Alternative Fuels Pros and Cons

Student Excerpts from a 2006-2007

Harry Singer Foundation National Essay Contest

James Caress, Editor

Wellington Publications W-P Carmel, California

Foreword

An Update on the State Of Alternative Fuels and Energy Policy

When the essay contest that provided content for this book was conducted, Congress had recently passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005, referenced by several students. Crafted and implemented by the administration of George W. Bush, the policy reflected a widely held belief in the viability of ethanol as a primary alternative fuel. The essays of many participants reflect this view as well as a bias toward the regional benefits of certain fuels. For example, the reader may notice that residents of Midwestern states (those most likely to benefit economically from a shift to corn-based fuel) voiced the strongest support for ethanol. The following is an attempt to bridge the gap between the perspectives expressed in 2005 and the current situation concerning alternative fuels by examining recent events. Over the past four years, the urgency of humanity’s need for alternative fuels has grown even more apparent. In addition to a rise in global temperature and subsequent rise in sea level, human contributions to atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been shown to acidify the oceans and amplify the magnitude of storm systems. Current models predict the peak of oil and coal production to occur within the next fifty years and to be followed by a rapid decline in the supply of both fuels. The dire state of our world shows no signs of improvement without drastic action. The political dynamic within the United States changed significantly following the presidential election of 2008 and the triumph of Barrack Obama. In addition to gaining the presidency, the Democratic Party won majorities in both houses of Congress. The consequence of this shift in power is a corresponding diversion in policy exemplified by the Waxman-Markey Bill, also known as the Climate Bill. This piece of legislation, already passed in the House of Representatives and

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currently receiving consideration in the Senate, takes a new approach to reducing carbon emissions. If signed into law, the Climate Bill will implement a cap-and-trade system that draws attention to carbon emissions by giving them economic value. According to this strategy, the government will, for the first time, set firm limits on pollution and allocate emissions permits to companies. This would quantify pollution as a commodity. While the government would initially distribute the permits for free, the Climate Bill plans for the gradual restriction of permit availability. By creating a market in which the right to pollute is both precious and limited, the system would cap emissions through indirect economic means. Companies would find their emission outputs dictated by forces beyond their own discretion as the more wasteful polluters bought the excess pollution rights from those with a greater mind to conservation. The cap-and-trade system, rather than setting direct and stark standards, would utilize the principles of supply and demand to create a new dynamic, one that rewards conservation and constricts the venues for reckless waste. While the face of U.S. Energy policy has changed vastly these past four years, progress in the realm of alternative energy has not limited itself to legislative reforms. None of the industries touched upon by the above essays has stood still. From the emergence of solar start-up companies to the realization of a more promising source for bio-fuels, the horizons of this crucial field, while not endless, have certainly broadened recently. Cars driven primarily and, in some cases, exclusively by electric motor may soon exist as more than a novel idea manifest in a sad few concept vehicles. The construction of cars like the Chevrolet Volt, touted by its designers to possess a range of 230 miles on a full battery, seems indicative of a new trend. As many major car companies, among them Toyota, Ford, and the aforementioned and newly restructured General Motors, make significant moves to carve a niche in this emerging market, gasoline-free transportation begins to feel less

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like a pipe-dream and more like viable alternative. More significant than the preliminary interest of major corporations is the tangible work of those no longer content with the stagnant pace of transition. One example of this mindset is Better Place, a company whose ambitions include providing the infrastructure to make electric cars generally convenient and implementing battery-switching robots as a way to expedite the recharge process. Should they, or similarly determined entities, succeed, the car that plugs into a wall socket may not remain an impractical luxury for long. The same optimism (and skepticism) apply to cars powered by hydrogen fuel cells. General Motors recently announced that its fleet of prototype Equinox fuel cell vehicles, currently engaged in a large-scale series of trials, have carried test drivers a total of one million miles. These cars, which split compressed hydrogen to produce electricity before combining the used fuel with oxygen from the air to yield water vapor, have been reported by testers to operate and handle almost identically to traditional cars. However, the major roadblocks to mass distribution of fuel cell vehicles remain the high price tag and the scarcity of fueling stations. Until the number of fueling stations in the United States (a measly 70 at the moment) grows adequately to support cars like the Equinox, the fuel cell cannot be broadly marketed. The production of ethanol, the fuel most frequently mentioned and most extensively discussed in this book, has experienced some advances with the potential mitigate corn's role a fuel provider. Work to farm ethanol from algae by chemical companies and Native American reservations alike holds the promise of a fuel that does not displace food crops and offers significantly greater efficiency than its maize-derived counterpart. In addition, the algae feed on pure carbon dioxide, a trait with positive implications for future cogeneration (the use of waste products to power the facility that makes them). Also attractive are the diminutive space requirements for algae growth, a process that, unlike corn farming, can occur on rooftops and in other urban spaces. Like many other fledgling

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technologies, the algae-harvesting technique remains an experiment with tremendous promise but a plethora of obstacles for its pioneers to tackle. Acceleration seems the only constant in a world hurtling at baffling speed toward a future that it leaves no time to ponder. The irony of the situation is inescapable: the words of this page will, in all likelihood, hold outdated information by the time they reach your eyes. This update, in its attempt to achieve currency, can only hope to achieve momentary relevance. The promising ideas of this instant could become the ingenious solutions of coming days but could just as probably wind up the failed and forgotten tangents of an irrelevant past. The importance of new approaches, of entrepreneurial ventures, and of alternative fuels lies not only in their outcomes but also in the innovative persistence they embody, a relentless drive to adapt and overcome. The overriding principle of eventual success, in the search for new fuels or any other endeavor, is the tenacity to explore the infinitely possible.

James Caress Monterey, California September 18, 2009

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What Are Alternative Fuels?

“The notion of alternative fuel is one that demands much consideration, experimentation, contemplation, and debate. It is a complex issue, each option with its own benefits and disadvantages. It seems necessary to me that the United States develops a cheaper and less detrimental fuel for its automobiles.” Michael McMonagle, Calvert Hall College, Baltimore, Maryland “Eventually the world will run out of the fuels that are being used today. An alternative fuel must be either created or must be used more often to preserve today’s sources of fuels. Whether it is a combination of gasoline or diesel mixed with an alternative fuel, a conversion to an alternative fuel must happen.” Rhea Curran, McPherson High School, McPherson, Kansas “According to the U.S Department of Energy, alternative fueling is defined as fuels that are essentially non-petroleum and yield energy, security, and environmental benefits.” Angglelia Sutjipto Townsend High School, Flushing, New York Why Are Alternative Fuels Necessary? “For years, we have seen a steady rise in oil prices. We have seen steady chunks of our change disappear during our frequent and essential visits to the gas station. We have heard about global warming, acid rain, and toxic pollutants entering our atmosphere from our own vehicles. All these things boil down to one—gasoline. The truth: it is bad for our atmosphere, it is bad for our pockets, and it is bad for our economy. The foreseen future of an oil-less world slowly drifts in our direction, and we need to find alternative fuels that we can substitute for our already limited supplies of petroleum.” Tyler Ringwald, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas

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Chris is concerned about petroleum’s role in foreign influence over the United States “We are extremely dependent on foreign oil, and this dependence has led us to be, for the first time in a long time, not entirely free. We are under the hold of powerful foreign leaders and countries, which are so powerful only because of their large reserves of oil, which they oh-so-generously dole out to us in acceptable amounts. We are in the grip of these powerful oil-land owners, and something must be done about it. However, it’s not just about gas. As a people, we need to bravely step forward in our energy usage, becoming more efficient and more wisely using our precious resources. We must explore the frontiers of energy usage and there is a bill that can help us do all of this.” Chris Hall, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas Other students worry that the continued use of oil will have disastrous environmental and economic consequences “First, to help us understand this steady decline in the use of gasoline, we must explore some of the reasons why scientists first decided to experiment with alternative fuels. One of the biggest concerns in the world is global warming. When the oil is burned as gasoline in cars, then it produces a gas. Carbon Dioxide is called a green house gas, meaning it has been directly linked to global warming. According to the EPA, ‘The tailpipe emissions from cars and trucks — unburned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide — account for almost a third of the air pollution in the U.S. Driving alternative fueled vehicles could reduce the level of vehicle emissions.’ Another concern many residents of the United States have is [exhaust]ing all of the petroleum oil. The oil is a nonrenewable resource, and we are consuming it faster than it is being harvested. We have no way to speed up the process of making the oil, so as cars become more and more popular, we become closer and closer to

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using up the last of the oil. Scientists have studied many possibilities for alternative fuels and, of course, there are a couple that have more benefits than others.” Brande Iseman, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas “In a perfect world, we could all pull up to the pump and fill our tanks on just a couple of dollars worth of gas. Farmers could work in the fields throughout the week, with a great market for crops and affordable fuel running through their tractors. It is not, however, a perfect world. Prices at the pump in America are sky high and US relations with some of the major Middle Eastern oil-producing countries are as low as ever. Many markets for crops grown in the US have fallen dramatically from past years, and diesel fuel prices have reached all-time highs.” Josh Lingenfelter, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas “In our society, we have a growing threat concerning [the amount of] pollution we are creating; not only from throwing our trash out the window, or dumping our chemicals into rivers but from something as simple as driving a car. With the war in Iraq, a lot of our imported oil is being cut off, which is making our gas prices rise. Even with the prices rising, global warming is another major concern…. Many ways exist that would help cut down the amount of pollution we put into the air. For example, we could use flue gas desulphurization, which removes the sulfur dioxide in the exhaust that factories put out. Or we could monitor more closely the amount of pollution people create themselves by littering. But the major source of pollution is automobiles. One-way to help correct this is alternative fueling. Holly Nelson, McPherson High School, McPherson, Kansas “Stop the drilling in the Arctic and preserve the wildlife! According to the Alaskan Wilderness League only five percent of the Arctic is not exposed to drilling. There is a 50 percent chance of finding 5.3 billion barrels of oil in the Artic, which

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amounts to a six month supply of oil.” Angglelia Sutjipto Townsend High School, Flushing, New York Mindy provides a more detailed explanation of fossil fuel pollution “Most pollution that is released by cars comes from the exhaust mainly in the form of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds, a combination of two or more elements, which contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are released when fuel in the engine burns partially. When hydrocarbons come in contact with sunlight, they form ground-level ozone. Ground-level ozone is a major ingredient in the formation of smog. Ground level ozone is responsible for irritating eyes, damaging lungs, and it complicates respiratory problems…. Two more pollutants released through car exhaust are carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. The first reduces the flow of oxygen to the bloodstream, and could harm people with heart disease. Nitrogen oxide is formed when a car engine gets hot. It contains chemicals that aid in the formation of ground-level ozone as well as acid rain. Acid rain destroys the outsides of buildings, or statues. Acid rain can also contaminate drinking water, damage vegetation, and destroy sea life…. If these two pollutants were cut down just a little bit, our planet would be a safer place to live.” Mindy Trisler, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas Some students, like Michael and Holly, simply found the finite nature of our oil supplies profoundly disturbing “It seems necessary to me that the United States develops a cheaper and less detrimental fuel for its automobiles. The elevated gas prices allow less of Americans’ income to be used for other commodities and necessities, which contribute more to the national economy. People need to be able to spend money on a wide array of things and should not be forced to focus a significant part of their spending on gasoline. Depending on

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income, these lofty prices reduce the quality of living for many Americans. The continued crisis in the Middle East induces the fear that a great deal of our supply of oil will be discontinued. Many Americans fear that the country’s, if not the world’s, oil supply will soon be exhausted. Unlike the materials used to produce ethanol and other alternative fuels, oil is not a renewable resource. The United States is indeed consuming oil faster than it is being harvested, and there is no way to augment the production of oil. Therefore, as the popularity of cars increases, the depletion of the oil supply nears.” Michael McMonagle, Calvert Hall, Baltimore, Maryland “Peak oil is something our country will hit if we do not try to solve this problem soon. Peak oil is a severe oil shortage, which could leave our country in an energy crisis. This shortage [would raise] our oil and gas prices…If we used alternative fuels, such as bio diesel or electricity, it would make our dependence on imported oils go down. In addition, it would [decrease] the amount of pollution that we create from driving regular cars.” Holly Nelson, McPherson High School, McPherson, Kansas Brian advocated immediate action “The options are endless; we just have to get our feet wet and jump in together. One person may be able to find a [replacement for gasoline], but it is nothing compared to the impact that a community can create. We have to come together, mix ideas, and find a [solution to the oil crisis], not only for us, but also for our children and the future generations that will use our inventions. This is a major project when we think of the lives that will be affected by possible outcomes. However, nothing will get done if we don’t start acting. It takes a community to raise a child—our child is an alternative fuel.” Brian Hutton, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas

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Analyzing the Alternatives Having identified the problem, the next step is to consider the options. Student essays provided a variety of suggestions and explored both their benefits and shortcomings. “There are many different types of alternatives [to] gasoline…. Natural gas, which can be used directly or converted to methanol, is likely to outlast petroleum. Coal can be altered into a liquid automotive fuel. Potentially important non-fossil replacements include both bio-fuels, and nuclear and solar electricity. Electricity can either power battery-electric vehicles or be used to produce electrolytic hydrogen for combustion engines or fuel cells…battery-electric vehicles are not necessarily pollution-free on regional and global scales, fuel cells for automotive use are still awaiting further development, and the timing for these many options to impact the automotive field depends on evolving technology and economics, and may be further influenced by government policy.” Sascha Hayes, Camden High School, Camden, Tennessee Domingo established a benchmark against which to compare alternatives “Of course there is gasoline that derives from crude oil. Americans burn over 400 million gallons of gasoline each day. Gasoline is probably the worst pollutant known to man. Even with the addition of the catalytic converter we cannot burn off all the [pollutants] that are leaking out of…tail pipes. As Americans, we have a huge and ever growing dependency on gasoline…. The lives of [most Americans are] centered around their car. When someone turns sixteen they want a car. How have you been getting back and forth between work and school—a car or, worse, an SUV that guzzles gas at the rate of around 15-20 mpg?” Domingo Sanchez, McPherson High, McPherson, Kansas

