also a report of the proceedings of the fourth … · 2019. 4. 24. · contents . • part i. ch...

-

•

,

,

BEING THE OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL RUBBER CONGRESS HELD

IN LONDON IN 1914, TOGETHER WITH THE PAPERS READ, AND THE

DISCUSSIONS THEREON

,

NUMEROUS PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS DEALING WITH FIBRES, COTTON, OILS, ETC.

THE PRINCIPAL PAPERS READ AT THE RUBBER CONGRESS, NEW YORK

•

ALSO A R EPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL

R UBBER AND ALLIED IND USTRIES EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1914

EDITED BY

JOSEPH TORREY. Ph.D. AND

A. STAINES MANDERS

PUBLISHED BY

TR!: INTERNATIONAL RUBBER AND ALLIED TRADES EXHIBITION, LTD .

75. CHANCERY LA:-'-E (HOLBORN). LONDON. W.C.

15/6 NETT. •

PERPUSTAKAAN NEGARA MALAYSIA

•

JB 1261 •

FOURTH INTERNATIONAL

BBE

HELD IN LONDON,

June~ July, 1914.

President:-

SIR HENRY A. BLAKE, G.C.M.G . •

Chailll18n

, jo EPH TORREY, Ph.D.

Vice .. Chairmen-

JOHN McEwAN, EsQ. (Chairman, Rubber Growers' Association).

ARTHUR LAM PARD, EsQ. (Messrs. Harrisons & Crosfield, Ltd.).

PROF. PERROT (Ecole Superieure de Pharmacie, Universite de Paris).

CYRIL BAXENDALE, EsQ. (Representing the Planters' Association of the Federated Malay States).

PHILIP SCHIDROWITZ, ESQ., Ph.D.

ALEXANDER JOH STON, EsQ. (North British Rubber Co., Ltd.).

F. PEGLER. EsQ. (Northern Rubber Co.).

A. STAINES MA ·DERS. •

817030 )

-1 SEP 1995


•

•

CONTENTS . •

Part I.

CH PTER 1.

Opening of the Co ngress. SIR HENRY A. BLAKE, G.C.M.G.

INTRODUCTI ON: Historical and Descriptive Synoptical Tables of the Differe nt Varie ties o f Com mercial Rubbe r . By DR. D. PENCE. pec ially writte n fo r this publication.

Part I .

CHAPTER n . PAGES.

The Systematic Study of Rubber Productio n . B y R. _ . LYNE, F.L.S., F.R.G .. , Director of Agriculture, Cey lo n .. . . . . . . 35 to 44

A Comparison between Wild and Plantatio n-grown Rubber. By . IRVING .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45" 57

Some Notes on the Manuring o f Rubber. By H . HAM EL SMITII, Tropical L ife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53" 70

Rubber Plantation in Angola, P ortuguese We t Africa. By C. DE MELLO GERALDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1 " 74

Rubber Cultivation in Cochin C hina. By NDRE CREMAZY, Ex-President of the Chamber of Agric ulture, Cochin China .. . . 75" 83

K elantan as a Rubber Producer. By T. C LIFTON H UTCHINGS, Chair-man, K elantan Planters' Associatio n . . . . . . . . 84" 8

Cultivation of Rubber-growing Vines in Cen tral Africa. By E. Oil, VVILDEMAN, Botanic Gardens, . . . . . . . . 87 " 95

Not es on the Philippine Rubber Question. B y O. W . BARRETT, Bureau of Agriculture, Philippine I slands . . . . . . . . . . 96" 100

The Best and Most Econo mical Method s of Tapping. By W . F. DE BOIS MACLAREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LO I " 113

Notes on the Physiology of the Latex Production in Hevea. By R. H . LOCK , c. D., F.L.S., Late Director of Agriculture, Ceylo n . . 114" 123

Observations on, and Comparative Tests of. the Late x of Wild a nd Plantation H evea. By FELIX RrPEAU, Paris . . . . . . L24" 12

The Coagulation of the Latex of the H evea 13raziliensis, and its B earing o n the Strength of Rubber. By NEWTON W . BARRITT, B .A" International Institute of Agric ul ture, Rome . . . . . . 130" L36

The Chemical Coagulation of Rubber Latex. B y FREDERLCK l . By B. D. PORRITT, B.Sc. (Lo nd. ), F. LC., Chief Chemist; and E. ANDERSON, A.I.C., Chemist, North Briti h Rubber Co., Ltd. .. . . . . . .

