alternative energy sources hydroelectric, wind
TRANSCRIPT
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES HYDROELECTRIC, WIND, GEOTHERMAL, TIDAL, SOLAR WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION total equivalent to 18.4 x 1012 W continuous (2012) World Elec. 2.5 x 1012 W continuous (2012)
USA electrical energy use 2016: 0.466 x 1012 W cont. 0.79 x1012 peak demand on 7/06 = 1.4 kW ea. = 466 1000-MWe (1 GW) power plants
GLOBAL RENEWABLE SUPPLIES
Solar 174,000 x 1012 W Hydrologic Potential 2.9 x 1012 W Photosynthesis 40 x 1012 W
Conduction & Convection 31 x 1012 W
Tidal 3 x 1012 W
NAS
U.S. Electric Power Industry Net Generation, 2015
coal use decreasinggas & renewables up
ELECTRICAL ENERGY SOURCES 2015
Data from EIA
COAL 0.1%
NUC 12.5%
GAS 5.5%HYDRO
1.9%
MISSOURI CALIFORNIA
REN 1.9%
HYDRO 7.0%
RENEWABLE 17.9%
GAS 59 %
NUCLEAR 9.4%
GEO-THERMAL 6.0 %COAL
78%
Prop C: Missouri's Renewable Energy Standard (2008) 15% renewable by 2021; Solar rebates for rooftop systems 170,000 signatures were needed to get this measure on the ballot
May 2008 Missouri HB 1181 Exempt utilities, in case prop C passes
Nov 2008 Prop C passed: got 66% of vote > 1.7 Million votes
Jan 2011 Missouri Senate to take up resolution to weaken 2008's Prop C StLPD 1/24/11
Feb 2015 Missouri Supreme Court Rules Against Utility in Solar Rebate Case
HYDROELECTRIC: 6% of USA Electrical Needs 17 % of Developing Countries Electrical Needs World Runoff Potential 2.9 x 1012 W ~ 1.2 x world elec. generation in 2012 >22% now developed (i.e., world hydroelec gen = 0.343 x 1012 MWe in 2005)
Hydroelectric turbines are 80-90% efficient cf. ~ 38% for fossil fuel; 30% for nuclear Mechanical energy- drives turbines which drive generators 20 tons of water falling 20 m produces 1 kwh = 3,600,000 J E = mgh*(eff) = (20000 kg)(9.8 m/sec2)(20 m)(.9eff) = 3.6 x 106 J e.g. Hyatt Facility, Feather R., 650 MWe
http://library.thinkquest.org/20331/types/hydro/theory.html
Hydroelectric Plant
Hoover Dam 726’ 2080 MW capacity ~460 MW avg
US Bureau of Reclamation
Keokuk Dam IA built 1913 125 MW capacity Criss
Folsom CA Hydroelectric Plant 1895 1st long distance transmission 11,000V Criss
Grand Coulee Dam, WA 6480 MW USBR
TurbineGrand Coulee Dam
USBR
Irregular distribution of Hydro Potential:
North America Low potential (11%) Now 42% exploited (50,000 dams! but most lack generators) PG&E: ~ 100 dams Hydropower provides 7 (drought) to 27% (wet yr) of California’s electricity Produces up to > 39% of power @ peak load
South America & Africa Rich potential (48% of world total) Largely undeveloped Fossil fuel poor region
Problems: Flood much bottom land Damage fisheries Silting up- Great Aswan Dam (1960 => est 2025 half filled) Catastrophic dam failure- e.g., Teton Dam; San Fernando Dam (close call!) Hydropower: The most environmentally destructive form of energy generation?