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Some considered the forces of nature “Why do we continue to use such an environmentally damaging way to obtain energy? We have new environmentally safe ways of obtaining energy. I am talking about wind, sun, and even water. All of these elements that we take for granted and that are a part of our everyday life can produce energy for us. With the technology advances we have today there is no reason for us still to use coal plants.” Nick Garrett, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas “One of the renewable energy sources is water used to make hydropower. There will be improvements on regulations for hydroelectric dams to allow the generation of more hydroelectric power, and still protect the environment. Hydroelectric dams are the nation’s largest renewable energy source. [They] provide seven percent of our electric supply.” Tyson Weller, Camden High School, Camden, Tennessee “Similar alternatives are tidal energy and wave energy. Tidal energy is the process of using tides for energy. Tides are predictable and free. However tides are only available certain hours of the day. It may also interfere with water transportation and aquatic ecosystems. Wave energy is energy from waves produced by large bodies of water such as oceans or lakes. Wave energy is renewable resource. Cities along coastlines such as New York or Florida for example can benefit from this source. However it is not available in areas [that] are not [near] large bodies of water.” Peter Li, Townsend Harris High School, Flushing, New York Rhea looked at the applications of electrical technology to transportation. “Electricity is the most readily available form of energy in the United States. Transmission lines and power plants reach everywhere a pipeline cannot. The two kinds of electric vehicles

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are battery and hybrid powered…. Regular 110-volt wall sockets and 220-volt appliance outlets are usually used to convert regular cars to electric cars. Cars that are electrically fueled by manufacturers have a specialized connector to speed up the refueling process…. Many public stations have installed the most popular connectors and recharging at public stations today is free. The electric motors only have a range of 60 to 120 miles per hour before needing to be recharged. Since recharging the motor is necessary, it is good to recharge over night, or when driving is not needed. People do not normally drive over 60 miles in town a day so charging overnight every night is a perfect amount for the average daily driving needs. Batteries, such as nickel metal hydride and lithium-ion packs are being developed to extend the range of driving. Quick chargers have also been tested. Every good situation has at least one negative and this good situation’s negative is [the] high price [of electric cars]. Another bad aspect is the low production rate. Instead of hundreds of thousands of these electric vehicles being made, there are only hundreds being produced. If a long-range trip is planned, the vehicle must stop and be recharged often.” Rhea Curran, McPherson High School, McPherson, Kansas This particular thread of research raised the question of transition vehicles like the current generation of hybrids. Yanran used the hybrid example to highlight the cost issues associated with a shift to alternative fuels. “While gas prices are soaring, many Americans justify their reluctance to get a hybrid car or use alternative fuels by saying that they are more expensive. This is partially true. Hybrid cars have better mileage, but are usually priced around $4,000 more than normal. People can calculate that it would take years [for savings to compensate for the price difference]. However, giving a tax credit of $2,000 or so to hybrid car buyers can significantly cut down on ‘recuperation time’ and lure many

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more into buying the cars.” Yanran Lu, Maria Carrillo High School, Santa Rosa, California Students considered the role of nuclear power “Nuclear energy is one of the most commonly suggested alternative sources of energy. By splitting a series of uranium-235 nuclei within a nuclear reactor, huge amounts of concentrated energy are produced [and] then used to heat water [that turns] into steam that in turn spins a turbine generating electricity. The reason why nuclear energy is probably the next “best thing” is because one kilogram of uranium is equivalent to the amount of energy [that] 3.5 million kilograms of coal produces. It also doesn’t contribute to problems such as global warming or acid rain. However, the process of producing nuclear energy is very dangerous. The splitting of a uranium-235 nucleus not only emits large quantities of heat but radiation as well. The energy is so concentrated that if not managed properly it would be enough to melt the nuclear reactor, thus causing a nuclear meltdown. Without maintenance, the radiation can kill people within a radius of hundreds of miles. The Chernobyl accident in 1986 in the Ukraine was a perfect example of this danger. The nuclear fallout caused the deaths of many.... Because of the radiation, [nuclear waste] must be properly disposed of.... It cannot be thrown out like any other piece of garbage. The construction of a nuclear power plant is also an economic problem. Many procedures must be taken in order to prevent [meltdowns]...and [nuclear power plants] must always [be] routinely checked.” Peter Li, Townsend Harris High School, Flushing, New York “Nuclear power is the world's largest source of emission-free energy. These plants produce no controlled air pollutants, like sulfur and particulates, or greenhouse gases. There are also loan guarantees for technologies that avoid greenhouse gases. These plants could receive money and it will help keep them running. The use of nuclear energy in place of other energy sources helps

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to keep the air clean, preserve the Earth's climate, avoid ground-level ozone formation and prevent acid rain. Nuclear power currently provides twenty percent of America’s electricity. It is the second cheapest form of electricity. It is one of the safest and it is one of the most reliable and cleanest energy sources. The bill also creates a stand-by support program to make sure that we do not have to pay higher electricity bills because of unforeseen delays in the construction of new nuclear power plants due to government delays. Security of nuclear facilities will be strengthened and employees and certain contractors will be allowed to carry firearms. The bill also prohibits the sale, export or transfer of nuclear materials and sensitive nuclear technology to any state that sponsors terrorist activities.” Tyson Weller, Camden High School, Camden, Tennessee They discussed contemporary advancements in hydrogen fuel “Pretty soon hydrogen-powered cars may be the way of the future. Hydrogen power is quite simple. When this happens electricity is made. In the fuel cells hydrogen fuel comes into contact with a platinum plate. The plate then breaks down the hydrogen atoms into positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons. Electrons are then screened- out with electrolyte, a substance the ions can pass through, but the electrons cannot. Then all the electrons are collected and sent through a wire to power a motor. The electrons are basically electricity at this point. [At the end of the circuit, the electrons and protons are recombined and bonded to oxygen, forming water as a byproduct]” Clayton Abell, McPherson High School, McPherson, Kansas “As with any source of fuel, hydrogen does produce excretions; however, these excretions are not harmful to our environment. When you burn hydrogen in a vehicle, water excretes from the tail pipe. Along with the water, small amounts of oxides of nitrogen and even smaller amounts of hydrocarbons are emitted

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into the air. In response to this, many people might say, “How is that a more efficient fuel than gasoline? It still puts off wastes into the air.” You’re right, it does put off wastes into the air, but they are less detrimental to our planet and society. The earth is made up of two-thirds water; how does that make water excretion a negative result? The air we breathe contains nitrogen; therefore, where is the fault in putting back what is already contained in the atmosphere? The emission of hydrocarbons into the air is caused by the traces of lubricants in the combustion chambers of the engine and is so miniscule that it is not significantly noticeable or harmful to the environment.” Jenna French, Camden High School, Camden, Tennessee “There are many benefits to using fuel cells. If the United States would make 20 percent more cars that used fuel cells, 1.5 million barrels of oil would not be imported every day. Not only will this save on gas prices but it will also increase how much electricity is available in the country. Statistics say that if 10,000 vehicles that can run on non petroleum fuel are made, it will decrease the usage of oil by 6.8 million gallons a year, which will help us [decrease our reliance] on foreign nations as much as we do at this point. Another benefit to fuel cells is that they are clean and efficient. Because of that, they will decrease air pollution, lessen oil imports, and make more jobs available to many people around the world. They will also help the economy grow by enabling new markets to create steel, electronics, and many other items.” Leticia Werner, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas “Two main disadvantages of hydrogen are the cost and the dangers involved. The cost [of making] all motor vehicles [capable of using] hydrogen [fuel] is estimated to be well over a trillion dollars. This cost will fall on the consumers. There will also be major costs imposed on the fueling companies, such as Exxon, Conoco and Shell. These companies will be forced to change their product. Along with the cost, the main concern is with the dangers involved. Hydrogen poses a dangerous risk

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while being transported and pumped. Even with these drawbacks, it would be very beneficial in the long run to making the switch from gasoline to hydrogen.” Andrew Askins, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas Jenna points out another significant factor in the alternative fuel debate: faulty perceptions “One of the main arguments against hydrogen fuel comes from the negative portrayal of the element by the media. Television is plagued by the dramatic footage of the exploding airship, the Hindenberg, which was filled with hydrogen. Another common relation made toward hydrogen is the construction of hydrogen bombs. This is not a valid argument. You could make a case for any resource, even…gasoline. Gasoline is used to start fires by arsonists. Gasoline is a highly flammable substance and has caused many explosions. Gasoline is used as an inhalant by many teenagers and has resulted in several deaths. When you compare the pros and cons of each fuel source, you see that hydrogen is essentially more beneficial [than detrimental].” Jenna French, Camden High School, Camden, Tennessee Still other students looked at combustible fuels as substitutions for gasoline “Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons, but is mainly compromised of methane. It can be compressed into compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG): which is used for long distance traveling. Natural gas is substantial domestic stock meaning the United States of America does not have to depend on other countries. It is also clean burning, [that is] it does not release polluting particles into the atmosphere and it is available to end-use consumers meaning it is commercially available directly to the [American] customers…. [The] price of CNG is normally cheaper than regular gas. Natural gas is [also] inexpensive to produce.” Chrysalus Cofran, McPherson High, McPherson, Kansas

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“Natural gas has bad qualities too. The demand for natural gas is high in…areas [with] industrial and electrical power generators. It may be inexpensive to produce, but the process needed to compress and liquefy…is very expensive and energy-inefficient. Natural gas cannot easily and efficiently travel overseas without being compressed or liquefied. Prices of natural gas have gone up at a faster rate than predicted. Even though it is great to use, it is highly flammable with [the] potential [for] frequent leaks.” Chrysalus Cofran, McPherson High, McPherson, Kansas Some students focused on methanol “New technology will allow methanol to be produced at $0.25 per gallon. Methanol is the cleanest and best liquid for fuel cell cars. It can equal or exceed the range a regular gas car can go. Some places are getting methanol gas from old landfills. In Utah they use hog manure and turn it into methanol. Methanol also comes from wood. It can be blended into gasoline [for] heavy or light vehicles.” Justin Russell, Camden High School, Camden, Tennessee “Like every other alternative, methanol has its positives and negatives. One positive of methanol is that it produces higher performance than gas. Another advantage is that methanol can be produced through a wide variety of sources. Availability is not…a factor. Unfortunately methanol…is very corrosive. Any item that comes in contact with this substance must be able to withstand its power. The toxicity of methanol is another worry. Although this substance can be found naturally in the human body in large quantities, it can cause…heath problems and even death. I have come to [the] conclusion that the dangers outweigh the reward for switching from gasoline to methanol.” Andrew Askins, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas

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Propane was also introduced “Propane is a non-toxic, odorless gas that has an odor added to make it identifiable. The best part about propane is that it is a bi-product from natural gas processing and petroleum refining. Transportation and importing of propane can be done by land and by sea. Imported products such as propane can serve many different markets. One of the markets is production of petrochemicals. A major problem with imported products is that the consumer that lives the farthest away from the major sources pays the most because of transportation costs.” Rhea Curran, McPherson High School, McPherson, Kansas The merits of biodiesel was scrutinized as a fuel of the future “One of the many advantages of biodiesel is that it can be made from a variety of plants such as canola, sunflower, oil palm, coconut, soybean, linseed, olive and hemp. Biodiesel can also be made from waste vegetable oil that has been used for deep-frying. Surprisingly, biodiesel can also be made from algae. Although canola oil is the best candidate for making biodiesel (canola grows well in temperate climate and it yields more than all the other plants), algae could produce up to ten times more oil per hectare than canola. Even better, using algae to produce biodiesel will decrease the rate of global warming. After all, algae are plants and therefore will take in carbon dioxide.” Angglelia Sutjipto Townsend High School, Flushing, New York “Biodiesel is a lot like normal diesel fuel, but it is made from plant and animal waste or fat. It's not necessarily a clean burning fuel, but it is made from a renewable resource. In Australia, it's becoming a popular alternative to petrol, but it really hasn't caught on in America yet. Bio-diesel can be used in diesel engine cars, but not normal petrol engine cars. Because little fossil [fuel] energy is required to move bio-diesel, it is a substitute or extender for traditional petroleum diesel [requiring

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no] special pumps or high-pressure equipment. However, users should always consult with the [original equipment manufacturer] and [review their] engine warranty statement before using bio-diesel. The only downside…is that all cars that run [on] typical gasoline would have to be transferred to bio-diesel because it only works in diesel engines.” Sam Kleinsorge, McPherson High School, McPherson, Kansas Angglelia even examined the environmental impacts, both positive and negative, of biodiesel “Biodiesel is environmentally friendly. It is biodegradable; biodiesel has a slightly less complex chemical structure than mineral diesel. Therefore, if it does spill into a body of water, it will be absorbed relatively quickly. Biodiesel degrades [at about the same rate as sugar and] four times faster than mineral diesel. Biodiesel is also nontoxic. The lethal concentration of biodiesel exceeds 1,000 mg/L for Bluegill [fish]. Concentrations above 1,000 mg/L are considered nontoxic. Biodiesel also benefits the wildlife in the Artic. Oil drilling and seismic oil exploration in the Artic disturb the mating season of many animals, such as the polar bears, Porcupine River caribou, musk oxen, and many species of migratory birds. The population of musk oxen will decrease even more during oil exploration. Their water supply will be redirected to construct roads. The production of biodiesel will not disturb the homeostasis in the Artic.” On the other hand “One of the disadvantages of biodiesel lies in its emission of NOX. Most studies show that biodiesel produces 10 percent more than petroleum oil. Nitrogen oxides are harmful gases that damages plants and irritates one's respiratory system. They will react with hydrocarbons to produce acid rain.” Angglelia Sutjipto, Townsend High School, Flushing, New York