On the Use of ' itric c id as a Solvent fo r Compou nded and V,ll" Rubbers. By HE RY \ VILLIAMS JONES, Chemist, Dunlop Rubber Co., T. .. td. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A Method of Estimating mall Amounts of C02 in Presence oC Sul-phides. By HENRY \VILLlAMS J ONES. Chemist, Dunlop Rubber Co., Ltd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

•

14 " 155

172 " 180

181 "

L II I 0

I l " l 2

•


•

• • •

CON TENTS. 7

PAGES. Experiments on the Determination of Mineral Matter in Rubber

Mixings. By B. D . PORRITT. B . c. (Lond .), F .LC., Chief Chemi t; and H.. WHEATLEY, B .Sc. (Leed), A.I.C. , Research Chemist, North British Rubber Co. , Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . 193 to 199-

A Simple Method for the Estimation of Mineral Matters in Vulcanised Rubbers. B y HENRY WILLIAMS JONES, Chemist, Dunlop Rubber Co., Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199" 204

The Effects of Acids and Alkalies on Rubber , more Especially in Relation to Reclaimed R ubber. By '1\'. G. MARTIN, Experimental Dept., North British Rubber Co. , Ltd. . . . . . . .. 2 05 " 21 I

Variability. By PHILIP SCHIDROWITZ, Ph.D., F.C.S. .. . . .. 212" 229' Some American Methods of Testing Mechanical Rubber Goods. By

D. E. DOUTY, Genera l Manager, United tates Conditioning & Testing Co., ew York City .. . . . . . . . . .. 230" 245

The Influence of Temperature on the Tensile Properties of Rubber Compounds. By P. L. WORMELEY, United States Bureau of Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246" 2 5

Rubbered Balloon Fabrics. By GUY BARR, B.A. , B . c., National Physical Laboratory, England . . . . . . . . . .

Synthetic Rubber (Researches on the Commercial Preparation of Isoprene). By GASTON CHARDET, P a ris . . . . . . . .

Substi tutes Derived from Oxidized Oils. B y GASTON CHARDET, Paris. The Advantages and Defects of Plantation Rubber. By W. A.

WILLIAM S, General Worl(s Supt., North British Rubber Co., Ltd. Some Aspects of Plantation Rubber. B y E. L. KILLICK . . . .. Bonus Schemes for Managers and Assistants on Plantation Rubber

. Estates. By P. j . BURGESS .. . . . . . . . . . . Rubber Production Costs. By CYRIL BAXENDALE, jugra Estate, F .M.S. Increasing the Yield of Funtumia Elastica or .. Lagos Silk" Rubber.

By EDM. LEPLAE, Director-General of Agriculture of the Belgian Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A Practical and Cheap Method for DetelIllining the Fertility of Rubber oils. By E. LEPLAE, Profes50r at the Louvain University,

Director-General of Agriculture of the Belgian Congo . . . . Invention and its R elation to the Rubber and Textile Industry. By

J. VICTOR ARM STR ONG, Regi tered Patent Agent; and HAROLD E. POTTS, M.Sc. , Chartered Pat nt Agent . . . . . . . .

Full Report o f The Conference of Manufacturers and Planters • •

Part I.

HAPTER Ill.

Names of Textile Plant Fibres. Bv LYSTER H. DEWEY, Botanist-in-Charge of Fibre Investigations, United tates D partment of Agriculture . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Fertilising Cotton in the United States. By OCKONONISCRAT E. LIERKE, Berlin .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Problems of the Future Conditions of the Palm Oil Industry. By L. C. GATlN , D. c., Agricultural Engineer , Chief of the Laboratory of Tropical Agronomy, Paris ; Secretary of the" Journal d 'Agricul-ture Tropicale," Paris . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vote of Than k') to the Chairman (Dr . Joseph Torrey) .. . . . .

P a rt II . • •

CHAPTER 1.

EW YOl\l( R BBER CO GRESS. ( -ee page 36 .)

•

259 " 275

276 " 279-280 " 283

284 " 297 298 " 302

30 3 " 3 10 311 " 3 16

318 " 321

322 " 328

32 9 " 338

PAGES.

341 to 350

35 1 " 359

-


•

8 CONTENTS.

DISCUSSIONS.

Arndt, Or. .. Bag nall, F . A. Barbary, Ewart Baxendale, . Bethune, A . .. Bevis, l-t . . .

• •

• •

• •

• •

• • • •

Bingley, Noel .. Blake, Sir H enry A. Boustead, Mr. . . Bruce, A. . . . . Burgess, P. J.- .,p, 42 ,

• •

• •

PACES .. . . .. 188,241 .. .. .. _ 3 ( 2, 3 1 5 · • 100, 189, 358, 359, 364

67,68,30[ ,320,321,363,364 · . . . . . . . 336 · . . . . . . . 337 · . . . . . . . 336 • • • • • • •• [ '2 3 · . . . . . . . 336 • • • •

tOO, 136, 16S,

• • • • • • • •

.. 42,6,t4 1 226, 227, 243, 296, 337

66, 68, 135, 2 It · . . . 67

Burnard, R . .. Cadell, H. M. Crosbie-Roles, F . .. . . •. .. .. 42 Cumming, . Ialcolm . . . . . . . . 33 I De sau, M M. . . . . .. . . . . 332 Douty! D. E. . . . . .. 244,256, 257, 258 Edmea, F. G. . . . . . . . . 203, 204 E ch, \Verner-56, 134, 135, 152, 154, r88, 20 2,

20),204,2[0, 21t, 220, 228, 229, 251.258, 272, 273, 27 I

Gardner, J. c. . . . . . . . . . . 3 I 3 Gatin, Dr. L. C. . . . . . . . . . . 363 Gibson, W. T.- 42, 69, 95, [22, 1231. [36, 142,

147, 148, 154, 16 I [69 , 170 , t7lS, 179,244,

Golledge, G. H. H elbronner, Dr. Hodgman, G. B. Hughes, W. H. Irving, A. . . Kaye, F. . . Koenig H einri ch L eplae, Ed ...

