AlternativeAlternative fuelsfuels

Is there life after petroleum?Is there life after petroleum?

Hubbert’s Peak theoryHubbert’s Peak theory

When will the peak take When will the peak take place?place?

U.S oil production peakU.S oil production peak Peak of world oilified discoveriesPeak of world oilified discoveries Hubbert´s estimation for world peakHubbert´s estimation for world peak Nowadays, the facts areNowadays, the facts are

Oil production in decline in 33 out of 48Oil production in decline in 33 out of 48 2 out of 3 largest oil fields have peaked2 out of 3 largest oil fields have peaked

Classification of Alt. fuelsClassification of Alt. fuels

Gasoline type biofuelsGasoline type biofuels Diesel type biofuelsDiesel type biofuels Other types of internal combustionOther types of internal combustion External combustionExternal combustion No combustionNo combustion

Gasoline type biofuelsGasoline type biofuels

EthanolEthanol ButhanolButhanol MethanolMethanol P-SeriesP-Series HydrogenHydrogen

Diesel type biofuelsDiesel type biofuels

Vegetable oilsVegetable oils Waste vegetable oilsWaste vegetable oils Straight vegetable oilsStraight vegetable oils

BiodieselBiodiesel

Other types of internal Other types of internal combustioncombustion

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) PropanePropane SynfuelSynfuel

External combustionExternal combustion

SteamSteam Organic wasteOrganic waste

No combustionNo combustion

ElectricElectric Solar cell carsSolar cell cars

BioEthanolBioEthanol

Alcohol product produced from corn, Alcohol product produced from corn, sorghum, potatoes, wheat, sugar cane, sorghum, potatoes, wheat, sugar cane, even biomass such as cornstalks and even biomass such as cornstalks and vegetable waste. vegetable waste.

Use in combustion enginesUse in combustion engines

Hydrous ethanolHydrous ethanol

Anhydrous (or dehydrated) ethanol Anhydrous (or dehydrated) ethanol

ETBE ETBE

BioEthanolBioEthanol

BioEthanol - E100BioEthanol - E100 Modifications in the engine to use the Modifications in the engine to use the

BioEthanol as pure fuel BioEthanol as pure fuel To increase the relation of compression. To increase the relation of compression. To change the mixture of fuel / air.To change the mixture of fuel / air. To place spark plugs resistant to major To place spark plugs resistant to major

temperatures and pressures. temperatures and pressures. To place conduits resistant to the assault of To place conduits resistant to the assault of

tar after caulking.tar after caulking. To add a mechanism that should facilitate To add a mechanism that should facilitate

the take-off in cold. the take-off in cold.

Domestically producedDomestically produced Burns 10 % more efficiently than gasolineBurns 10 % more efficiently than gasoline FFVs are available and becoming more FFVs are available and becoming more

affordable.affordable.

BioEthanol - BioEthanol - PROsPROs

Less energy content than gasoline. Less energy content than gasoline. Fueling stations yet difficult to findFueling stations yet difficult to find.. Production is yet limited.Production is yet limited. Infraestructure for fueling and distribution Infraestructure for fueling and distribution

is yet insuffficient.is yet insuffficient.

BioEthanol - BioEthanol - CONsCONs

Example of BioEthanol : Example of BioEthanol : Focus FFVFocus FFV

1.8-litre engine1.8-litre engine Produces 70 % less carbon dioxide than its Produces 70 % less carbon dioxide than its

petrol equivalentpetrol equivalent.. It develops 123 bhpIt develops 123 bhp.. Fuel E85 is a mixture of ethanol (85%) and Fuel E85 is a mixture of ethanol (85%) and

petrolpetrol ( (15% 15% ).). Price: Price: 193 973 SEK193 973 SEK

HydrogenHydrogen

Is the lightest elementIs the lightest element Is the most abundant element in the Is the most abundant element in the

UniverseUniverse Is not a direct energy sourceIs not a direct energy source It can be obtained by means of solar It can be obtained by means of solar

energy, eolic or hidraulic electricity.energy, eolic or hidraulic electricity. Nowadays 95% is obtained from fossil Nowadays 95% is obtained from fossil

fuelsfuels

Obtaining HydrogenObtaining Hydrogen

Reformed with steamReformed with steam CHCH4 4 + H+ H22O CO + 3HO CO + 3H22

CO + HCO + H22O COO CO22 + H + H22

Water electrolysisWater electrolysis HH22O + Power HO + Power H22 + 1/2O + 1/2O22

