alternative fuels based on renewable energy · ch 3oh h 2 co 2 h 2 fischer-tropsch (ft-product)...

Alternative Kraftstoffe auf Basis regenerativer EnergieAlternative Fuels Based on Renewable Energy

Bastian Lehrheuer

Fachkongress des Innovationsforums SolarChemieRTechnologiezentrum Jülich

17.01.2019

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0 %

20 %

40 %

60 %

80 %

100 %

1990 2020

GH

G e

mis

sion r

ela

tive t

o 1

990 /

%

2000 20302010 2040 2050

GHG REDUCTION ROADMAP OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Preventing rapid climate change requires dramatic reduction of GHG emissions in all sectors: transport, power, industry, household, farming

Source: European Commission, 2050 low-carbon economy, Climate Action

Alternative Fuels Based on Renewable Energy Bastian Lehrheuer | VKA RWTH Aachen University 17.01.2019 | Jülich

Power Sector

Residential & Tertiary

Industry

Non CO2 Agriculture

Transport

Non CO2 Other

2010 PolicyTotal GHG emission reduction

80% until 2050

40% until 2030

20% until 2020

Additional Targets 2020

Ratio of renewable energy 20%

Increase of energy efficiency 20%

Sector Targets 2050

Almost all electric power from regenerative sources (97%)

Transport: GHG -60%

78%

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SCENARIO TARGET FOR 2050: 60 % CO2 REDUCTION COMPARED TO 1990

Electrification considers

HEV and PHEV

BEV and FCEV

Vehicle efficiency increase

Vehicle and powertrain measures

MHEV

Shift to gasoline powered cars

Fuels from renewables blended to gasoline and diesel

30 vol-% of the liquid fuels in 2050

In Order to Achieve the Sectoral Targets, Synthetic Fuels Must Make a Significant Contribution

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

400

500

200

600

100

800

300

700

CO

2 e

mis

sions

/m

illio

n t

ons

-74%

-13%

-60%

-13%

Do nothing

EU 2050 target

EU 1990 level

Electrification

Fuels from renewables

Efficiency

Source: Lüdiger, T.; Wittler, M.; Nase, A VDMA study: Transformation of Powertrain – the electrification and its impact on the value added of vehicle powertrains by 2030, Frankfurt, 2018


of 27Alternative Fuels Based on Renewable EnergyBastian Lehrheuer | VKA RWTH Aachen University 17.01.2019 | Jülich

Sustainable Propulsion Systems Based on Renewable Energy Sources

----

H2

H2H2H2 O2

O2O2

O2

BEV& Plug-in Hybrids

Fuel Cell & H2 ICE

CO2

H2O2

CO2CO2

CO2

CO2

H2

H2O2O2

ICE with synthetic fuels

---

Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) and Plug-In Hybrids

H2 from electrolysis for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle and dedicated ICEs

Synthetic fuels for efficient and clean internal combustion engines

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6%

22%

24%

35%

13%


90 % OF IMPORTED PRIMARY ENERGY HAS TO BE RENEWABLE

Today~13.500 PJ total energy consumption

75% imported

Primary Energy Supply Germany:Energy Will Continue to be Imported

Scenario for 2050Target: 90% CO2 reduction 0 % lignite (or CCU)

Compensated by doubling/tripling renewable in Germany Expand wind and solar power, biomass etc.

Coal

Nuclear

Natural Gas

Renewable

Oil

Source: BMWi 30.07.2018 Energiedaten

75%

Imported Imported

Renewable tripled

Renewable doubled

Imported renewable


METHANOL AS BASE ELEMENT FOR MULTIPLE FUELS

Fluctuating Renewable Energie Ressources and Necessary Imports Require Chemical Storage (Power to X)

synthesis of raw elements

CO2 from industry

methanol

CO2/H2O from air

C/(CO2) from biomass

CH3OH

H2

CO2 H2

Fischer-Tropsch(FT-Product)

fermentation(Ethanol)

hydrogenation(HVO)

methanation(CH4)

Blending

MtG OME DMEButa-

nolOkta-

nolMeOH

Dual Fuel Flex Fuel

Gasoline Diesel

Advanced

Chemicals


EXEMPLARY OVERVIEW OF SYNTHETIC FUELS

High Variety of Synthetic Fuels from Renewable Resources for Gasoline and Diesel Engines

HVO

Hydrotreatedvegetable oils (HVO) can be synthesized from vegetable and animal fats

Methane

Methane is a gaseous, highly knock resistant fuel

DME/OME

DME is a gaseous diesel type fuel, OME are liquid diesel type fuels with very high oxygen content

The gasoline fraction of FT-fuel is LPG-like

FT-Fuel

Gasoline type fuels

The Diesel-fraction of FT-fuel is very similar to HVO

FT-FuelHigher

alcohols

Medium-chain length alcohols like 1-Octanol, can be blended in high amounts to FT-fuel and fossil Diesel

Diesel type fuels

Short Chain Alcohols

Short chain alcohols like methanol and ethanol are highly knock resistant liquid fuels