Damage is greatly variable, depends on site
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001336.html
ThreeGorges22.5 GW
ITAIPU 12,600 MW 26% Brazil, 79% Paraguay power
http://library.thinkquest.org/20331/types/hydro/types.html
Wikipedia:
7660’ x 594’ hi 630 km2 inundated
Three Gorges Dam Yangtze River, China 22,500 MW in 2012 World’s Largest
http://www.moafs.org/newsletter/April%202002/3gorgestats.htm
Reservoir Level
Three Gorges Dam inundation zone: Wanxian 22,500 MW 181 m Yangtze R. 1.13 M migrants
Badong, ChinaJune 2013
Criss
Abu SimbelRamesses II ~1250 BC
http://www.omniplan.hu/AbuSimbelHu.htm
Abu Simbel UNESCO Project Ramesses II ~1250 BC Planned to be inundated by Lake Nasser, behind Aswan High Dam Relocation 1964-1968 funded by international donations
http://www.omniplan.hu/AbuSimbelHu.htm
Pumped Storage Plants Pump water back uphill @ nite Produce electricity when needed during peak demand periods
75% efficient 3% of USA power Examples
Helms Plant, Kings River, CA >1500' vertical drop (tunnels) 1200 MWe
Taum Sauk, Missouri (Proffit Mtn.) 800’ drop 1594’ - 740’ ~ 800’ drop 350 MW @ peak
Taum Sauk Pump Storage Plant
Upper Reservoir, Proffit Mtn. http://www.ahydro.com/TaumSauk.html
Pumped Storage Plant, Taum Sauk, MO Criss
Dam Failure Site Dec. 14, 2005Upper Reservoir, Taum Sauk Pump Storage Plant St. Louis Post Dispatch
St. Louis Post DispatchHelicopter on Hwy N near Lesterville Dec. 14, 2005
St. Louis Post DispatchSuperintendent’s House, Johnson’s Shut-Ins S.P. Dec. 14, 2005
St. Louis Post Dispatch
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
Advantages Renewable Cost Effective Useful amounts of power Can be used in many regions Easy to vary power on demand Flood control, water supply benefits, navigation if have lock
Disdvantages Habitat destruction Fish & Wildlife Decline migration; turbine fatalities; destroy spawning grounds Displace people Destroy prime agricultural land & fisheries Reservoir siltation Water pollution- esp. China Loss of Archaeological Sites- esp. Egypt, China Commonly impedes navigation Landslides Potential for catastrophic failure
Future: Increased use in developing world Decreased hydroelectric use & dam decommissioning in USA
http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/sylvester/Teton%20Dam/welcome_dam.html
Teton Dam failure, ID June 5, 1976305 ft high earth fill
http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/sylvester/Teton%20Dam/welcome_dam.html
http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/sylvester/Teton%20Dam/welcome_dam.html
WIND ENERGY
Sailing Ships maybe will have comeback
Windmills Grind grain; saw wood, since 13th century in Holland Pump water
Generate electricity- 1895 In 2006, 2700 & 2400 MW in TX and CA >25,000 turbines produce ~ 6% of CA's needs Each turbine produces ~100 kW = PVUSA!
Altamont Pass 7500 turbines 16-28 mph wind May-Sept, then shutdown Tehachapi Palm Springs Texas (10%) Iowa (32% of elec) MN WA OK NY NM MO: 1%
Problems Run only 35-60% of time Noise Radar Kill Birds (Tip velocities >100 MPH) Windfarms use much land, but grazing and Ag activities OK
IA 31% KS 24% NE 8% OK 18% IL 6% Missouri: 1%
Windmill Aug 2000 Criss
Gansu Wind Farm, northern China $17.5 billion 20,000 MW by 2020 NYT 1/12/15
Palm Springs
NREL DOE
Altamont Pass, CA DOE
Craig et al
NREL
http://www.energy.gov/pricestrends/5091.htm
% Elec. Generation US 0.8% *34,800 MWe 2009 Germany 7% Denmark 21%
*
40,267 MWe
DOE/EIA
DOE/EIA
65,879 MWe Rapid Growth!
WIND POWER
Advantages Renewable No pollution Useful locally Disdvantages Diffuse- requires much land Not useful everywhere Intermittent power supply Expensive to build and maintain Birds Radar Interference Noise Future: Greatly increased use associated with cost reduction Large Ships?
1875
Library of Congress
Daily Mail (UK) 9/8/12
Wind Farm Noise- A Major Health Threat?
Low Frequency Noise (LFN) and amplitude modulation
Stress-disorder diseases:dizziness; balance problems; memory loss; inability to concentrate; insomnia; tachycardia; increased blood pressure; raised cortisol levels; headaches; nausea; mood swings; anxiety; tinnitus; palpitations; depression
Are wind farms saving or killing us?
Offshore Wind Turbines Blyth Harbour, Northumberland. 2 MW each Also: London Array- 1000 MW Denmark Atlantic Offshore: Cape Cod VA
http://www.open.ac.uk/T206/4longtour.htm
OCEAN POWER Mostly speculative Much power theoretically available
Types
Offshore Wind Power
Gulf Stream Mechanical Energy Tap with huge turbines
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Exploit the vertical temperature gradient
Wave Power TIDAL POWER
Offshore Wind Turbines Blyth Harbour, Northumberland. 2 MW each Also: London Array- 1000 MW Denmark Atlantic Offshore: Cape Cod VA
http://www.open.ac.uk/T206/4longtour.htm
MCT Marine Current Turbine Concept http://www.marineturbines.com/technical.htm
500 kW ‘Limpet’ wave energy plant, 2001 Scottish island of Islay
http://www.open.ac.uk/T206/4longtour.htm
OCEAN POWER
Advantages Renewable No pollution Disdvantages Expensive Offshore Wind: Noise, Aesthetics, Birds, Radar, Ship Collisions Future: Rapid development of offshore wind farms Increased use of other types ?