PhotoelectrolysisPhotoelectrolysis

Obtaining HydrogenObtaining Hydrogen

Using the biomasUsing the biomas Biomass gasificationBiomass gasification PyrolysisPyrolysis

Photobiologic productionPhotobiologic production

Hydrogen production on board the Hydrogen production on board the vehiclevehicle

Using methanol as fuelUsing methanol as fuel

CHCH33OH + ½ OOH + ½ O2 2 COCO22 + 2 H + 2 H22

Using ethanol as fuelUsing ethanol as fuel

CHCH33CHCH22OH + 3HOH + 3H22O CO + COO CO + CO22 + 6H + 6H22

Obtaining HydrogenObtaining Hydrogen

Production cost of Production cost of hydrogenhydrogen

Use of hydrogen in Use of hydrogen in automotionautomotion

Hydrogen combustion in a MCIAHydrogen combustion in a MCIA

Fuel batteriesFuel batteries

Hydrogen combustion in Hydrogen combustion in a MCIAa MCIA

Mazda Rx8 HydrogenMazda Rx8 Hydrogen

Hydrogen combustion in Hydrogen combustion in a MCIAa MCIA

BMW 7 Series HydrogenBMW 7 Series Hydrogen

Fuel batteriesFuel batteries

Electrochemical systems where energy Electrochemical systems where energy from a chemical reaction is directlyfrom a chemical reaction is directly turned into electricity.turned into electricity.

Hydrogen + Oxigen =>Electricity + WaterHydrogen + Oxigen =>Electricity + Water

Advantages of using Advantages of using hydrogen as a fuelhydrogen as a fuel

Abundant element in the UniverseAbundant element in the Universe High efficiencyHigh efficiency Emission zero of pollutantsEmission zero of pollutants Low working temperatures and pressuresLow working temperatures and pressures Silent functioningSilent functioning

Disadvantages of using Disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuelhydrogen as a fuel

It is not a primary source.It is not a primary source. Obtaining pure hydrogen is really Obtaining pure hydrogen is really

expensive.expensive. High storage and supply costs.High storage and supply costs. High weight of fuel cells for the current High weight of fuel cells for the current

prototypesprototypes High energetic expense to liquefy the High energetic expense to liquefy the

hydrogenhydrogen

BioDieselBioDiesel

Diesel equivalent, processed fuel derived Diesel equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources.from biological sources.

It is composed by mono-alkyl esters It is composed by mono-alkyl esters made from the transesterification of both made from the transesterification of both vegetable oils and animal fats.vegetable oils and animal fats.

Glicerine is produced as a second Glicerine is produced as a second product.product.

Obtaining BiodieselObtaining Biodiesel

Sources for biodieselSources for biodiesel

Vegetable oilsVegetable oils Genetically modified vegetable oilsGenetically modified vegetable oils Waste vegetable oilsWaste vegetable oils Bad quality vegetable oilsBad quality vegetable oils

Comparison to petroleumComparison to petroleum

Carbon monoxide: -50%Carbon monoxide: -50% Carbon dioxide: -78%Carbon dioxide: -78% Nitrogen oxide: +20%Nitrogen oxide: +20%

BUT catalyc convertersBUT catalyc converters

Biodegradable and non-toxicBiodegradable and non-toxic

Natural GasNatural Gas

Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons, Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly methane (CHmainly methane (CH44).).

Other components: ethane, propane, Other components: ethane, propane, nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, water vapour,…hydrogen sulfide, water vapour,…

Production of natural gasProduction of natural gas

Water or sewage treatment.Water or sewage treatment. Gas wells.Gas wells. Crude oil productionCrude oil production

Use of natural gas as a Use of natural gas as a fuelfuel

Light-duty applicationsLight-duty applications Natural gas vehiclesNatural gas vehicles

Heavy-duty and medium-duty applicationsHeavy-duty and medium-duty applications Natural gas enginesNatural gas engines

Advantages of natural Advantages of natural gasgas

Carbon monoxide 90 %Carbon monoxide 90 % Nitrogen oxide 60 %Nitrogen oxide 60 % Carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) 30-40%Carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) 30-40% CO and particulate matter > 90 %CO and particulate matter > 90 % NOx > 50 %NOx > 50 %

ConclusionsConclusions

Our ignorance is not so vast as our failure Our ignorance is not so vast as our failure to use what we knowto use what we know

Marion King Hubbert (1903-1989)Marion King Hubbert (1903-1989)