altered cellular and tissue biology
DESCRIPTION
Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology. Chapter 2. Cellular Adaptation. Physiologic vs. pathogenic Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia. Cellular Adaptation. Cellular Adaptation. Cellular Adaptation. Cellular Injury. Reversible Irreversible. Cellular Injury Mechanisms. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Altered Cellular and Tissue BiologyChapter 2
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Cellular Adaptation Physiologic vs. pathogenic Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia
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Cellular Adaptation
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Cellular Adaptation
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Cellular Adaptation
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Cellular Injury Reversible Irreversible
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Cellular Injury Mechanisms Hypoxic injury
Ischemia Anoxia Cellular responses
Decrease in ATP, causing failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange
Cellular swelling Reperfusion injury
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Cellular Injury Mechanisms Free radicals and reactive oxygen species
Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron
Lipid peroxidation Alteration of proteins Alteration of DNA Mechanisms for the inactivation of free radicals
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Cellular Injury Mechanisms Chemical injury
Lead Carbon monoxide Ethanol Mercury Social or street drugs
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Unintentional and Intentional Injuries Blunt force injuries
Application of mechanical energy to the body resulting in the tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues
Contusion vs. hematoma Abrasion Laceration Fractures
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Contusions and Hematomas
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Unintentional and Intentional Injuries Sharp force injuries
Incised wounds Stab wounds Puncture wounds Chopping wounds
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Unintentional and Intentional Injuries
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Unintentional and Intentional Injuries Gunshot wounds
Entrance wounds Contact range entrance wound Intermediate range entrance wound
Tattooing and stippling Indeterminate range entrance wound
Exit wounds Shored exit wound
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Gunshot Wounds
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Unintentional and Intentional Injuries Asphyxial injuries
Caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
Suffocation Strangulation
Hanging, ligature, and manual strangulation Chemical asphyxiants Drowning
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Infectious Injury Pathogenicity of a microorganism Virulence of a microorganism Disease-producing potential
Invasion and destruction Toxin production Production of hypersensitivity reactions
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Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury Phagocytic cells Immune and inflammatory substances
Histamine, antibodies, lymphokines, complement, and enzymes
Membrane alterations
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Injurious Genetic Factors Nuclear alterations Alterations in the plasma membrane structure,
shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms Examples
Sickle cell anemia and muscular dystrophy
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Injurious Nutritional Imbalances Essential nutrients are required for cells to
function normally Deficient intake Excessive intake
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Temperature Extremes Hypothermic injury
Slows cellular metabolic processes Hyperthermic injury
Heat cramps Heat exhaustion Heatstroke
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Atmospheric Pressure Changes Sudden increases or decreases in atmospheric
pressure Blast injury Decompression sickness or caisson disease
“The bends”
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Ionizing Radiation Any form of radiation capable of removing
orbital electrons from atoms X-rays, gamma rays, alpha and beta particles
Mechanism of damage Effects of ionizing radiation
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Ionizing Radiation
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Cellular Injury Illumination injury
Eyestrain, obscured vision, and cataract formation
Caused by light modulation Mechanical stresses
Physical impact or irritation Noise
Acoustic trauma and noise-induced hearing loss
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Manifestations of Cellular Injury Cellular accumulations (infiltrations)
Water Lipids and carbohydrates Glycogen Proteins
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Hydropic Degeneration
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Manifestations of Cellular Injury Cellular accumulations (infiltrations)
Pigments Melanin, hemoproteins, bilirubin
Calcium Urate
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Calcium Infiltration
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Cellular Death Necrosis
Sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion
Processes Karyolysis
Nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis Pyknosis
Clumping of the nucleus Karyorrhexis
Fragmentation of the nucleus
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Cellular Death
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Necrosis Coagulative necrosis
Kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands Protein denaturation
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Coagulative Necrosis
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Necrosis Liquefactive necrosis
Neurons and glial cells of the brain Hydrolytic enzymes
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Liquefactive Necrosis
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Necrosis Caseous necrosis
Tuberculous pulmonary infection Combination of coagulative and liquefactive
necrosis
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Caseous Necrosis
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Necrosis Fat necrosis
Breast, pancreas, and other abdominal organs Action of lipases
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Fat Necrosis
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Necrosis Gangrenous necrosis
Clinical term Dry vs. wet gangrene Gas gangrene
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Gangrenous Necrosis
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Apoptosis Programmed cellular death Mechanisms Necrosis vs. apoptosis
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Apoptosis
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Aging and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Aging vs. disease Normal life span Gender differences
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Theories of Aging Accumulation of injurious events Genetically controlled program Theories
Genetic and environmental lifestyle factors Alterations of cellular control mechanisms Degenerative extracellular changes
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Theories of Aging
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Aging Cellular aging Tissue and systemic aging
Frailty
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Somatic Death Death of an entire person Postmortem changes
Algor mortis Livor mortis Rigor mortis Postmortem autolysis