Low required hardware changes High


The Biggest Challenges to Achieve a High Share of Renewable Fuels on the Market are Fleet Compatibility, Costs, Fuel Availability and Legislation

Solution for usability in most vehicles to achieve well-to-wheel CO2 reduction quickly

Scale-up of well known production processes for renewable fuels

Decreasing production costs to become an attractive option for CO2

reduction

Adaption of fuel norm and consideration of CO2 incentive for industry and / or consumer

PARTICULARLY IN SHORT TO MEDIUM TERM PERSPECTIVE




HVO


Methane


DME/OME



FT-Fuel

Gasoline type fuels


FT-FuelHigher

alcohols


Diesel type fuels





Introducing Synthetic Diesel Fuel Could Lower the Well-to-Wheel CO2 Emissions Drastically on Current Vehicle Fleet

Unit EN590 Diesel80% Diesel

20% 1-Octanol

50% Diesel

50% 1-Octanol*1-Octanol

EN590

Limits

Boiling Range °C 180-350 180-350 180-350 195

Amount Evaporated 250°C % v/v 19.1 39.9 60.1 ~100 < 65

Amount Evaporated 350°C % v/v 94.7 95.8 97.35 ~100 > 85

Calorific Value MJ/kg 42.9 41.8 40.5 38.2

Density (15°C) kg/m3 834 835 836 837 820 - 845

CN / DCN* - 52.3 49.1 42.6 33.8 > 51

Oxygen Content % m/m 0.14 2.9 6.22 12.3

Vapor Pressure mbar <1 <1 <1

Kinematic Viscosity mm²/s 3 3.6 4.5 5.7 2 – 4.5

Enthalpy of Vaporization kJ/kg 358 412 460 562

Flame Point °C 78 79 80 81 > 55

* interpolated (mass/volume or molar quantities)


UP TO 90 % REDUCTION OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS

Additional to the CO2 Reduction Pollutant Emissions are Reduced Significantly

4-cylinder Diesel engine (OM651)

2143 cm³ Displacement

EURO VI Legislation

DOC and DPF Exhaust after treatment

High- and low pressure EGR

NEDC

CO

2 / g

/km

105110115120125

PN/1

011 /

km

01267

Diesel 20 % 1-Octanol 50 % 1-Octanol

NO

X / m

g/km

0255075

100

PM

/ m

g/km

0306090120

-85 %

-90 %

ENGINE-OUT EMISSIONS

TAILPIPE EMISSIONS


FULL CO2 REDUCTION POTENTIAL IF FOSSIL DIESEL IS SUBSTITUTED ENTIRELY

Conclusion from This Results: Alkane-Alcohol Blends Show High Emission Reduction Potential with Very Good Drop-In Capability

Alkane

n-Alcohol (> C5)

branched Alcohol


COMBINING WELL KNOWN PROCESSES

Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Coupled with Hydroformylationis a Technically Controllable and Scalable Process

Fischer-Tropsch Diesel(GtL, CtL, …)

420,000 Barrel/DayC10 – C15 Alkanes

Fischer - Tropsch

Hydrocracking> C20

Alkanes

C10 – C20

C5 – C9

< C4

CO / H2 Fischer - Tropsch

> C20

C10 – C20

C5 – C9

< C4

“Advanced-Fuel”C7 – C15 AlkanesC6 – C11 Alcohol

Hydroformylation

State of the art

Possibility

Gas, Coal

Electricity, Biomass, CO2

CO / H2

Alkanes + Alkenes


“HyFiT”- FUELS FOR ENGINE TESTING

Fischer Tropsch Synthesis in Combination with HydroformylationAllows a High Variability in Fuel Compositions

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Ceta

ne N

um

ber

Number of Carbon Atoms

HyFiT High,Ox HyFiTLow,Ox

Alkanes

1-Alcohol

Blend80/20,Low,Ox

Diesel

HyFiTLow,Ox

HyFiTHigh,Ox

Blend80/20,High,Ox

HyFiT High,Ox

Alcohol share = 40% m/m

Alkane share = 60% m/m max. alcohol share

Oxygen share = 6% m/m

2-Alcohol

HyFiTLow,Ox

Alkane share = 90% m/m max. alkane share

Oxygen share = 1.1% m/m

Blend Low,Ox


Blend High,Ox



FURTHER POTENTIAL BY OPTIMIZED ENGINE CALIBRATION

Vehicle Tests Confirm the High Emission Reduction Potential of the New “HyFiT”-Fuels

4-cylinder Diesel engine (OM651)

2143 cm³ Displacement

EURO VI Legislation (NEDC Calibration)

DOC and DPF Exhaust after treatment

High- and low pressure EGR

WLTC

0

100

200

300

400HC / mg/km

0

0.5

1

1.5

2CO / g/km

0

50

100

150

200NOX / mg/km

Diesel HyFiTOH, max Limits in WLTC

0

7.5

15

22.5

30Soot / mg/km

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0

50

100

150

200CO2/ g/kmParticle number

/ 1012


HyFiT Fuels: High Emission Reduction Potential, Closed Carbon Cycle and Drop-In Capability