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Ethanol came up over and over “Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless, mildly toxic chemical compound with a distinctive perfume-like odor. It is also the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. In common usage, it is often just referred to simply as alcohol.” Bradley Dunlop, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas “The future of transportation may lie with ethanol, or similar products. Most cars, even today, can use ethanol without major engine modifications. While there may be some downside to using ethanol (most gas stations do not provide it), there are major long-term benefits. First, it is produced here in United States. When gas prices soar beyond three dollars—which they have and they will—more people will find that it is also economical to use ethanol.” Yanran Lu, Maria Carrillo High School, Santa Rosa, California “Ethanol is arguably one of the cleanest, and possibly cheapest, renewable fuels that we could hope to get our hands on. In many people’s eyes, it is the way to go concerning alternative fuels. Ethanol burns much cleaner than ordinary gasoline. If burning this fuel is so much cleaner for our atmosphere, then why doesn’t everyone use it?” Tyler Ringwald, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas “With alternative fuel research in full force around the globe, ethanol seems so far to be the most likely successor of gasoline. Production of ethanol is easy, as it can be made from natural resources such as corn and wheat with no need to burn fossil fuels. It can now even be produced from agricultural waste materials like corn stalks. Additionally, use of ethanol is significantly less harmful to the environment than use of gasoline. When produced from corn, it reduces greenhouse gas emissions by about 13 percent. Using more woody plants to create ethanol can help even more, reducing harmful emissions

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by up to 95 percent over gasoline throughout the entire production process.” Michael McMonagle, Calvert Hall, Baltimore, Maryland “Ethanol is a renewable resource. It can be made from the waste products of farming, such as corn husks, wood chips, switch grass, and other agricultural waste. Now, when we break down the ethanol chemically, it is identical to alcohol. Many automotive producers have already equipped their cars with ethanol-capable engines. GM is even starting a new marketing campaign for ethanol by making yellow gas caps for ethanol-ready vehicles. The company is hoping this will increase their car sales and promote ethanol.” Brande Iseman, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas “Ethanol is a clear, colorless gas that is traditionally made from corn, barley, or wheat. However, with improved technology ethanol can now be created from agricultural wastes such as corn stalks, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse (pulp of sugar cane after juice is removed), pulpwood, switch grass, etc. Ethanol not only gets rid of unwanted wastes, but it is also more environmentally friendly than petroleum. Burning ethanol reduces carbon emissions, while also eradicating the release of sulfur dioxide (which causes acid rain).” Lindsey Sroka, Camden High School, Camden, Tennessee “I believe that ethanol is an obvious choice. It will benefit the small farming operations by providing another source of income for crops…. An ethanol plant has already been constructed near my home in the hopes that it is a growing trend in America.” Brande Iseman, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas “Sadly, by more people using and producing ethanol, this means less money for the Middle East. On a positive note, by using ethanol in vehicles, it is estimated that household income will increase by 43 million dollars. Besides saving money, this will also provide over 200,000 new jobs. It is thought that it will

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add 200 billion dollars to Gross Domestic Production, and create new investments and renewable fuel production facilities.” Madelaine Schmidt, Burlington High, Burlington, Kansas Madelaine described the procedure for making ethanol “Ethanol is produced by fermenting and distilling starch crops that have been converted into simple sugars. Ethanol is prepared either by the dry mill process or the wet mill. Most commonly it is made by the dry mill process in several steps… First, the corn is passed through a hammer mill, which pounds it into a fine powder. This powder is called meal. Then comes liquefaction, where the meal is mixed with water and alpha amylase. The substances are heated at high temperatures, so they will liquefy. Glucoamylase is then added to convert the liquid into fermented sugars. After this, yeast is added to the batch and [it is all] put into a fermenter for about 48 hours. Step five is the distillation; the product has now been turned into beer. The batch is put into a multi-column distillation system where the beer is separated from the solids and the water. The substance is then put through the dehydration process where the water is removed. Since the ethanol is to be made for fuel, about two to five percent of gasoline is added. Finally, ethanol, fit to be used for fuel, is produced.” Madelaine Schmidt, Burlington High, Burlington, Kansas Focusing on ethanol’s availability and the ease of transition, Hannah argued in favor of this alternative fuel “How difficult would it be to change over to ethanol from gasoline? Already there is ethanol production in twenty states! Twenty states in less than two years is a remarkable feat. Just think how quickly the remaining states will join in once the process is going. Car manufacturers have already picked up [on] the trend; they already see the long-term savings for consumers. Yellow gasoline caps on vehicles means those

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vehicles are able to run on ethanol or ethanol blends. These energy-saving cars are [so popular] that car manufacturers cannot meet the demand. This is progress.” Hannah Chambers, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas According to the students below, the transition to ethanol would be easy because much of the necessary infrastructure already exists. “Changing from gasoline to ethanol would not be difficult. In fact [it] would be almost seamless.... No alterations in manufacturing or design are needed. In fact, thousands of cars already sport the yellow gasoline caps that symbolize the use of ethanol fuels and blends. Thousands more are in assembly.” Lacee Olson, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas “The Department of Energy predicts that a thirty percent dent in the consumption of gasoline in America will result from switching to ethanol. Thirty percent! That’s quite a dent! However, the United States does not have to switch…to nothing but ethanol; we have the ability, so why not use flex-fuel technology instead? … The consumer does not have to choose between a vehicle running on gasoline and a vehicle running only on ethanol; consumers will automatically get both.” Molly Stanley, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas “This nation is already striving to provide this new fuel to [consumers]. We [are producing] what is called E10 (ten percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline). All automobile manufacturers have approved of the use of E10 in all engines…today. The push for E85 is growing. The number of filling stations around the country [that] are providing this fuel…is rapidly increasing. The only problem…is that only certain types of vehicles are produced to carry this type of fuel. They must have what is called a Flex-Fuel engine. This type of engine has the capability of running either E85 or gasoline.” Zach Stubby, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas

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Brazil’s success with ethanol was frequently mentioned as a model for the U.S. transition “Brazil is best known for its endless Amazon jungle, fascinating animals and colorful festivals, but few know that it is also at the forefront of a new revolution—the energy revolution. It has the highest percentage of ethanol-driven cars in the world. Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel that is made from the sugarcane and other vegetative materials that are a plentiful resource in Brazil…. This year, over 50 percent of Brazilian cars sold were Flex-Fuel Cars. Yanran Lu, Maria Carrillo High School, Santa Rosa, California “E85 is ready for sale at almost all of Brazil’s thirty-four thousand pump stations. Only five hundred and eighty-seven out of seventeen hundred thousand filling stations in America sell E85. Forty percent of the fuel used in Brazil is ethanol. [Brazil is] also able to make ethanol from resources found in its own country, including corn stocks, sugar cane, switch grass, and wood chips. Because of this, extra energy is used for electricity. Best of all, consumers choose to use ethanol rather than being forced to buy it, which proves ethanol’s worth. If this method has already been [proven], why challenge it further in America? The advantages shown in Brazil should be [enjoyed] in America as well.” Luke Snavely, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas “The transition to an alternative fuel from prehistoric fossil fuels, [if subsidized by the government, could conceivably add] a trillion dollars to our ever growing national debt…. Brazil’s…new cars rely either on gasoline or ethanol…. By…flexibly using whichever one was cheaper at the time, Brazil was able to reduce oil consumption by 75 percent. This gave Brazilians more bang for their buck while still helping out the environment and building a stronger foundation for future generations.” Kayla King, Camden Central High School, Camden, Tennessee

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“Most of the money that Brazil once spent on oil importation now goes to other governmental…needs. If it works in Brazil, there is no reason why it wouldn’t work in the U.S.A. Although the United States could not run cars on pure ethanol just yet, because of lack of resources, just using it as a fraction of our fuel would be beneficial. Ethanol can be mixed with gasoline and still be more environmentally friendly than pure gasoline. It would take much longer for USA to do what Brazil did, but if it happened, it would be advantageous to both the environment and the buyers.” Zach Blake, Calvert Hall College, Baltimore, Maryland Of course, no alternative fuel is flawless. The ethanol approach has its own shortcomings. The cost of ethanol emerged as a major cause for concern “Ethanol based alternative fuels also have some disadvantages. The biggest disadvantage today is that the cost of alternative fuels is actually higher than [that of regular] gasoline. Most of the ethanol is produced in the Midwest and the cost to have the product shipped to either coast today would result in a much higher cost to consumers. Even in the Midwest, where the product is made, the cost is higher than [pure] gasoline. Because of this, many people are simply not interested or concerned enough to pay more money even though it is better for the environment. Additionally, ethanol does not burn as efficiently in internal-combustion engines and E85 contains only 72% of the energy on a gallon-for-gallon basis compared to [regular] gasoline. Less energy means less power, which is noticeable. Lastly, to really make an obvious difference in gasoline use, there will have to be billions and billions of dollars invested to bring ethanol to market in a cost effective way. Today there are less then six hundred ethanol stations and a majority of them are only in two states, according to the Department of Energy.” Ryan Holleran, Calvert Hall College, Baltimore, Maryland

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“Although ethanol has its benefits, it also has its downfalls. The price of building ethanol plants is extremely costly. On top of these costs, large amounts of corn must be grown so as to not damage the balance of food supplies. All of this added together equals billions of dollars to even begin the process of using ethanol as a main fuel source. However, a large-scale plan to develop many national plants would lower the start up costs for each plant, and the long-term benefits may make the move profitable.” Jenna Mittelmeier, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas As did the inefficiencies of the production process, which, for Tyler, made ethanol something of a Catch-22 “So, how are we producing energy to create all this ethanol anyway? By the burning of coal and crude oil. Think of it in this enigmatic way: we are burning what we are trying to save in order to produce what we hope will help save what we are burning in the first place! Confusing? Of course! The whole situation is! Why do we burn something that has higher potential energy than what we are producing? To add to the list, much of the CO2 emissions that are saved by our ethanol-using cars are put right back into the atmosphere by the ethanol plants—which burn coal and crude oil. So here’s the big question: Is ethanol really worth it?” Tyler Ringwald, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas Tyler also warned Americans not to accept ethanol at face value without examining the disadvantages “Ethanol sure looks pretty on the alternative fuel list, but there are also some unattractive drawbacks that come attached. For starters, ethanol does not produce as much energy as regular gasoline. Buyers of E-85 at a gas station can expect a 20 to 30 percent drop in their fuel mileage—so where you might usually get 23 to 25 miles per gallon in your vehicle, expect to get 18 to 20 [with E-85]. Also, you [should] know that the price for

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ethanol at the pump varies. At times, ethanol may be as much as fifty cents…cheaper than regular gasoline. In other instances, ethanol may be even more expensive than regular gasoline…and, with today’s gasoline prices, that is saying something! Most consumers do not realize that when they buy ethanol, they are still paying more than they would for [regular] gasoline. After figuring in the reduced fuel mileage…gasoline seems to be the better choice.” Tyler Ringwald, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas Legislating the Solution Students next considered methods of implementing energy reform and examined recent Energy Policy “The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is largely credited [for] helping [citizens] become more aware of this issue. This Energy Policy Act is a statute that was passed by the United States Congress on July 29, 2005. It was later signed into law on August 8, 2005 at the Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. This law is an attempt to combat growing energy problems, provide tax incentives supply and loan guarantees for energy production of assorted types.” Bradley Dunlop, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas “The main goal of this bill was to increase conservation of our gasoline, diversify fuel supply, increase production, and introduce new technology into the energy field. The Bill contains eleven titles in all. I believe that this Bill is doing a very good job in working toward these goals. It cannot happen over night, but there is slow progress.” Rachel Beasley, Camden High School, Camden, Tennessee The Energy Policy Act of 2005 constitutes a concrete plan to promote alternative fuels. Travis provided an in-depth description

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“The Energy Policy Act of 2005 was intended to establish a comprehensive, long-range energy policy. This new policy has 1700 pages [describing] how to make everything better when it comes to energy. Some of the new ideas are as follows: provide a tax credit of up to $3,400 for owners of hybrid vehicles; provide for $1.65 billion in tax credits for clean coal projects; [and] authorize loan guarantees for innovative technologies that avoid greenhouse gas [emissions], which might include advanced nuclear reactor designs (such as PBMR) as well as clean coal and renewable energy. [The legislation] increases the amount of bio-fuel (usually ethanol) that must be mixed with gasoline sold in the United States to triple the current requirement (7.5 billion gallons by 2012). It seeks to increase coal as an energy source while also reducing air pollution through authorizing $200 million annually for clean coal initiatives, repealing the current 160-acre cap on coal leases, allowing the advanced payment of royalties from coalmines, and requiring an assessment of coal resources on federal lands that are not national parks. [Additionally it] authorizes subsidies for wind energy and other alternative energy producers, adds ocean energy sources including wave power and tidal power for the first time as separately identified renewable technologies, [and] authorizes $50 million annually over the life of the bill for a biomass grant program. It contains several provisions aimed at making geothermal energy more competitive with fossil fuels in generating electricity and requires the U.S. Department of Energy to study and report on existing natural energy resources including wind, solar, waves, and tides…and make a recommendation on achieving specific levels of benefits. The [law] encourages time-based pricing and other forms of demand-response as a policy decision.” Travis Prickett, McPherson High School, McPherson, Kansas Brandy weighed in on the bill’s connotations “In reality, the transformation will take several years; there is nothing easy about changing millions of people’s everyday

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habits and transforming vehicles, engines, service stations, and anything else gas-operated, to a new fuel. But the benefits are so great. With this Energy Policy Act, the government gives consumers and businesses tax credits if they purchase alternative-fuel or hybrid vehicles, cut down their energy and power consumption by half, manufacture highly energy-efficient appliances, or build energy efficient homes that would use half the energy as before. [There are] numerous other benefits. The bill will also create a program to deploy clean coal technologies and another program to work with labs, universities, and auto manufacturers in designing hydrogen cars.” Brandy Groff, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas Tyson listed some of the effects of new federal legislation. “The purchase of alternative-fuel and hybrid cars will allow for some tax credits, ranging from two thousand dollars for small vehicles to forty thousand for larger vehicles. [People would be able to] receive up to thirty percent tax credit at gas stations [for] using alternative fuels. There will be more restrictions on federal vehicles to make sure they use alternative fuels. New flex fuel vehicles will be made more available [in order] to cut our dependence on oil. This act [would] also make railroad and planes more efficient…and less damaging to the environment. Big truck idling time will be shortened to save fuel and [reduce] pollution.” Tyson Weller, Camden High School, Camden, Tennessee Some viewed the legislation as one step in the right direction “I do believe that the Congress made a good choice by passing the Energy Act of 2005. Not only will it help protect the environment and save people more time and effort, but it will save everyone money as well. The advantages of this particular bill are unlimited. From the rural farmer, to the business workers in ethanol plants, to consumers like you and me – we all benefit economically. From the older generation to the next

