Essentials of welfare

Alternative feed ingredients for animals Outcomes: Describe world food situation competition between humans and animals, consequencesIdentify alternative feed ingredients and limitationsExamine role of communication

World Food SituationCrisis level (UN, 2010) Food prices to rise by 40% over coming decadeWheat and coarse grains to increase by between 15% - 40%Vegetable oils to increase more than 40%Food prices at highest level on record February 2011 About 1b people estimated to be undernourished

Why is there crisis?Extreme weather (too much rain, heat & cold)Heat wave, drought & wildfires in Russia, Worst drought in China, Drought in US etc1/3 of grain supplies in the U.S. used for fuel ethanol productionShrinking grain harvests due to aquifer depletion and severe erosionRunning out of technology to raise land productivityRising world population

Availability of feed ingredientsCompetition between humans and animals for vital feed ingredients (energy, protein)ENERGY Wheat, Maize (Corn), Barley, Oats, Rice, Sorghum, Rye, Triticale, Vegetable oil, Cassava PROTEIN Soybeans, Fishmeal, Peanut meal,

CompetitionIncreasing feed cost ( normally constitute 50-75 of the total cost)About 2.4 million dogs being fed scraps as main food (PDSA)About 11,586 animals abandoned last year more than 30 daily (RSPCA)Received 2112 calls about animal abandonment in 2010

Abandoned animals

Animal welfare

Alternative feed ingredientsNon conventional ingredients legumesIndustrial bye products biscuit waste, brewers grains, brewers yeast, molassesAgro processing bye products cocoa husk, palm-oil sludge, cassava peals, rice bran / husk, rice polishing, corn / maize branRecycling waste activated sludge, dried poultry waste (15% fiber, 25% protein), rendered products (meat scraps from animal flesh & tissues) poultry

Alternative feed ingredients (continuation)Poultry by-product meal( heads, feet, intestines, but excluding feathers 55-60% protein)Poultry feather meal(Hydrolysed 70% protein)Poultry hatchery by-product meal (egg shells, un-hatched and infertile eggs, and culled chicks 22-32% protein)

Agro-processingMaize de-huskingMaize

Harvested maize

Trial 1West African dwarf and Saanen goatsIndian bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris ) and Indian almond (Terminalia catapa) suplemented with cassava peels and cassava peels mixed with maizeBoth plants contain acceptable levels of mineralsIndian almond more acceptable than Indian bamboo and both better when supplemented with cassava peels and maize than cassava peels alone.

Trial 1- continuationIndian almondIndian bamboo

Trial 2Golden Hubbard LayersSweet potato (Ipomea batatasPalm-oil supplementation (1-3%) on ground dehydrated sweet potato(5%) as replacement for Maize in conventional layers dietAll levels resulted in increased availability of nutrients, improved feed conversion efficiency and increased weight gainPalm oil also reduces dustiness and laxative effect of sweet potato

Trial 2Cassava plantCassava tuber and peals

Cassava chips

Trial 3: Detoxification & utilisation of Full Fat SoybeansMany plants contain anti-nutritional factors for protectionCotton seed GossypolCassava Hydrocyanic acid- CyanideCocoa Theobromine, CaffeineGroundnuts Prone to Aflatoxin infestationSoybeans Trypsin inhibitors, Hemagglutinins, Sapponins, Phytic acid etcTrial 3Full-fat soybeans for broiler (160 Hubbard DOC)Soybeans (Glycine maxima 3 processing methods compared.Cooking in water for 20 minutes better in economic terms over soaking for 6 hours before cooking for 20 minutes and soaking in water for 6 hours before roasting for 20 minutes ( wet roasting) although wet roasting gave higher terminal weights, better feed conversion etc

ChickensBroiler ChicksBroiler Parent Chicks

Chickens

Broiler ParentsTrial 4 (Bloodmeal and fishmeal as supplements to fullfat soybeans for laying hens BloodmealComparing egg-production, egg-weight and haughts unit, fishmeal is superior to bloodmealBoth of them gave better results at 5% level than 7.5%

Fishmeal

Trial 5 (Raw and cooked fullfat soybeans in laying dietsGrowth retardation and pancreatic enlargement reported for chicks were absent from hens fed raw soybeans.Satisfactory results were obtained in both cases at a level as high as 35% contrary to earlier reports.

