fuels.

Biomass

Biomass in the energy production industry is living and recently dead biological

material which can be used as fuel or for industrial production.

Alcohol fuels

Main articles: Alcohol fuel, Ethanol fuel, andMethanol fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B20_(biodiesel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B20_(biodiesel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biofuel_pumps_DCA_07_2010_9834.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B20_(biodiesel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_fuel


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Methanol and Ethanol fuel are typically primary sources of energy; they are

convenient fuels for storing and transporting energy. These alcohols can be used in

"internal combustion engine as alternative fuels"

Hydrogen

Hydrogen as a fuel has been suggested to have the capability to create a hydrogen

economy.

HCNG

HCNG (or H2CNG) is a mixture of compressed natural gas and 4-9 percent

hydrogen by energy. It may be used as a fuel gasforinternal combustion engines and home

appliances.

Liquid nitrogen

Liquid nitrogen is another type of emissionless fuel. A liquid nitrogen vehicle is

powered by liquid nitrogen, which is stored in a tank. The engine works by heating the

liquid nitrogen in a heat exchanger, extracting heat from the ambient air and using the

resulting pressurized gas to operate a piston or rotary engine.

Liquid nitrogen propulsion may also be incorporated in hybrid systems, e.g.,battery

electric propulsion and fuel tanks to recharge the batteries.

Compressed air

The air engine is an emission-free piston engine using compressed air as fuel.

Unlike hydrogen, compressed air is about one-tenth as expensive as fossil oil, making it an

economically attractive alternative fuel.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_propulsion


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Alternative fossil fuels

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a cleaner burning alternative to conventional

petroleum automobile fuels. The energy efficiency is generally equal to that of gasoline

engines, but lower compared with modern diesel engines. CNG vehicles require a greater

amount of space for fuel storage than conventional gasoline power vehicles because CNG

takes up more space for each GGE (Gallon of Gas Equivalent). Almost any existing

gasoline car can be turned into a bi-fuel (gasoline/CNG) car. However, natural gas is a

finite resource like all fossil fuels, and production is expected to peak gas soon after .

Nuclear power

Nuclear power is anynuclear technology designed to extract usable energy from

atomic nuclei via controllednuclear reactions. The most common method today is through

nuclear fission, though other methods include nuclear fusion and radioactive decay. All

current methods involve heating a working fluid such as water, which is then converted

into mechanical work for the purpose of generating electricity orpropulsion. Today, more

than 15% of the world's electricity comes from nuclear power, over 150 nuclear-powered

naval vessels have been built, and a few radioisotope rockets have been produced.

References

1. ^ "Hydrogen/Natural Gas (HCNG) Fuel Blends". Eere.energy.gov. 2009-10-07.

http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/natural_gas_blends.html. Retrieved 2010-

07-11.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#cite_ref-0%23cite_ref-0http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/natural_gas_blends.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/natural_gas_blends.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel#cite_ref-0%23cite_ref-0http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/natural_gas_blends.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/natural_gas_blends.html


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TypicalBrazilian filling station with four alternative fuels for sale: biodiesel (B3), gasohol

(E25), neat ethanol (E100), and compressed natural gas (CNG). Piracicaba, So Paulo,

Brazil.

Alternative fuel vehicle

An alternative fuel vehicle is a vehicle that runs on a fuel other than "traditional"

petroleum fuels (petrol ordiesel); and also refers to any technology of powering an engine

that does not involve solely petroleum (e.g. electric car, hybrid electric vehicles, solar

powered). Because of a combination of factors, such as environmental concerns, high oil

prices and the potential forpeak oil, development of cleaner alternative fuels and advanced

power systems for vehicles has become a high priority for many governments and vehicle

manufacturers around the world.

Hybrid electric vehicles such as the Toyota Prius are not actually alternative fuel

vehicles, but through advanced technologies in the electric battery and motor/generator,

they make a more efficient use of petroleum fuel. Other research and development efforts

in alternative forms of power focus on developing all-electric and fuel cell vehicles, andeven the stored energy of compressed air.

As of July 2010 more than 40 million alternative fuel and advanced technology

vehicles have been sold worldwide, compared to around 900 million cars and light trucks

in use in the world in 2009. This alternative fuel fleet is made up mainly of:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neat_alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracicabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piracicaba_10_2008_151_Gast_station_selling_four_fuels.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neat_alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracicabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle


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20.7 million flexible-fuel vehicles by mid 2010, led by Brazil with 10.6 million

followed by the United States with 9.3 million, Canada (600,000), and Europe, led

by Sweden (199,004), Additionally, 183,375 flexible-fuel motorcycleswere sold in

Brazil in 2009.

11.2 million natural gas vehicles by 2009, led by Pakistan with 2.4 million,

Argentina (1.8 million), Iran (1.7 million), Brazil (1.6 million), and India (725

thousand).

Between 2.4 to 3.0 million neat-ethanol vehicles still in use in Brazil,[10][11] out of

5.7 million ethanol only light-vehicles produced since 1979.

More than 3.1 millionhybrid electric vehiclessold by mid 2010, led by the United

States with almost 1.8 million units, followed by Japan with more than 1.1 million

and Europe with around 250 thousand. Worldwide, Toyota Motor Company is the

leader with 2.68 million hybrids sold by July 2010, followed by Hda Motor Co.,

Ltd. with more than 300 thousand hybrids sold by January 2009, and Ford

Motororporation with more than 140 thousand hybrids sold by June 2010.

Toyota Prius, a hybrid vehicle. Museum of Toyota ofAichi Prefecture, Japan.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ethanol_fuel_in_Brazil#The_Pro-Alcohol_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle#cite_note-9%23cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle#cite_note-CEPAL-10%23cite_note-CEPAL-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Motor_Co.,_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Motor_Co.,_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Motor_Co.,_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TOYOTA_Prius.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TOYOTA_Prius.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ethanol_fuel_in_Brazil#The_Pro-Alcohol_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle#cite_note-9%23cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle#cite_note-CEPAL-10%23cite_note-CEPAL-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Motor_Co.,_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Motor_Co.,_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan

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