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generation – a cleaner environment will secure a brighter future for everyone. From the smallest country to our proud America – independence from the Middle East’s monopoly for gasoline will be abolished. America is on the right road to recovery. An alternative fuel source by the name of ethanol has been found. Passing the Energy Act of 2005 is only one part of the much needed solution. Each American citizen must [heed] the call and take action. We must act now. We must make the Act useful. We have more than ourselves to consider.” Hannah Chambers, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas “The EP Act of 2005 states that the government will take the necessary steps to diversify fuel supply and employ new technologies. Not only would we be changing what we put in our tanks everyday, we will be saving money, watching jobs open up, reduce our foreign dependency, and probably switch vehicles or engines to those that are flex-fuel compatible.” Brandy Groff, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas Others recognized it as an economic stimulus “For American citizens, there are numerous parts of the [Energy Act of 2005] that could help them both socially and economically. With all of the ethanol being produced in the upcoming years, there will need to be many new refineries created to keep up with the quota. There is an estimated six billion dollars that will be created in new investments through renewable fuel production facilities. This will create the possibility of over 200,000 occupations thrown into the job market. After that, many employment opportunities will be opened up, and unemployment rates should decline steadily. In addition to reduced unemployment figures and more revenue being created, total US household income is expected to rise by 43 billions dollars.” Josh Lingenfelter, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas “I am fortunate to live in southeast Kansas, [where]

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citizens…recently [came] together to begin an ethanol cooperative of sorts. Stocks were sold to open an ethanol plant in Garnet, just sixty miles from my hometown. Local citizens are benefiting from the investment, local farmers are benefiting from the competition between cattle ranchers and the ethanol plant, and the economy [is improving] in our area. As more ethanol plants are constructed, the benefits will also grow. More and more communities will benefit; soon the entire country will [be affected].” Lacee Olson, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas “The process of creating this vital fuel to reduce the use of oil will create many jobs for those without, as new plants will be created, and the jobless will become workers. Over 230 thousand jobs will be created in all divisions of the United States economy…. As demand increases the supply must increase also to keep the economy stable. Therefore as the citizens begin to demand ethanol, more plants will have to be created to produce this alcohol to keep up with the demand. A chain reaction will…occur in creating more jobs.…This new fuel could have a colossal affect on the United States’ economy [and] at the same time, [the] environment.” Zach Stubby, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas “Possibly the greatest industry to be affected by the 2005 Bipartisan Energy Bill is the agriculture industry. To produce 7.5 billion gallons of ethanol and bio diesel by 2012, 70 billion dollars worth of goods and services would be required. A great majority of that figure would come from labor on farms and money produced by the purchasing of grains and crop residue from farming operations to be used in the manufacture of ethanol and/or bio diesel. With a greater demand for the grains for making fuel, the economic structure within the business of agriculture would be greatly enhanced. Grain prices have been struggling over the last few years, with some bids reaching near all-time lows. With the greater demand created by the ethanol initiative, the low grain markets could have the capability of

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skyrocketing to their highest prices in years.” Josh Lingenfelter, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas Some students felt that the legislation didn’t go far enough “The Energy Act of 2005 is a step in the right direction, but more steps are needed in order for the task to be completed. Instead of giving the major oil companies major tax breaks (when they already make billions of dollars a year), I believe we should use this same money to fund even more research towards new forms of renewable energy. We should promote the use of a variety of energies, not just one. Furthermore, the act also does not address the more immediate problem of high gas prices and foreign dependence. Congress should address these issues as well as the long-term issues. Government regulations on major oil companies would help to control the rising gas prices. Exxon Mobil, the world’s largest publicly traded company, [expects] to make over $40 billion this year. If government would cap the profits of major oil companies’ (in excess of over $7.5 billion a quarter), it would lower gas prices and put more money into the economy for smaller businesses and growing industries. Government might also mandate [that] any profit over the cap go straight into research for alternative energy, preservation of the environment, or improvements on existing technologies. These actions would address both our immediate problems and our long-term problems.” Luke Riebel, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas “[The Energy Policy Act of 2005] encourages citizens at every level to do their part to lower the consumption of fuel while at the same time [providing] personal incentives for those who participate. However, doing what is right for ethical reasons and doing what is right for personal gains will not be enough to solve our nation’s problem. If we are to face this nation’s gasoline shortage and make a true difference, action needs to be [mandated].” Jenna Mittelmeier, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas

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Brian had another suggestion “An action that the government can take to [prompt] this movement is to give rewards to students who choose a degree focusing on finding a new fuel source. Students with scientific ability and a creative mind [may respond to] this incentive and consider the possibilities. As of now, a job working with alternative fuels is not appealing and will not lure new scientists. If the government really wants a change in this area, it must actively pursue future workers and [entice potential] creators of the fuel of the future.” Brian Hutton, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas Ryan had strong objections to the bill “The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is a small step in energy-saving legislation and will have very little effect on our country’s dependency on foreign oil in the near future. The bill does provide funding for existing energy sources such as nuclear, coal and fossil fuel but, does not give significant money to encourage companies to really innovate and develop the technology for alternative energy. It appears the bill is intending to continue using the same sources of energy and either find more of it or, make it cheaper to obtain. As long as we continue to invest in the same old resources, we may never tap into the truly innovative alternatives and potentially life changing elimination of foreign oil. The legislation must be changed to accomplish this. There needs to be much more funding and cooperative efforts with the large energy companies, such as British Petroleum or Shell, to find cost effective alternatives. It will take billions and billions of dollars to develop the alternatives but if we are to end [our] dependency on foreign oil in my lifetime, we have to start now. This bill has clearly not provided the means necessary to accomplish such an objective.” Ryan Holleran, Calvert Hall College, Baltimore, Maryland

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Final Words Having thoroughly examined the situation and considered a plethora of options, students issued verdicts “People need to open their eyes and realize that the world is changing; our old ways are dying. There is a bright future ahead of us if we work together and brainstorm new ideas for technology. I believe that an alternative fuel is definitely needed. Petroleum oil is a dying resource; it is environmentally damaging to our atmosphere and has been directly linked to…global warming.” Brande Iseman, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas Some had harsh words for those who would resist change “Ignorance is winning the war on the energy crisis. I have an idea! Why don’t we all just go out and spray a bunch of aerosol cans just for fun! Who cares that it is damaging our ozone layer? Who cares that it can help destroy this planet? It isn’t like we have only one of them. This is why we have been coming up with cleaner ways of obtaining energy.” Nick Garrett, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas “Stop the drilling in the Arctic and preserve the wildlife! According to the Alaskan Wilderness League only five percent of the Arctic is not exposed to drilling. There is a 50 percent chance of finding 5.3 billion barrels of oil in the Artic, which amounts to a six month supply of oil.” Angglelia Sutjipto Townsend High School, Flushing, New York Most students felt alternative fuels were a cause for hope “Alternative fuels are a good idea. Most cost less, are better for the environment, are made from natural or biodegradable products, and reduce the dependence on imported oil.” Travis Prickett, McPherson High School, McPherson, Kansas

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“The world of alternative fuels is vast and confusing, but I like to think that what I have said here today made some sense and made alternative fuels less scary. We have entered a new millennium. The time for change is now. Alternative fuels are inevitable at this point, so, I figure why fight it; embrace it.” Clayton Abell, McPherson High School, McPherson, Kansas “I would choose to go with the alternative fuels and vehicles, but it is up to the people. The different fuels that we can use are already out there. The vehicles that aren’t out are coming out in years to come. They are finding more and more ways to replace gasoline with…alternative fuels.” Crystal Hendrix, McPherson High School, McPherson, Kansas Although Domingo spoke favorably of alternative fuels, he remained skeptical of their long-term success. “Overall, alternative vehicles are better for the earth. We are filling the air with greenhouse gasses and smog pollutants all the time. Every time the engine is cranked on a car it contributes to killing the ozone layer and destroying the atmosphere. A gallon of gas weighs just over six pounds by the time it is burnt and is put into the atmosphere. It produces nearly twenty pounds of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, I think if more of us start to use vehicles that take alternative fuels, we will just have to start relying on foreign supplies again.” Domingo Sanchez, McPherson High, McPherson, Kansas Peter contemplated the bigger picture “It is safe to say that no one alternative energy source is completely reliable.... However perhaps, a combination of various [sources] can lead to [a] solution.... Eventually we must come to a decision because fossil fuels are being depleted. And with our growing world and economy, they will be very soon.” Peter Li, Townsend Harris High School, Flushing, New York

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A few students arrived at specific recommendations “The US needs to find an alternative route to fuel production, and ethanol is a method that could help rural America extensively in addition to easing gas prices for the nation as a whole.” Josh Lingenfelter, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas “Yes, other fuel and energy sources may help in this battle. But given the timeline and the costs, ethanol and bio-diesel provide the best nation-wide solutions. All citizens are encouraged to cut energy use and costs – which, when added up, saves the nation as a whole. Solar energy, wind-power, hydro and nuclear energy provide some relief to the nation. However, if we are to become independent from foreign fuels and if we are to find a long-tern alternative, we must pursue real changes now. President Bush’s Energy Act of 2005 was a challenge to every American to do his part. Now it is time for us to do our part as a nation.” Bridgette Nelson, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas “More than anything else, the hope of a cleaner, more cost-efficient tomorrow lies in the hands of alternative fuel. To date, despite its downfalls, ethanol seems the most promising step in this direction. Ethanol is the promise of tomorrow. America, in turn, must dedicate itself to the production and consumption of ethanol to help preserve the well being of the world. We must begin now.” Jenna Mittelmeier, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas Brian sees the path ahead as clear and sure “The earth is a vast area with many different materials and resources that we should be able to find an alternative and use it to our benefit. A solution is not always going to be out in the open and easy to grasp. It may take a large group of people working together to find a concoction that we can use

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effectively as a fuel. Even everyday citizens can help by donating to companies that actively search for new possibilities in the fuel industry. This task is a huge one, but with all of us working together and trying to find another avenue to take, we will surely prevail and reach our goal.” Brian Hutton, Iola High School, Iola, Kansas And finally, a plea for compassion and enthusiasm in striving for reform “As we listen to the rumbling sounds of our engines in the morning, think of the magnificent and astounding rainforest that is being depleted. The crystal water in the streams and rivers may not be clean if the pollution does not stop. Alternative fuels are our best bet to survive. The ozone is striving to survive as well, and life as we know it will become more and more difficult if we do not try to do something about it.” Mindy Trisler, Burlington High School, Burlington, Kansas

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Participating Schools

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2006-2007 Harry Singer Foundation National Essay Contest

Camden Central High School Camden, Tennessee

Teacher: Wanda Allen

1st Lindsey Sroka

2nd Jenna French 3rd Ashley Henry

Missie Taylor HM Tyson Weller HM Kayla King HM

Justin Russell HM Sascha Hayes Rachel Beasley

Jake Lumpkin Ashley Hollingsworth

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Burlington High School Burlington, Kansas

Teacher: Devra Parker

1st Chris Hall 2nd Brande Iseman

3rd Andrew Askins 3rd Josh Ligenfellter

Bradley Dunlop HM Zach Stubby HM Mindy Trisler

Nick Garrett Leticia Werner Madelaiane Schmidt

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Townsend Harris High School Townsend, New York

Sophmores

Angglelia Sutjipto Peter Li

Calvert Hall College High School Baltimore, Maryland

Teacher: George Kropp

Zach Blake Michael McMonagle Ryan Holleran

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Maria Carrillo High School Santa Rosa, California

Yanran Lu 3rd

McPherson High School McPherson, Kansas

Teacher: Robin Long

1st Chrysalus Cofran 2nd Rhea Curran

Domingo Sanchez Trevor Schwendiman Natasha Catton

Austin Ensz Travis Prickett Sam Kleinsorge Clayton Abell

Holly Nelson Andrew Webster Crystal Hendrix

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Iola High School Iola, Kansas

Teacher: Loretta Arnold

1st Tyler Ringwald 2nd Brandy Groff

3rd Hannah Chambers

Lacee Olson HM Brian Hutton HM Luke Riebel

Jenna Mittelmeier Mark Cunningham Molly Stanley

Bridgette Nelson Luke Snavley

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Invitation to the 2006-2007 Harry Singer Foundation Essay Contest

Subject: Alternative Fuels Pros and Cons

First Prize = $200 Second Prize = $100 Third Prize = $ 75

Teens and older may enter. Essays may be no less than 750 words or more than 1,000 words in length. There are three categories:

(1) Three prizes will be awarded to every school that submits a minimum of ten qualifying entries.

(2) Schools with fewer than ten students submitting essays will have their essays merged with schools in the same situation.

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(3) Individuals will have their work displayed online and exceptional papers may be judged for prizes if merited as compared to all essays submitted.

Never will an essay be judged against more than 30 essays in any category.

All participants will receive certificates and their essays will be published online. A written request by a participant to be listed as anonymous will be honored.

Awards will be issued at the discretion of the Singer Foundation.

Papers may be emailed to staff@singerfoundation.org anytime before April 27, 2007. Teachers must get all material to us six weeks before the date they need the contest results. Entries will not be returned, and upon submittal become the property of the Harry Singer Foundation.

As a participant in this contest, your job is to conduct your own Internet research to discover the pros and cons of alternative fuels and the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Use the results of that research to support your decision that the Energy Policy Act of 2005 is a worthwhile policy or to substantiate your decision that more needs to be done and specify the more.

Alternatively, you may chose to research and write a paper in support of one of the key provisions you encountered in your reading of the Highlights of the Bipartisan Energy Bill and submit that as your entry.

We look forward to your participation.

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Required Reading

2006 - 2007 Alternative Fuels Essay Contest

How to Beat the High Cost of Gasoline. Forever!