Field observationsCatfish ProductionHatchery wasteProcessing wasteFeed-mill waste pelletsPoultry manurePoultry meal

Aquaculture

AquacultureFish fingerling hatcheryFish feed pelletizer

Snail FeedFeed mill wasteWaste vegetables and fruitsKitchen waste (without salt)Pawpaw fruits and leavesBanana fruits and leavesSweet potato leaves

Feeding ruminantsCattleSheep

Cattle 100% GrazingCows , Heifers and BullsCalf

Feeding Ruminants (continuation)Beef cattle on 100% nomadic grazingAt best grazing + concentrates (least cost / palm kernel cake or meal, brewers waste + vitamin / mineral licksAdequate veterinary care for worms, parasites including blood parasites, vaccinations

Limitations of alternative feed ingredientsNot available in economic quantities perhaps due to higher demand than supplyDependent on industries running at full capacityNew products require toxicological tests, proximate composition and microbiologyCost driven more efficient industrial plants leaving little or no wastes

ImprovementsGenetically modified organisms (plants and animals)Pelletising of feed over mash or crumblesImproved processing techniques (micronising, extrusion technology)Use of feed enzymes to liberate more nutrients especially from feed ingredients with high non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) wheat, barley, sorghum (phytase, amylase)Use of Nutricines (Anti-oxidants, emulsifiers, enzymes, flavours, organic acids (subject to legislation)

The Way ForwardAgricultural production and productivity needs to be stepped up Brazil is the fastest growing (40% growth in the next decade) and 20% growth expected in China, India, Russia and Ukraine Communication needs to be stepped up between Universities / Research institutions and the feed industry and other stake holders on possible alternative feeds Improved communication to the public on feeding and welfare requirements of animals, for instance few people know that it takes about 3000 to rear a rabbit through its life span Improved agricultural extension to farmers especially in emerging economies.

References http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_DoqZTLnXmPk/R8NSGPFpm-I/AAAAAAAAADY/XOPIaSwLEhc/s400/sweetpotato.gif accessed on 13/03/11 1330hrshttp://www.infiniteunknown.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/soybeans.jpg accessed on 13/03/11 1354hrshttp://www.rspca.org.uk/in-action/whatwedo/decisions/overpopulation/-/article/EM_Overpopulation accessed 17/03/11 1626hrsReferences (continuation)http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2007/04_02/dogsPA2304_468x312.jpg accessed 12/03/11 1149 hrshttp://www.crunchysanimalrescue.org.uk/images/staff.jpg accessed 12/03/11 1335 hrshttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3lhq-KnS9Mg/S79Klfrmj_I/AAAAAAAAAtc/pKkd7eI8XSk/s1600/One+of+Rush+Kennels+seized+dogs.JPG accessed 12/03/11 1450 hrshttp://dingo.care2.com/pictures/c2c/share/22/227/741/2274186_370.jpg accessed 12/03/11 2144hrsReferences (continuation)http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/oct/25/impending-global-food-crisis accessed on 13/03/11 1154 hrshttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/photos/india/bamboo_forest_arunachal_pradesh_india_photo.jpg accessed on 13/03/11 1315hrshttp://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/basch/uhnpscesu/htms/npsapln2/images/combret/DN4073x7.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/basch/uhnpscesu/htms/npsapln2/fish_pops/combret/tree01.htm&h=419&w=504&sz=39&tbnid=IqGCD4sBAYMrLM:&tbnh=108&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dimage%2Bof%2Bindian%2Balmond&zoom=1&q=image+of+indian+almond&hl=en-GB&usg=__T0h00JkBVZzmJuUuE5UxDmltTeU=&sa=X&ei=t7V8TcCEKc26hAfo9Oj7Bg&ved=0CCMQ9QEwBA accessed on 13/03/11 1317hrs