0

10

20

30

Soot Raw Emissionsin WLTC in mg/km

-93%

Alkane

n-Alcohol (> C5)

branched Alcohol

ClosedCO2-Cycle

Renewable Energie

CO / H2

CO2

H2

CO2

ExistingVehicle Fleet

CO2 in Biomass

fossil DieselHyFiT-Diesel




HVO


Methane


DME/OME



FT-Fuel

Gasoline type fuels


FT-FuelHigher

alcohols


Diesel type fuels





VARIATION OF REL. AIR/FUEL-RATIO USING METHANOL

High Efficiency Improvement Using Methanol in a Lean Burn Gasoline Engine Current Status: Maximum Indicated Efficiency of 47.7% with Methanol

n = 2000 min -1; IMEP = 18 bar CR = 14.7; S/B = 1.2; p rail = 200 bar; SOI = 320° CA bTDC

Methanol

44

45

46

47

48i / %

5

10

15

20

25ign / ° CA bTDC

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0h50 / ° CA aTDC

BSFCoptimum for Methanol at 2000 min-1 and 18 bar IMEP

Maximum indicated efficiency achieved at λ = 1.78

0

5

10

15

20

Rel. air/fuel-ratio / 110.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

ISNO X / g/kWh

0

2

4

6

8


ISHC / g/kWh

0

2

4

6

8


ISCO / g/kWh

ηi=47.7%




HVO


Methane


DME/OME



FT-Fuel

Gasoline type fuels


FT-FuelHigher

alcohols


Diesel type fuels





FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH ON NEW RENEWABLE FUELS

Long Term Solutions:Bio-hybrid Fuels as Integration of Biomass, CO2 and H2 / e-

HVO


Methane


DME/OME



FT-Fuel

Gasoline type fuels


FT-FuelHigher

alcohols


Diesel type fuels




e-H2


The “Fuel Design Process” as an Integrated Approach between Propulsion and Production Technology

Thermo-physical properties• Density• Viscosity• Surface tension• Vapor pressure• ...

Combustion and emissions• Mixture formation• Ignition behavior• Emission formation• Lubrication• …

The Fuel Design Process

Molecular structures• Combustion mechanism• C/H/O content• Functional groups• Detailed connectivity• …Sustainability analysis

• Energy balance• (Eco-)Toxicity• Economics• Societal needs and

acceptance• …

Propulsion Production

W. Leitner, J. Klankermayer, S. Pischinger, H. Pitsch,K. Kohse-Höinghaus, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56 (2017) 5412–5452.

Synthetic processesPathway design

• (Bio-)catalysis• Reaction engineering• Systems process

engineering• ...

DEVELOPED AND ESTABLISHED IN EXC “TAILOR-MADE FUELS FROM BIOMASS”

of 27Alternative Fuels Based on Renewable Energy Bastian Lehrheuer | VKA RWTH Aachen University 17.01.2019 | Jülich

Vision of The New Cluster of Excellence“The Fuel Science Center” - FSC

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Direct conversion


FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH

Fuel Production:Adaptive Refinery Concepts

Region 1

Region 2 Region n

Modulardevices

1 year

20

40

0

1 month

20

40

0

1 day

20

40

0

Renewable Electricity / GW

1 year

“H2/e-“

bio chemo

electro

Integrated catalysis

Switchable catalyst systems

Integrated electrochemicalreaction and separation



Propulsion System:Highest Efficiency and Near-to-zero Pollutant Emissions

Dibutylether

0.00.51.01.52.0

Filter smoke number/ -

0255075

100HC emissions / ppm

35

40

45

50

55

Indicated specific NOX emissions / g/kWh0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75

Indicated efficiency/ %

DieselDiethoxymethane

Adaptive Molecularly Controlled Combustion

System

High reactivity fuel

Low reactivity fuel


Fuel Design and Sustainable Cross-sectorial Value Chains

Integrated Design Method for Sustainable Fuel-Based Mobility

Novel Fuel Value Chains

e-

H2



CONCLUSIONS

Short to Medium Term PerspectiveFleet compatibility, costs, fuel availability and legislation are biggest challenges

Energy import has to be taken into account sector coupling has to be part of the solution

Based on a few raw products multiple fuel options are possible

Combination of well-known fuel production pathways can already lead to significant improvement

Long Term PerspectiveFuel design helps to further improve efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions

Adaptive synthesis processes and combustion systems can cope with fluctuating renewable feedstocks

Bio-hybrid fuels combine advantages of bio-fuels and e-fuels

Alternative Fuels Based on Renewable Energy Are Essential to Achieve Sectoral GHG Reduction Targets and Minimum Pollutant Emissions

Thank you for your attention!Bastian LehrheuerCOO Cluster of Excellence „The Fuel Science Center“Chief Engineer Institute for Combustion Engines (VKA)

RWTH Aachen UniversityFuel Science CenterSchinkelstraße 852062 AachenTel.: +49 241 80 95352

E-Mail: [email protected]: www.vka.rwth-aachen.de / www.fuelcenter.rwth-aachen.deFollow us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/fuelsciencecenter

alternative fuels based on renewable energy · ch 3oh h 2 co 2 h 2 fischer-tropsch (ft-product)...

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