Fortune Magazine Feb 6, 2006 Excerpts: pp 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 87

By Adam Lashinsky and Nelson D. Schwartz

Stop dreaming about hydrogen. Ethanol is the answer to the energy dilemma. It's clean and green and runs in today's cars. And in a generation, it could replace gas. You probably don't know it, but the answer to America's gasoline addiction could be under the hood of your car. More than five million Tauruses, Explorers, Stratuses, Suburbans, and other vehicles are already equipped with engines that can run on an energy source that costs less than gasoline, produces almost none of the emissions that cause global warming, and comes from the Midwest, not the Middle East.

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These lucky drivers need never pay for gasoline again--if only they could find this elusive fuel, called ethanol. Chemically, ethanol is identical to the grain alcohol you may have spiked the punch with in college. It also went into gasohol, that 1970s concoction that brings back memories of Jimmy Carter in a cardigan and outrageous subsidies from Washington. But while the chemistry is the same, the economics, technology, and politics of ethanol are profoundly different. Instead of coming exclusively from corn or sugar cane as it has up to now, thanks to biotech breakthroughs, the fuel can be made out of everything from prairie switch grass and wood chips to corn husks and other agricultural waste. This biomass-derived fuel is known as cellulosic ethanol. Whatever the source, burning ethanol instead of gasoline reduces carbon emissions by more than 80 percent while eliminating entirely the release of acid-rain-causing sulfur dioxide. Even the cautious Department of Energy predicts that ethanol could put a 30% dent in America's gasoline consumption by 2030. We may not have to wait that long. After decades of being merely an additive to gasoline, ethanol suddenly looks to be the stuff of a fuel revolution--and a pipe dream for futurists. An unlikely alliance of venture capitalists, Wall Streeters, auto makers, environmentalists, farmers, and, yes, politicians is doing more than just talk about ethanol's potential. They're putting real money into bio-refineries, car engines that switch effortlessly between gasoline and bio-fuels, and R&D to churn out ethanol more cheaply. (By the way, the reason motorists don't know about the five-million-plus ethanol-ready cars and trucks on the road is that until now Detroit never felt the need to tell them. Automakers quietly added the flex-fuel feature to get a break from fuel-economy standards.) What's more, powerful political lobbies in Washington that never used to concern themselves with botanical affairs are suddenly focusing on ethanol. ‘Energy dependence is America's

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economic, environmental, and security Achilles' heel,’ says Nathanael Greene of the Natural Resources Defense Council, a mainstream environmental group. National- security hawks agree. Says former CIA chief James Woolsey: ‘We've got a coalition of tree huggers, do-gooders, sodbusters, hawks, and evangelicals.’ (Yes, he did say evangelicals—some have found common ground with greens in the notion of environmental stewardship.) The next five years could see ethanol go from a mere sliver of the fuel pie to a major energy solution in a world where the cost of relying on a finite supply of oil is way too high. As that happens, says Vinod Khosla, a Silicon Valley venture capitalist who has become one of the nation's most influential ethanol advocates, ‘I'm absolutely convinced that without putting any more land under agriculture and without changing our food production, we can introduce enough ethanol in the U.S. to replace the majority of our petroleum use in cars and light trucks.’ Filling up on ethanol isn't new. Henry Ford's Model Ts ran on it. What's changing is the cost of distilling ethanol and the advantages it brings over rival fuels. Energy visionaries like to dream about hydrogen as the ultimate replacement for fossil fuels, but switching to it would mean a trillion-dollar upheaval--for new production and distribution systems, new fuel stations, and new cars. Not so with ethanol—today's gas stations can handle the most common mixture of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline, called E85, with minimal retrofitting. It takes about 30 percent more ethanol than gasoline to drive a mile, and the stuff is more corrosive, but building a car that's E85-ready adds only about $200 to the cost. Ethanol has already transformed one major economy: In Brazil nearly three-quarters of new cars can burn either ethanol or gasoline, whichever happens to be cheaper at the pump, and the nation has weaned itself off imported oil.

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And have you heard about GM's yellow gas caps? In the next few weeks the auto giant is set to unveil an unlikely marketing campaign drawing attention to E85 and its E85-ready cars and trucks like the Chevy Avalanche. They will sport special yellow gas caps, and if you already own such a vehicle, GM will send you a gas cap free. California governor and Hummer owner Arnold Schwarzenegger is backing a ballot initiative that would encourage service stations to offer ethanol at the pump. Even big oil companies like Royal Dutch Shell and Exxon Mobil are funding ethanol research. Says Beth Lowry, GM's vice president for energy and environment: ‘People's perception used to be The agricultural lobby is very interested in it. Now people are waking up and saying, This isn't just about the Midwest. This is about the U.S. as a whole. Adds Daniel Yergin, one of the country's top energy experts: ‘I don't think I've seen so many kinds of renewable energy fermenting and bubbling as right now. The very definition of oil is broadening.’ Not that ethanol will replace gasoline overnight. There are 170,000 service stations in the U.S.; only 587 (count 'em!) sell E85. To refine enough ethanol to replace the gas we burn (140 billion gallons a year) would require thousands of bio-refineries and hundreds of billions of dollars. Yet one of capitalism's favorite visionaries is convinced that very soon filling up on weeds and cornhusks will be no more remarkable than tanking up on regular. Says Richard Branson, whose Virgin Group is starting an ethanol-inspired subsidiary called Virgin Fuels: ‘This is the win-win fuel of the future.’ … How Brazil Beats The U.S. Near the prosperous farm town of Sertaozinho, some 200 miles north of Sao Paulo, the fuel that will fill the tanks of nearly three million Brazilian cars in a few months is still waist-high. Lush sugar-cane fields stretch as far as the eye can see, interrupted only by the towering white mills where the stalks of the plants will be turned into ethanol when the harvest begins in March.

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Brazil boasts the biggest economy south of Mexico, and with annual GDP growth of 2.6 percent, it is a powerhouse you might expect to consume growing amounts of oil, coal, and nuclear energy. But Brazil also happens to have the perfect geography for growing sugar cane, the most energy-rich ethanol feedstock known to science. And so, for Brazil's 16.5 million drivers, there is ready access to what's known in Portuguese as álcool at nearly all of the country's 34,000 gas stations. ‘Everyone talks about alternative fuels, but we're doing it,’ says Barry Engle, president of Ford Brazil. Ethanol accounts for more than 40 percent of the fuel Brazilians use in their cars. While oil frequently has to be shipped halfway around the world before it's refined into gasoline, here the sugar cane grows right up to the gates of Sertãozinho's Santa Elisa mill, where it will be made into ethanol. There's very little waste--leftovers are burned to produce electricity for Santa Elisa and the local electrical grid. ‘The maximum distance from farm to mill is about 25 miles,’ says Fernando Ribeiro, secretary general of Unica, the trade association that represents Brazilian sugar-cane growers. ‘It's very, very efficient in terms of energy use.’ Although Brazilians have driven some cars that run exclusively on ethanol since 1979, the introduction three years ago of new engines that let drivers switch between ethanol and gasoline has transformed what was once an economic niche into the planet's leading example of renewable fuels. Ford exhibited the first prototype of what came to be known as a flex-fuel engine in 2002; soon VW marketed a flex-fuel car. Ford's Engle says flex-fuel technology helps avoid problems that had plagued ethanol cars, such as balky starts on cold mornings, weak pickup, and corrosion. Consumers loved flex-fuel because it meant not having to choose between ethanol and gas models—memories were still fresh of the 1990 sugar-cane shortage, when ethanol-car owners found themselves, well, out of gas. Today ‘nobody would buy

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an alcohol-only car, even with tax incentives,’ says sales manager Rogerio Beraldo of Green Automoveis, a sprawling dealership in São Paulo. ‘Brazilians are traumatized by our earlier experience, when supplies ran out. But with flex-fuel, there's no risk of that.’ With Brazilian ethanol selling for 45 percent less per liter than gasoline in 2003 and 2004, flex-fuel cars caught on like iPods. In 2003, flex-fuel had 6 percent of the market for Brazilian-made cars, and automakers were expecting the technology's share to zoom to 30 percent in 2005. That proved wildly conservative: As of last December, 73 percent of cars sold in Brazil came with flex-fuel engines. There are now 1.3 million flex-fuel cars on the road. ‘I have never seen an automotive technology with that fast an adoption rate,’ says Engle. Ethanol's rise has had far-reaching effects on the economy. Not only does Brazil no longer have to import oil but an estimated $69 billion that would have gone to the Middle East or elsewhere has stayed in the country and is revitalizing once-depressed rural areas. More than 250 mills have sprouted in southeastern Brazil, and another 50 are under construction, at a cost of about $100 million each. Driving to lunch at his local churrasco barbecue spot in Sertãozinho, the head of the local sugar-cane growers' association points to one new business after another; from farm-equipment sellers to builders of boilers and other gear for the nearby mills. ‘My family has been in this business for 30 years, and this is the best it's been,’ says Manoel Carlos Ortolan. ‘There's even nouveaux riches.’ The key to Brazil's success is that consumers are choosing ethanol rather than being forced to buy it. Brazil's military dictators tried the latter approach in the 1970s and early 1980s, by offering tax breaks to build mills, ordering state-owned oil company Petrobras to sell ethanol at gas stations, and regulating prices at the pump. This bullying—and cheap oil in the 1990s—nearly killed the market for ethanol until flex-fuel came along.

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The regime wasn't good for much, says consultant Plinio Nastari, but it did create the distribution system that enables drivers to fill up on ethanol just about anywhere. Even though the U.S. will never be a sugar-cane powerhouse like Brazil, investors now view Rio as the future of fuel. ‘I hate to see the U.S. ten years behind Brazil, but that's probably about where we are,’ says one shrewd American freethinker, Ted Turner. … Cellulose Nirvana No one, not even a professionally optimistic VC, thinks we're anywhere near getting rid of gasoline. The oil superstructure is simply too efficient and too entrenched to just go away. Nor could corn ethanol generate enough fuel to run America's cars, pickups, and SUVs. Already ethanol gobbles up 14 percent of the country's corn production. Converting a bigger share into fuel would pinch the world's food supply—a favorite objection of skeptics. Critics also contend that producing fuel from crops consumes more energy than it yields. On this topic of endless Internet bickering, the Energy Department recently reported, ‘In terms of key energy and environmental benefits, cornstarch ethanol comes out clearly ahead of petroleum-based fuels, and tomorrow's cellulosic-based ethanol would do even better.’ Because cellulosic ethanol comes from cornstalks, grasses, tree bark--fibrous stuff that humans can't digest—it doesn't threaten the food supply at all. Cellulose is the carbohydrate that makes up the walls of plant cells. Researchers have figured out how to unlock the energy in such biomass by devising enzymes that convert cellulose into simpler sugars. Cellulose is abundant; ethanol from it is clean and can power an engine as effectively as gasoline. Plus, you don't have to reinvent cars. Ratcheting up production of cellulosic ethanol, however, is a gnarly engineering problem. The onus now is on companies like Genencor, a Palo Alto

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biotech. Its biological enzymes are used to break down stains in Tide detergent and achieve just the right distressed look in blue jeans. But making underpants whiter and denim bluer is nothing compared with breaking America's longstanding addiction to gasoline. The best way to do this would be to bring down the cost of ethanol to the point where consumers clamor for it. Before flex-fuel engines came along, Brazilians would mix their own rabo de galo (cocktail) of ethanol and gasoline when filling up, simply because it was cheaper than straight gas. Genencor says its enzymes have cut the cost of making a gallon of cellulosic ethanol from $5 five years ago to 20 cents today. Now refiners have to learn how to scale up production. Canada's Iogen is the furthest along in commercialization; another hopeful is BC International, a Dedham, Mass., company that's building a cellulosic ethanol plant in Louisiana. There's still a role for government—and we don't mean more handouts for corn growers or distillers. The recently enacted energy bill takes steps in the right direction, like mandating the use of 250 million gallons of cellulosic ethanol a year by 2013, but much more can be done. Easing the tariff of 54 cents per gallon on imports of ethanol from Brazil and other countries would certainly help. Because sugar cane generates far more ethanol per acre than corn, Brazil can produce ethanol more cheaply than the U.S. Not only would importing more of it broaden access to ethanol for U.S. buyers, but it would also make it cheaper for the ultimate consumers—us. That in turn would spur demand at the pump and encourage service station owners to offer ethanol more widely. What's also needed is for someone big—like Shell or BP, which tout themselves as green companies—to commit to cellulosic ethanol on a commercial scale. Shell's bet on Iogen is minuscule compared with the $20 billion it plans to spend on producing oil and gas off Russia's Sakhalin Island. Of course, the timing of when ethanol goes from dream to reality isn't just a matter of an investment here or a subsidy

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there. It took decades of ferment in Brazil before serendipity in the form of high gas prices and flex-fuel engines made ethanol an everyday choice for consumers. But the sooner we start, the greater our ability to shape a future that's not centered on increasingly expensive oil and gas. It's not as if gasoline demand is going to go down: As long as the Chinese and the Indians want our lifestyle--and they do--you can forget about oil at $10 or even $20 a barrel. Whatever the technological challenges, a world of abundant, clean ethanol is suddenly looking a lot more realistic than a return to the days of cheap, inexhaustible oil. ___________________________________________________

U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Highlights of the Bipartisan Energy Bill

The bipartisan Senate energy bill contains the following key provisions to increase production, increase conservation, diversify fuel supply and employ new technologies: Ethanol Creates an ethanol mandate requiring fuel manufacturers to use 7.5 billion gallons of ethanol in gasoline by 2012 – a move that will reduce oil consumption by 80,000 barrels of oil a day by 2012, according to Energy Information Administration. The Farm Bureau estimates that the ethanol provisions

Reduces crude oil imports by 2 billion barrels and reduce the outflow of dollars largely to foreign oil producers by $64 billion;

Creates 234,840 new jobs in all sectors of the U.S. economy;

Increases U.S. household income by $43 billion;

Adds $200 billion to GDP between 2005-2012;

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Creates $6 billion in new investment in renewable fuel production facilities; and results in the spending of $70 billion on goods and services required to produce 7.5 billion gallons of ethanol and biodiesel by 2012. Efficiency and Conservation in Home and Commercial Businesses: Creates ambitious efficiency and conservation program that sets first-time efficiency standards for 14 large appliances and raises the efficiency standards for others. Provides a total of $2.7 billion in tax incentives to encourage efficiency and conservation. These provisions will shave between 10 and 40 percent off the anticipated growth of energy demand by 2015. The American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy reports that these provisions will save 50,000 MW of peak electricity demand by 2020. That’s the equivalent of 170 300-MW power plants. Efficiency and conservation tax credits encourage the construction of energy-efficient offices and homes, the purchase of energy efficient heating and cooling systems and appliances. Expands an existing business solar investment tax credit from the current 10 percent to 30 percent for the purchase of solar equipment. A tax deduction equaling the cost of energy efficient equipment installed if the equipment reduces the energy and power consumption of a commercial building by 50 percent. Tax credits for the contractors of new energy efficient homes if the homes achieve an energy savings of 50 percent or more over the 2003 International Energy Conservation Code. Tax credits for the purchase of water heaters, heat pumps, air

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conditioners, furnaces and other equipment that achieve certain efficiency levels when purchased for residential properties. A new tax credit for manufacturers who produce highly energy-efficient dishwashers, clothes washers and refrigerators. 30 percent tax credit for the purchase of solar, photovoltaic and fuel cell properties for use in residences Efficiency and Conservation in Government Buildings The energy bill also provides long-term authorization of Energy Savings Performance Contracts, a program which provides incentives for energy-saving improvements in federal buildings. The energy bill helps state governments save energy, too, by authorizing grants to states with up-to-date building codes to increase compliance with those codes.

