Alt. Aperture r0 (m) FWHM(") 0 (") 0 (sec)

4 km CFHT 3.8m 0.18 0.7 3 0.0036

35 km 2.4 m ~250 0.048 ~600 ~5

35km 10 m ~250 0.012 ~600 ~5

h (km) P (mbars) T (K) (gm m-3) H2O Vapor (gm m-3)

4 680 253 937 0.68

35 4.7 222 7.4 0.00011

Why A Long-Duration Balloon?Image Quality Comparison

Atmospheric Parameters Comparison

Data from Ford et al. 2000

HAWK

Hierarchical Assembly through Wide-field Kinematics

Presented byChuck Joseph

26-March-06

Novel HAWK Telescope Optical Design

Primary mirror1.8 m diameterf/2.7 (from MMT)

Secondary mirror35 cm diameter(Used slightly off axis)

0.5° x 1.5° field of regard2.2 arcmin IFOV

Tertiary mirror0.5 m x 1.1 m off axis asphere(long direction is out of the page)

Focal planef/27 system 4.2 arcsec/mm plate scale(2k x 2k x 16 µm CCD shown here)

Steering mirror10 cm flat5° x 15° range of motionat exit pupil

Pickoff mirror30 x 64 cm flatnear intermediate focus

System is fully steerable over 0.5° x 1.5° using only tip/tilt of a 10 cm flat mirror

Design by CoI Jim Burge

Nominally designed so that rms wavefront error RMSWE is limited to 20 nm.

Low imaging distortion (4% max at corners of field)

Excellent performance across the field

0.0000.000

0.050

-X Field (degrees)

0.75

RMS Wave Front Error in Waves

HAWK

---The Big Bang ---

(15 Billion Yrs Ago. z > 100)

From the Early Universe(11 Billion Yrs Ago; z ~ 1.5)

Galaxies were less well organized

Galaxy EvolutionTo be observed by HAWK

Proposed HAWK

LDB Mission

A consistent picture of the evolution of the Universe from the Big Bang to the present is emerging. Some data, however, suggest galaxies may not fit this model!

The Unobserved RealmTo Be Explored by JWST

First Star FormationFirst Galaxy Structures

Payload to bedesigned & builtat Rutgers U.Merging Galaxies

HAWK

Hierarchical Assembly through Wide-field Kinematics

HDF

HDF Redshift Catalog

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Mission Objectives: Study all motions in a 10 Mpc3 Volume!

Determine luminous + dark matter content as a function of internal radius and redshift.

Measure empirically how galaxies evolve from an early epoch. (Model independent.) HAWK will pick up 100x more than HST!

HAWK

Hierarchical Assembly through Wide-field Kinematics

Emission Map z = 1.35

Emission Map z = 0.75

Emission Map z = 0.35

Velocity Map z = 1.35

Velocity Map z = 0.75

Velocity Map z = 0.35

Observing Galaxies as a Function of Z

Rotation Curves

HAWK BalloonMission Objective:Measure luminous and dark matter in galaxies

e263g14

HAWK LDB Balloon -- Can’t do Imaging SpectroscopyImaging Spectroscopy with Large Ground-based Telescopes with AO

PSF ComparisonsBottom: 10 m good seeingTop: 10 m with AO

HAWK FOV

FOV on a10 m with AO

HDF NorthGround-IR have Bad Thermal Backgrounds!

With AO

Good SeeingWithout AO

HAWK spatial resolution = 0.07

KITEKinematicalImagingTrailblazerExperiment Swallow-tail Kite by D.A. Rintoul, USGS

25% QE – Solar Blind (50% Possible) c/f MAMA 10%c/f WFPC2 system efficiency 0.25%5.6x of GALEX with 0.75 m telescopeWeight: 4 kg

(2 kg Possible)c/f MAMA: 10 kg

Near-UV EBCCD Electron-Bombarded CCD