Fuel Efficiency Offers business and consumers tax credits for the purchase of alternative-fuel and hybrid vehicles. The value of the tax credit ranges from $2,000 for smaller, personal cars to $40,000 for the purchase of buses, etc. This conservation incentive alone totals $874 million. Provides a 30 percent credit (up to $30,000) for investments in alternative fuel refueling stations. Qualifying fuels include E-85, natural gas, hydrogen, and biodiesel, among others. The credit expires after December 31, 2007. Instructions to NHTSA to look for ways to improve Corporate Automobile Fuel Efficiency standards while taking into consideration the impact on automobile safety, jobs and the economy. Tougher requirements for federal alternative fuel fleets to ensure these vehicles actually use clean alternative fuels.

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Creates the joint flexible fuel hybrid vehicle commercialization initiative to improve technologies for the commercialization of hybrid/flexible fuel vehicles. The program is intended to reduce petroleum consumption by bringing new clean technologies to the market faster. Creates new programs to create railroad efficiency, aviation fuel conservation and emission reductions, reduce heavy engine idling times to reduce fuel consumption and pollution and to promote ultra-efficient energy technology for air crafts. Gives NHTSA more money to promote implementation and enforcement of fuel economy standards. Renewable Energy Provides $2.7 billion in production tax credits to encourage the production of clean renewable energies for wind, closed-loop biomass, open-loop biomass, geothermal, small irrigation power, landfill gas, and trash combustion. Expands the production tax credit to incremental hydropower. In addition, allows pass through of the credit to members of a cooperative. Authorizes the issuance of $800 million of tax-credit bonds before December 31, 2007 to support renewable investment by municipal power authorities, rural cooperatives and others. Hydropower Improves regulation on hydroelectric dams to allow for more hydroelectric power generation while preserving existing protections for fish and the environment.

Hydroelectric dams are the nation’s largest renewable energy source and account for 7 percent of America’s electricity supply. Nearly half of America’s non-federal dams need to be relicensed by 2020 – the provisions in the energy bill pave the

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way for that relicensing in a way that protects the environment and allows for input from the public and special interest groups. Electricity Modernization and Reliability Includes provisions to encourage the expansion and modernization of the electricity grid as well as new mandatory reliability rules designed to prevent future blackouts. Protects consumers by preventing the manipulation of gas and electricity prices and increasing the penalties for violating federal prohibitions against these crimes.

The bill authorizes FERC to proscribe rules necessary to protect price transparency. FERC can establish an electronic reporting system if existing price reporting is not adequate. It includes an explicit prohibition on filing false information and a tougher ban on general manipulation as well as increased penalties for violating the Federal Power Act. Protection for utility consumers in the Enron bankruptcy from unfair contract termination fees by authorizing FERC to determine those fees. Hydrogen The Senate Energy bill authorizes $3.7 billion over 5 years for hydrogen and fuel-cell research as well as infrastructure to support hydrogen-powered cars. If just 20 percent of cars used fuel cell technology, we could cut oil imports by 1.5 million barrels every day, according to the U.S. Fuel Cell Council. The bill creates a hydrogen research program in conjunction with federal labs, universities and auto manufacturers to design hydrogen cars. It authorizes the construction of nuclear reactor at the DOE Idaho National Laboratory which will generate both electricity and hydrogen which could be used as fuel in the hydrogen economy. Building a first-of-its-kind nuclear reactor to co-generate hydrogen will create 3,000 construction jobs and 500

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long-term, high-paying, high-tech jobs. (Nuclear Energy Institute) Hydrogen-powered cars reduce our reliance on foreign oil and protect our environment. With hydrogen fuel, a zero-emission car is possible. Safe and affordable hydrogen-powered fuel-cell vehicles would emit water vapor instead of exhaust fumes Two years ago, the President launched his Hydrogen Fuel Initiative to develop the technology to produce, store, and distribute hydrogen for use in fuel-cell vehicles. Hydrogen can be produced from domestic fossil, nuclear, or renewable resources. The authorization in the energy bill will add to the $440 million already spent on federal research. This investment is helping to move hydrogen fuel-cell cars from the laboratory to the showroom. Provisions in the energy bill will help overcome critical technology barriers in the production, transportation, storage, and use of hydrogen. Some barriers are already being overcome. While gasoline prices climb, hydrogen fuel is becoming more affordable. New technologies have driven the cost of natural gas-based hydrogen down from $5.00 per gallon in 2003 to $3.60 today The movement toward a hydrogen economy is gaining momentum in the United States. Five major energy companies have joined as partners in the President’s Freedom CAR and Hydrogen Fuel Initiatives. In addition, over 70 projects at universities and federal laboratories have been selected to conduct basic research in support of the hydrogen economy. The United States has also organized support from around the world for hydrogen technology. Sixteen nations and the European Commission have joined the U.S.-initiated International Partnership for The Hydrogen Economy, an

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international effort to collaborate on hydrogen research and establish global codes and standards necessary for all countries to realize competitively priced hydrogen vehicles and fueling infrastructure by 2020. The United States currently produces about 9 megatons of hydrogen per year, almost all of it by reforming natural gas. The Department of Energy estimates that by 2040 cars and light trucks powered by fuel cells will require about 150 megatons per year of hydrogen. The higher efficiency of fuel cells would dramatically improve the efficiency of future energy use. Today’s fuel cells achieve efficiencies of 60 percent compared to 22 percent for gasoline engines and 45 percent for diesel engines. Unlike electricity, which must be produced and used at the same rate, stored hydrogen can be stockpiled for much later use. Fuel cells can also supplement the conventional electric grid during periods of peak consumption. This approach could lead to lower electricity costs and a more reliable grid. Climate Change The bill creates a Climate Technology program that directs the Secretary of Energy to lead an inter-agency process to develop and implement a national climate technology strategy. It also establishes an executive branch Climate Coordinating Committee and Climate Credit Board to assess, approve and fund these projects. Using greenhouse gas intensity as a measure of success, the bill creates incentives for innovative technologies and encourages partnership with other developing nations. Nuclear Power Nuclear energy is the world's largest source of emission-free

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energy. Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants, such as sulfur and particulates, or greenhouse gases. The use of nuclear energy in place of other energy sources helps to keep the air clean, preserve the Earth's climate, avoid ground-level ozone formation and prevent acid rain. The bill has several provisions to ensure that nuclear energy remains a major component of the Nation’s energy supply. Nuclear power currently provides 20 percent of America’s electricity. It is our cheapest form of electricity, second only to hydropower. It one of our safest, most reliable and cleanest energies. The energy bill offers a 1.8 cent per kilowatt hour production tax credit for electricity produced by new nuclear power. This applies only to the first half dozen advanced nuclear power plants. It offers federal loan guarantees for innovative technologies—including new advanced nuclear reactors—that will diversify and increase energy supply while protecting the environment. These guarantees are available only for new technologies that provide clean energy and protect the environment. Those seeking guarantees pay into the U.S. Treasury a sum equal to the financial risk assessed by the CBO, thus not costing taxpayers a dime. Establishes standby support framework through the DOE for new nuclear plant construction against regulatory or judicial delays for six reactors. This standby support would cover the delay before plant is put into operation. Extends Price Anderson liability protection is extended through 2025 for both NRC licensees and DOE contractors. Creates a stand-by support program to ensure that consumers do not have to pay higher electricity bills because of unforeseen

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delays in the construction of new nuclear power plants due to bureaucratic red tape or litigation. The program insures the utilities for the cost of these delays. Provides for the export of high enriched uranium to Canada, Belgium, France, Germany or the Netherlands for the sole purpose of producing diagnostic and life saving medical isotopes until a low enriched uranium alternative is commercially viable and available. Requires the DOE to propose a permanent disposal facility to Congress for Greater Than Class C waste within one-year of Strengthens security of nuclear facilities, including improved federal oversight of plant security and the expansion of federal statutes for sabotage of nuclear facilities. Coal Coal is one of America’s most abundant resources. It accounts for more than half of our electricity and we have enough of it to last nearly three centuries. The energy bill creates a strong federal program to design and deploy clean coal technologies so America can use this vital resource while protecting our air and water. The clean coal program will help protect vital jobs in America’s coal states. It will help create 62,000 jobs, according to the Coal Utilization Research Council. The program ensures Americans new electricity that is abundant, reliable, affordable and cleaner than ever before. The bill includes tax incentives to encourage the construction of clean coal facilities, including a new 20 percent investment tax credit for clean coal facilities and a new 20 percent investment tax credit for coal gasification units that produce fuels and chemicals.

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Oil and Gas In the last three years, crude oil prices have gone up 171 percent, according to NYMEX. Gasoline prices have climbed 36 percent and diesel prices are up 55 percent, according to AAA. A prosperous economy and strong job sector requires affordable oil and gas. Strong domestic production of these energies is critical to keeping energy affordable. The energy bill includes provisions to streamline oil and gas development on existing federal lease sites to bring the fuels to market sooner. The bill permanently authorizes the Strategic Petroleum Reserve and authorizes the DOE Secretary to fill the reserve to 1 billion barrels. Calls for a DOI inventory of oil and gas resources on the Outer Continental Shelf to enable to the federal government to better assess the extent of these resources. Facilitates the construction of needed gas infrastructure by improving and streamlining the process to permit pipeline infrastructure with FERC as the lead agency and with a consolidated record Provides coastal impact assistance of $1 billion over four years to energy-producing states to encourage ongoing production by assisting in coastal enhancement and conservation programs. Ensures an adequate supply of natural gas in the coming years, including clarification of FERC’s exclusive authority to site LNG facilities. The bill further ensures supply by creating a clear process for sitting natural gas infrastructure such as pipelines and storage. Indian Energy Millions of acres of tribal lands are rich in diverse energy

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resources, including wind, hydropower, geothermal, solar, oil, gas and coal energies. The energy bill creates a legislative framework to help Indian tribes develop those resources in environmentally friendly ways without unnecessary bureaucratic red tape. This empowers tribes to provide more energy resources to homes and business in Indian land, contribute energy to regional energy markets and create new jobs. The bill allows Indian tribes to propose to the Department of Interior Tribal Energy Resources Development Plans for the development of the tribe’s energy resources. Once DOI approves the plan, the Tribes can enter into leases and business agreements with private companies for the development of their energy resources within that plan. Creates in the Department of Energy the Office of Indian Energy Policy and Programs to assist Indian tribes in developing their tribal energy resources. Provides grants, low-interest loans and loan guarantees to tribes to promote energy resource development. Authorizes $20 million annually for this program. Requires complete compliance with existing state and federal environmental laws. Geothermal Geothermal energy is an abundant energy in various parts of the country that is under-utilized. Geothermal energy is clean, renewable and, in countries like Iceland, is a primary source of energy. The energy bill creates a competitive geothermal leasing program that allows the private sector – not just government geologists – to identify geothermal areas for leasing. The program is intended to bring geothermal energy to the market

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sooner. The bill also includes incentives to counties to encourage geothermal development by allowing them to keep a percentage of the royalties from that development. Oil Shale and Tar Sands The U.S. Geological Survey estimates the United States has 2 trillion barrels of oil locked in oil shale, primarily in western states. The country has an additional 80 billion barrels of oil in tar sands. The energy bill establishes of a task force to make recommendations on a national oil shale and tar sands leasing program. The bill creates an oil shale R&D program. The bill also directs the DOI Secretary to conduct a commercial lease sale for oil shale in states where the Secretary finds support and interest for doing so. ¨ ***************************************************Congressman Russ Carnahan...voted against the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (HR6). The bill passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 275 in favor, and 156 opposed. Below is Congressman Carnahan's Statement on the Act:

The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is not a step forward for our nation's energy policy. It does nothing to lower gasoline prices for consumers, does not implement viable, long-term provisions to keep energy prices low, fails to protect our environment and increases rather than reduces our dependence on foreign oil. This bill is a bad deal for taxpayers. It sends over $1 Billion directly to oil and gas companies who are currently reaping

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the largest profits of any corporation in American history, all while American families pay record prices at the pump. Meanwhile, the bill does little to encourage alternative energy sources in the United States. In fact, the United States Energy Department notes that it will increase, rather than decrease our dependence on foreign oil. This is an unfathomable course of action given our current situation in the Middle East. Further, the bill does absolutely nothing to address greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. We should be rewarding manufacturers and consumers of hybrid vehicles, not wealthy oil and gas companies. The bill that passed the House today is completely unacceptable and that is why I could not support it.’ Russ Carnahan was elected on November 4, 2004 to represent the citizens of Missouri's 3rd Congressional District in the 109th United States Congress. The 3rd Congressional District includes parts of St. Louis City and St. Louis County, as well as all of Jefferson and Ste. Genevieve Counties. ************************************************

N.B. Be more specific in your own arguments against the legislation than Congressman Canahan was in the press release above.All assertions should be backed with facts and reasoning.

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Questions & Answers

2006-7 Alternative Fuels Essay Contest

Q1- Gassahol is a byproduct exclusively from Corn and Sugar Cane whereas cellulosic ethanol can be produced from agricultural waste such as prairie, wood chips and Corn Husk. Gasohol is a byproduct exclusively from gasoline and ethanol whereas cellulosic ethanol can be produced from agricultural waste such as prairie switch-grass, woodchips, and cornhusks. Q2- Why did makers produce cars that could operate using ethanol as well as gasoline before there was an adequate number of service stations that could provide ethanol? Many car companies are doing it for future investment reasons. Automakers quietly added the flex-fuel feature to get a break form fuel- economy standards

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Auto makers produced cars that could operate using ethanol as well as gasoline before there was an adequate number of service stations that could provide ethanol because ethanol gasoline cannot replace gasoline overnight. To refine enough ethanol replace the gas we burn would require thousands of bio-refineries and hundreds of billions of dollars. Auto makers produced cars that could operate using ethanol as well as gasoline before there were an adequate number of service stations that could provide ethanol because gasoline was expensive and people needed a cheaper means of transportation. Auto makers produced cars that can run on both gasoline as well as ethanol so the people will start seeing that this is a nation-wide issue, not just a concern of the Midwest. Another reason for this is to broaden the production and research of ethanol. Because they are getting ready for a change, so if you’re not around an ethanol station, you can still get gasoline. The automakers produced flex-fuel cars so that when ethanol becomes a more popular means of fuel, the cars will be able to run using that gas. Also, at the gas stations that sell the fuel the flex-fuel car owners will be able to save money by buying ethanol. In Brazil, the flex-fuel engines helped avoid problems that plagued ethanol cars, such as; balky starts on cold mornings, weak pickup, and corrosion. In addition, the automakers were able to get a break from fuel-economy standards. To get a break from fuel-economy standards 3. When were the first cars produced that were capable of using ethanol? • 1812

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Q4- In a paragraph, describe Brazil’s experience with ethanol. What did the Fortune article claim was Brazil’s key to success? Brazil’s key to success was having good soil for producing crops and citizens who wanted the change from gasoline to ethanol. Brazil’s consumers slowly weaned themselves off gasoline, not by force, but by making it cheaper. The transition actually helped their economy Brazil has one of the best climates to grow sugar cane, which is the best known substance to make ethanol. A shortage of gas caused one of the biggest scares Brazil had ever seen. That started them making ethanol, and now they can rely on themselves for fuel needs. It keeps the money in Brazil instead of going to other countries like Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Now they are making money and do not have to rely on anyone else. The key to Brazil's success is that consumers are choosing ethanol rather than being forced to buy ethanol. Brazil's military dictators tried the latter approach in the 1970s and early 1980s, by offering tax breaks to build mills, ordering state-owned oil company Petrobras to sell ethanol at gas stations, and regulating prices at the pump. This bullying--and cheap oil in the 1990s--nearly killed the market for ethanol until flex-fuel came along. Brazil has over 1.3 million cars running on ethanol now. However, in the late 1970’s, when the government started trying to force ethanol with tax incentives, demand for it decreased and almost destroyed the market for ethanol before it began. The secret to Brazil’s success is having a high supply of ethanol and many stations to supply the consumer with ethanol. Forty percent of the fuel used in Brazil is ethanol. Brazilians are able to use fuel from their own country because of this.

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Extra energy is used for electricity. . Brazil has the most perfect climate for growing sugar cane and sugar cane is the most energy-rich ethanol ingredient that science knows. What isn’t used for fuel is burned to produce electricity. The advantage to burning this for electricity is that farms can mill up to a maximum of 25 miles out of town. Brazil has successfully made ethanol a widely used fuel. Its conversion from gasoline to ethanol was not smooth, however. Originally, the military dictators of Brazil tried to “force” ethanol use upon Brazilians. This, along with a drought in the 1990s, almost destroyed the market for ethanol. The development of flex-fuel came along and saved the industry. The key to Brazil’s success today is that Brazilians are willingly using ethanol and are not being forced. Brazil’s 16.5 million drivers have ready access to nearly all 34,000 gas stations. Consumers loved flex-fuel because they didn’t have to choose between ethanol or gas models. With Brazilian ethanol selling for 45% less per liter than gasoline in 2003 and 2004, flex-fuel cars caught on like iPods. Brazilian-made cars were 6% of the market for flex-fuel in 2003. In 2005 flex-fuel engines were installed in 73 percent of the cars sold in Brazil. Money that would have gone elsewhere has stayed in the country and is fortifying rural areas. The economy has improved because they do not have to import oil into their country any longer. They have the best stuff to make ethanol with. They have sugar cane growing right up to their doorsteps and what they don’t use for fuel they burn for electricity. Their annual GDP rises 2.6 percent. Flex Fuel Vehicles really helped them. They can use gasoline or ethanol they have a choice. Brazil’s ethanol industry has flourished, mainly due to great

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sugar cane crops and vast availability at gas stations. The ethanol is produced nearly everywhere in the country, so there is not much shipping that needs to be done. Since the ethanol is produced in the country, billions of dollars are saved on imported oils. Brazil’s experience with ethanol consisted of being a powerhouse that consumes growing amounts of oil, coal, and nuclear energy with a perfect geography for ethanol material production. The rich sugar cane fields that make up Brazil’s geography are able to be fully cultivated. Ethanol slowly crept into Brazil's mainstream of fuels and now accounts for 40% of the fuel used in Brazilian cars. In Brazil, 73% of the cars sold in 2005 came with flex-fuel engines. Also, Brazilian ethanol sold 45% less per liter than that of gasoline in 2003 and 2004. 5. What is the significance of a yellow gas cap? Yellow gas caps mark those cars with flex-fuel engines. The yellow gas cap represents the GMC vehicles that are ethanol use ready such as the Chevrolet Avalanche. The yellow gas cap draws attention to E85-ready vehicles. Q6- Describe bio-diesel. Bio-diesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable, safe, and ready-to-use fuel. Bio-degradable, non-toxic, few emissions when released. Renewable fuel for diesel engines derived from natural oils It is a bio-degradable nontoxic fuel that gives off little emission when burned. A bio-fuel produced through transesterification, a process in

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which organically- derived oils are combined with alcohol (ethanol or methanol) in the presence of a catalyst to form ethyl or methyl ester. It is a diesel substitute made from vegetable oils and animal fat. It runs cleaner and doesn’t pollute air as bad as regular diesel fuel. It has problems though in cold climates. Bio-diesel is an alternative fuel that performs like petroleum diesel while benefiting the environment and human health compared to diesel. Biodiesel is a new type of fuel for diesel engines that is both environmentally friendly and less expensive. Q7- Explain the term “flex-fuel engine”. What American manufacturer introduced the first prototype of a flex-fuel engine? A flex-fuel engine is one that can use both ethanol and gasoline. Henry Ford, an American auto-manufacturer, introduced the first prototype of a flex-fuel engine. Q8- Trace the progress of H.R. 6 for viewers to our web site. (dates introduced, amended, pass or rejected) It was introduced to the House of Representatives on April 18th 2005 and to the Senate on June 9th 2005. It passed on April 21st, 2005 in the House, and on June 28th, 2005 in the Senate. Final debates took place and it was finally passed on July 28th and 29th, 2005 by the House and the Senate, respectively. It was presented to the President on August 4th 2005, and signed by him on August 8th. On August 8, 2005, President Bush signed into law H.R. 6, the Energy Policy Act of 2005. EEI’s August 8 and July 29 news releases enact upon H.R. 6. Also, on October 25 and 26 EEI sponsored a conference for implementing the new Energy

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Policy Act. It has enhanced protection for electricity consumers and has encouraged energy efficiency and conservation. The EEI has identified the law’s implementation requirements and is responding to important rulemakings issued by the FERC, the DOE, and other regulatory agencies that are responsible for implementing the various provisions of the legislation. The Bill was signed Bush on August 8th, 2005. Congressman Russ Carnahan voted against the act. Passed with 275 in favor, and 156 opposed in the House of Representatives. Signed by President Bush on August 8th, 2005. Congressman Russ Carnahan voted against the act. Passed with 275 in favor, and 156 opposed in the House of Representatives. October 1, 2005: DOE Energy Efficiency Pilot Program Introduced November 7, 2005: DOE Deep Water Natural Gas Solicitation Proposed; DOE Guidelines of Transactions were Issued; DOE Study/ Reports on Benefits on Economic Dispatch Issued; DOE Report on Potential Hydropower Facilities Submitted On August 8, 2005, President Bush signed into law H.R.6, the Energy Policy Act of 2005. EEI’s August 8, and July 29 news release energy upon H.R. 6 Also on October 25 and 26 EEI sponsored a conference to implement the new Energy Policy Act. September 7, 2005- NHTSA Fuel Study Use introduced October 7, 2005- GSA was established August 8, 2006- DOE clean Coal Power initiative Report is due. It was introduced August 8,2005. It was passed in the House of Representatives by 275 for and 156 opposed.

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The energy bill ensures electric system liability. It extended the service date for renewable energy to December 31, 2007. It funds $5.1 billion for low income energy until 2007. Q9- What is the purpose of the fuel hybrid vehicle commercialization initiative? To improve technologies for commercialization in order to reduce petroleum consumption It is intended to reduce petroleum consumption by bringing new clean technologies to the market faster. The purpose of the fuel hybrid vehicle commercialization initiative is to reduce petroleum oil consumption by bringing alternative fuels to the market faster. It is intended to reduce the use of petroleum and bring new and improved technologies to the forefront. To slowly wean people off oil. To improve technology for commercialization in order to reduce petroleum consumption. The fuel hybrid initiative uses tax incentives to draw consumers to the environmentally friendly hybrid vehicles. Consumers may receive between $250 and $3,000 for purchasing a hybrid vehicle. They want us to buy the vehicles because it’s better for our planet. It will help our country financially if we can find better ways to fuel cars. To improve technologies for the commercialization of hybrid/ flexible fuel vehicles. The program is intended to reduce petroleum consumption by bringing new clean technologies to the market faster.

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Q10. What is the nation’s largest renewable resource? Water for hydropower. Hydroelectric dams [The following erroneous answers were examples of wishful thinking from students in states that would benefit if corn and coal played a larger role in energy production.] Corn Coal Q11- What is the purpose of the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative? The purpose of Hydrogen Fuel initiative is to reduce reliance of foreign oil, have zero emissions, and to develop technology to produce, store, and distribute hydrogen for use in fuel-cell vehicles. The Hydrogen Fuel Initiative aims to reverse America’s growing dependence on foreign oil by developing the technology needed for commercially viable hydrogen powered fuel cells. The purpose of the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative is to reduce America’s dependence on foreign oil. This would be done by developing new technology that would make hydrogen powered fuel cells marketable and available. Well one thing is it is better for our environment to have vehicles that produce no emissions. It is a source of energy that will never run out. The purpose of the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative was to develop technology to produce, store, and distribute hydrogen for use in fuel-cell vehicles in order to reduce reliance on foreign oil and protect our environment

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Q12- List seven items mentioned in the 2005 energy tax bill that taxpayers can claim as credits against their tax bills. -Water heaters -Heat pumps -Air Conditioners -Furnaces -Energy efficient home contractors -Hybrid Vehicles -Energy saving windows 1. A new hybrid gas-electric car or truck 2. Energy efficient windows or insulation 3. Solar powered water heating systems 4. Energy efficient appliances 5. Contractors who build energy efficient homes 6. Businesses who install solar power energy cells 7. Businesses who buy hybrid vehicles 1. Disposition of electric transmission property to implement FERC restructuring policy 2. Production tax credit for advanced nuclear power facilities 3. Electric transmission property treated as 15-year property 4. Nuclear decommissioning 5. 5-year net operating loss carryover for electric transmission equipment 6. Credit for investment in clean coal facilities 7. 84-month amortization for pollution control facilities 1) Tax credits will be given for energy efficient offices and homes. 2) A tax deduction equaling the cost of the energy saving equipment if it cuts the consumption by half. 3) There will be tax credits for the purchase of equipment that achieve certain energy levels. 4) There will also be one for manufacturers who produce highly efficient dishwashers, clothes washers, and refrigerators. 5) You can receive a thirty percent tax credit for purchasing solar, photovoltaic, and fuel cell properties in residences. 6) Gives tax credits for the purchase of alternative-fuel and hybrid vehicles

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(1) Tax credits for the contractors of new energy efficient homes if the homes achieve an energy savings of 50 percent or more over the 2003 International Energy Conservation Code. (2 )Tax credits for the purchase of water heaters, heat pumps, air conditioners, furnaces and other equipment that achieve certain efficiency levels when purchased for residential properties. (3) A new tax credit for manufacturers who produce highly energy-efficient dishwashers, clothes washers, and refrigerators. (4) 30 percent tax credit for the purchase of solar, photovoltaic and fuel cell properties for use in residences. (5) Offers to businesses and consumers tax credits for the purchase of alternative- fuel and hybrid vehicles. (6) Provides 30 percent credit for investments in alternative fuel refueling stations. (7) Provides $2.7 billion in production tax credits to encourage the production of clean renewable energies for wind, closed- loop biomass, geothermal, small irrigation power, landfill gases, and trash combustion. • Tax credits for the contractors of new energy efficient homes if the homes achieve an energy savings of 50% or more. •Tax credits for the purchase of water heaters, heat pumps, air conditioners, furnaces, and other equipment that achieve certain efficiency levels. • Tax credit for manufacturers who produce highly energy-efficient dishwashers, clothes washers, and refrigerators. •Tax credit for the purchase of solar, photovoltaic and fuel cell properties for use in residences. • A tax deduction equaling the cost of energy efficient equipment installed if the equipment reduces the energy and power consumption of a commercial building by 50%. • Expands an existing business solar investment tax credit from the current 10% to 30% for the purchase of solar equipment. •Efficiency and conservation tax credits encourage the construction of energy-efficient offices and homes, the purchase of energy efficient heating and cooling systems and appliances.

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References

Instructions We would like you to share your research with visitors to our web site. Please include the url, even of sites you don't use, and rate each of the sites you visit as follows:

Very informative--a (slight__ or heavy__) pro reform bias Very informative a (slight__or heavy__) anti reform bias Somewhat informative--a (slight__ or heavy__) pro reform bias Somewhat informative--a (slight__ or heavy__) anti reform bias Very little informative--a (slight__ or heavy__) pro reform bias Very little informative--a (slight__ or heavy__) anti reform bias

Kruszelnicki, K. (n.d.). Hydrogen car. Retrieved Apr. 03, 2006, from Karl Trek Web site: http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/trek/4wd/hydrogen.htm Very informative—a slight pro reform bias Marsha, W. (2001). Could hydrogen be the fuel of the future? Retrieved Apr. 03, 2006, from Sci-Tech Web site: http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/science/03/16/hydrogen.ca Very informative—a slight anti reform bias Carter, Dan; Darby,Dave; Hallé,Jon; Hu,nt Phillip. How To

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Make Biodiesel-Great Britain, Low-Impact Living Initiative, 2005. This website was very informative--a (slight) pro reform bias The Energy Bill June 2002. 11 April 2007. http://www.energyjustice.net/energybill/#p This website was very informative-- a (heavy) anti reform bias Natural Resources Defense Council. Do Something 4-11-07 http://www.greendaynrdc.com/ Somewhat informative-- a (heavy) anti reform bias Skach, Sky. Biodiesel: Drawbacks 11 April 2007. http://www.uoregon.edu/~sskach/index.html Very little information-- a (slight) pro reform bias United States. Alaska Wilderness League. Oil Drilling 4-11-07. http://www.alaskawild.org/index.htm Very informative-- a (slight) anti reform bias United States. National Biodiesel Board. Fact Sheets 4-11-07 http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/fuelfactsheets/default.shtm Very informative-- a (slight) pro reform bias US Department of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Sources. Frequently Asked Questions About Alternative Fuels 10-31-06 www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/ddown.cgi?afdc/FAQ/1/0/0 Very informative-- a (slight) pro reform bias White House President Signs Energy Policy Act 8-8-05 www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/08/20050808-6.html Very informative-- a (heavy) pro reform bias http://www.bankrate.com/brm/news/auto/20060522a1.asp Very informative- no bias http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005

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Very informative- no bias http://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_46/ Very informative- heavy pro-reform bias www.greenerchoices.org/products.cfm?product=alternat&pcat Somewhat informative- slightly pro-reform bias www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/analysis_publications/natbro/gasprices Informative, unbiased www.livescience.com/environment/060126_ethanol_better.html Very informative, unbiased http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/altfuels/altfuels.htm Very informative, somewhat biased toward reform http://www.eere.energy.gov Very informative http://www.ilcorn.org/Ethanol/ethanol.html Very informative www.ford.com/en/vehicles/specialtyVehicles/environmental/ethanol.htm Somewhat informative Energy Policy Act of 2005 Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. MediaWiki. 2006. The given document was the most helpful. Berman, Bradley. Pros & Cons of Ethanol. Nov27, 2006. http://www.hybridcars.com/ethanol/benefits-drawbacks.html Very informative. Pro reform bias Hannity, Sean. Ethanol Pros and Cons?. June 29, 2005. www.hannity.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-14622.html Somewhat informative. Slight anti reform bias Osborn, D. Can We Grow Our Way Out Of An Energy Crisis?

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Buffalo Reflex. 12/13/06 http://www.zwire.com/site/news Somewhat informative. Slight anti-reform bias www.energycommerce.house.gov Very informative. Pro reform bias and Con reform bias. http://www.eei.org/industry_issues/electricity_policy/federal_ legistlation/congress_passes_bill.pdf Very informative. Neither pro or con, strictly informative. www.eei.org/newsroom/press_releases/050808.htm Fairly informative. Strictly informative www.ultrasonicsystems.com/ultrasonics/biodiesel_transesterification Fairly informative. Pro reform bias. http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/altfuels.html Very informative www.eei.org/industry_issues/electricty_policy/federal_legislation/index.htm Somewhat informative Pros and Cons of Ethanol. 2006 Yahoo! Inc. 13 Dec. 2006 .http://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_46/ Somewhat Informative The White House President George W. Bush. August 8.2005 www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/08/20050808-6.html Very useful Osborn, Donna. Can We Grow Our Way Out Of An Energy Crisis? Dec 13, 2006 http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?BRD=1815&dept_id=516608&newsid=17585106&PAG=461&rfi=9 Somewhat informative with slight anti reform bias www.eei.org/industry_issues/electricity_policy/federal_legislation/index.htm

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Somewhat informative--a heavy pro reform bias www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060131-6.html Somewhat informative--a moderate pro reform bias http://www.hybridcars.com/hydrogen/overview.html Somewhat informative http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/current.shtml Somewhat informative www.ecotravel.org.ok/fuels_3/htm Very informative http://environment.about.com Very informative www.energy.gov/taxbreaks.htm Very informative www.usda.gov/energyandenvironment/altFuel/faq.htm Somewhat informative www.eia.doe.gov/fuelalternate.html little information www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/08/20050808-6.html Very informative www.biodiesel.com Very informative http://sln.fi.edu/inquirer/hydrocar.html http://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_46 http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=1718746&page=1

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http://www.americanenergysecurity.org Very informative http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/issues_trends/fig1.html Somewhat informative www.ford.com www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/activitybook/fs-biodiese/.html Very informative www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/current.shtml Very informative www.BCSEA.org Somewhat informative www.ethanolsites.com Somewhat informative www.naturalgasfacts.org Somewhat informative http://www.alternativefuelsracing.com Somewhat informative http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alternative_fuels Somewhat informative http://www.eia.doe.gov http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vegatable_oil_used_as_fuel www.cecarf.org/programs/fuels/fuelfacts/fossilfuelfacts.html Somewhat informative www.abc.go.com/Technology/story?id=1718746&page=1

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Somewhat informative www.e85.whipnet.net/yellow/methanol.htm Somewhat informativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol#As_a_fuel Somewhat informative www.ethanol.org/howethanol.html Very informative http://ezinearticles.com/?E85-Ethanol-And-Your-Old-Car&id=216452 Very informative http://forums.nasioc.com/forums/showthread.php?t=803341 Very informative Alternative Fuels Data Center, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy March 8, 2006. U.S. Department of Energy. http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/ Very informative State of Union Address by the President, George Bush. http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2006/ Somewhat informative The Brazilian Ethanol Program, Prof. Emilio Lebre La Rovere. www.renewables2004.de/ppt/Presentation4-SessionIVB(11-12.30h)-LaRovere.pdf Very informative More Brazilian Drivers Turn to Ethanol, Todd Benson, The New York Times: October 20, 2004. http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/rdip/cal/lectures/Bresil_ethanol.htm Very informative Fuel Cell Technologies Advantages & Benefits of Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technologies. 2002. Fuel Cell Markets Ltd Oct 24,06

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www.fuelcellmarkets.com/article_flat.fcm?subsite=1&articleid=663 Very informative What Is a Fuel Cell? Hydrogen Fuel Cells. Oct. 24, 2006. http://www.bullnet.co.uk/shops/test/hydrogen.htm Very informative http://www.answers.com/topic/energy-crisis Very informative- a Slight Pro Reform Bias http://www.ferc.gov/legal/maj-ord-reg/fed-sta/ene-pol-act.asp Very little information- Heavy Pro Reform Bias Fuel and Fuel Additives http://www.epa.gov/oms/consumer/fuels/altfuels/altfuels.htm Very little information Alternative Fuels http://www.ncsl.org/programs/energy/ALTFUEL.htm Very informative Alternative Fuels http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel Somewhat informative Alternative Fuels http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/current.shtml Alternative Fuel Vehicle Group 2006. Alexander Communications Group, Inc.. 2 Apr. 2006 http://www.altfuels.com/ Very little information Brown, Lester R. The World Watch Reader: On Environmental Issues. New York: Norton, 1991. 97-105. Somewhat Informative

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Noe, Garry. The Alternative- fuel Vehicle Directory. Jan. 27, 2001. April 2, 2006 http://facultystaff.vwc.edu/~gnoe/avd.htm . Very Informative http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/ethanol.html Somewhat informative) very pro reform bios http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/ethanol.html Somewhat informative- very pro reform bias http://healthandenergy.com/ethanol.htm Very informative- very pro reform bias www. library.thinkquest.org Very informative heavy bias www-erd.llnl.gov Very informative none bias http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/hev/about.html Very informative, heavy pro reform bias http://www.energy.gov/taxbreaks.htm Some what informative, no side taken http://www.eere.energy.gov/ Some what informative, slight pro reform bias www.biodiesel.org/resources/biodiesel_basics/default.shtm Very informative, heavy pro reform bias http://www.altfuels.com/. Heavy pro reform bias. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel. Slight pro reform bias.

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www.answerbag.com/c_view.php/1074 Very informative www.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php Somewhat informative Alternative Fuels Data Center Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. 8 Mar. 2006. U.S. Department of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/ Very Informative Noe, Garry. The Alternative- fuel Vehicle Directory Apr. 2006 http://facultystaff.vwc.edu/~gnoe/avd.htm Very Informative Alternative Fuel Vehicle Group 2006. Alexander CommunicationsGroup, Inc.. April. 2006 http://www.altfuels.com/ Very Little nformation Alternative Fuel Vehicles. 2006. 2 Apr. 2006 http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/current.shtml Somewhat informative www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061026/AUTSlight pro reform bias. http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/current.shtml. Heavy pro reform bias Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) and High-Efficiency Vehicles. 3 Mar. 2006. California Energy Commission. http://www.energy.ca.gov/afvs/ Somewhat informative Alternative Fuels Fuels and Fuel Additives. 7 Mar. 2006.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/altfuels/altfuels.htm. Very informative Alternative Fuels for Vehicles. 2006 General Motors Corporation. 2 Apr. 2006 http://www.gm.com/automotive/innovations/altfuel/fueling/ Very Little Informative Bilgen, S. and K. Kaygusuz, Renewable Energy for a Clean and Sustainable Future, Energy Sources 26, 1119 (2004). Parsons, Gray L., Alternative Energy: Resources from Coal to Wind, ACRL. 2 April 2007. www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2005/january05/alternateenergy.htm Very informative www.doi.gov/iepa/EnergyPolicyActof2005.pdf Somewhat informative

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More about the Harry Singer Foundation

The Harry Singer Foundation is a national non-profit 501(c) 3 private operating foundation (IRC: 4942 j 3) located in Carmel, California whose purpose is to promote responsibility and involve people more fully in public policy and their communities. It was founded in 1987. It actively conducts programs, and is not a grant-making foundation.

The Foundation invites participants of all ages and countries to participate in its programs but has been concentrating on young people because they are open and eager to learn, are not saddled with a myriad of other social responsibilities, (like raising a family and making their own living), and they will be around the longest and therefore have the best opportunity to make their projects work. They are ideal experimenters because time is on their side.

Participation on our programs is through the Internet. We have been operating our programs on the Internet since the fall of 1994—ancient history in light of the Internet's growth since those early days. You may read this information and view our programs at www.singerfoundation.org.

We bring people together to network at our headquarters in Carmel, California. When participants come up with ideas, HSF provides the opportunity to put to the test, those ideas that garner the most

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enthusiastic response. We do this via Pilot Projects and interacting with grant-making entities and far-sighted businesses. Most businesses rightly have more than altruistic motives. They are concerned about maintaining a stable and growth-oriented economy as well as finding responsible future employees. Our projects inadvertently foster these aims as well as philanthropic goals.

Although HSF is an educational foundation it realizes it is not enough to think, write and talk about problems. HSF shows what ordinary people are capable of achieving. The objective is to find out what works within a desired framework. We know a pilot project has been successfully launched when it attracts enthusiastic volunteers that we call Champions. Those familiar with the Suzuki method of teaching music will understand when we analogize to the child begging the mother to turn over the child-sized violin she is playing. Champions are those whose enthusiasm leads them to volunteer to take over a pilot project that strikes their fancy. In the process they release their own unique pent up creativity while the Foundation continues to support them in their efforts to expand the project. Steve Platt, the Champion of Singer Kids4Kids is one example.

We also offer materials online, free of charge, which can be printed and used in the classroom or for individual education or research. The Workbook section of the HSF web site features data to encourage logical thinking and attention to the unintended consequences that often accompany government or personal solutions to perceived problems.

HSF believes that society has encouraged technology and management while neglecting principles. We need to consider not only can we do, but should we do. To that end you will find an introduction to the seldom taught subject of logic in this section along with frequently updated ethical dilemmas.

The Harry Singer Foundation mission is to prepare participants for a future where there may be less government and a weaker safety net. Such a future would require greater individual character, responsibility and knowledge. There may be a need for responsible people able to care for themselves and their less fortunate neighbors.

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Before one can either reflect or help others, one must survive. HSF has archived the thoughts of teens over a twenty year period in the Teens Speak Out and the Archived by State forums as well as in the published books that resulted from 41 of the 46 essay contests it conducted between 1988 and 2007. Although many of these teen authors now are adults with children of their own, their reflections are relevant to today's youth who must learn to make successful personal and social choices regarding their own ideology and their careers. They too must withstand the peer pressure of gangs, violence, irresponsible sex and addictive substances. People change but the social issues remain.

The Harry Singer Foundation Board of Directors has promoted programs that provide information and teach people how to think, but not what to think, until they have looked at more than one side of any question. After research and analysis, program participants are expected to form their own opinions.

Advisory Board members are championing programs that often take participants into their communities to learn in the real world. We hope that you, as part of that real world, will join us to help make the United States and the world a stronger and better place to live, for this generation and generations to come.

We invite you to explore our newly renovated web site; www.singerfoundation.org. We look forward to your comments and participation and will be happy to provide additional information and respond to questions.

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