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

258, 257, 274, 296 .. [(2, fl 3, 121

167, [68, [69, [70, 171 · . . . . . 336 · . . . .. 336 .. . . .. 334 .. 14 I ,lp,27

l! Iii ::1

•

" i

I

I

I

•

•

•

art •

•

•

•

CHAPTER 1.

Opening of the Conference . •

•

Introduction Historical and Descriptive .

•

•

•

• •

B

•


II

•

•

Opening of the Congress. •

T 1iesday, 30th June, 1914.

ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDE NT.

The F ourth Intern ational Rubber Congress opened on Tuesday, June 30th , under the pr sidency of Sir Henry A. Blake, G.C.M.G., who said :-

The Fourth Intern ational Conference under the auspices of the International Rubber Exhibition, for which we are assembled to-day .. finds us face to face "vith the same problems with which we dealt in 1908 and 19II; but we enter upon t h ir consideration with the accumu-lated experience of three more years, during which the theories and st atements put forward and discu sed at t he two previous conferences have been te ted in the field and the factory .

In the Exhibition we can examine the fruits of the industry, but here our examination is directed to it root , and the papers to be pre-sented for discussion at our conference cover almost the entire ground until the raw rubber has entered into the ultimate processes of manufacture.

I mentioned in my address to the conference in 1908 that the plantation then being est ablished with so much energy, owing to the rapidly increasing demands of the motor industry could not be expected to come into full bearing before 1913 at the earliest, and that the returns on the extensive plantations made in 1910 would not be known before the present year. There is reason to believe that some of the plantations made at that period of investing excitement have been found t o have been made under unsuitable conditions as to climate or situation, but the fact remains that the production of plantation rubber from the E ast was 48,000 tons, and the t otal production of the world's rubber was 108,440 tons for the year 1913, as against 65,400 tons in 1908.

This is a con iderable increase, but the demand has increa ed in at 1 a t qual proportion. Apart from the improvements in the qual ity of plantation rubber that we may expect from the work of the chemist and botanist , and the experience of the planters, the main issue for those who have invested in the indu try is the question of supply and demand , and in the consideration of these problems the broad fact must stand out that whil there mu t be a limit t o supply, which is govern d by "uit c:.blc conditions for the cconcmic p-cp .. ga.tion of the rubber-bearing tree .. , and the supply of labour, the possible demand for rubber may, in certain eventualities, be practically unlimit d.

In my address at the opening of the conference of 1908 I find the following passage : (( I have known many people to laugh at the idea of such an exten ion in the u e of rubber a its being devoted to the paving of our treets ; yet men who know their bu iness, experts, who understand all the details of manufacture, have assured me that such


•

I2 OPENI NG OF T H E CONGRESS.

a utility is within the possibilities, and that with. rubber ~t a moderate price it would be able to compete succe sfuily wIth quarrIes for such a

~ " purpo:>e. To-day you will fmd shown in this ex.hi~ition three syst ems .for

st reet paving, that claim practical economy In Its u e a t pr~sent pn~es over the ordinary wooden pavement. I ob erve that T he T~mes decn es such a use on account of t he obliteration of the noise of approaching vehicles, and thereby endangering pedest rians. This i the adoption of the principle on which the Chine e leaves t he wooden axle of his wheel-barrow ungreased so that the noise may give warning of its approach; but I do not consider t he objection insuperable, ""hi Ie the adoption of rubber for such a purpose would create a demand that could not be satisfied for many years.

Our desire in this Conference i the acqui ition of knowledge, and t he frank interchange of ideas . To t he rubber planter , future prosperity can best be secured by such improvement in plantation management as will reduce the cost of production. That cost ha been steadily decreasing, but there is till a considerable m argin for possible saving in the co t of producing and m arketing plantation rubber.

I observe with plea ure that among t he paper t o be read and discu sed are t hree on the subj ect of synthetic rubber. vVhatever planters m ay feel about the possible competition of synthetic rubber, there is nothing t o be gained by ignoring it . It may be t hat ynthetic rubber equal to good plantation can be produced ; in my opinion it is extremely improbable. But if it b~ 0 we mu t face t he competition strong in the conviction t hat Nature works more cheaply t han any probable ynthetic exploita tion on a large scale. Anyhow, it would t ake some years to test its durability and the continuance of it re ilient and t ensile pro-p~rties before manufacturer' could safely accept it as a guaranteed substitute for rubber. Even if it were ultimately proved to po se s all th requisite qualities, the coming use of rubber for the pavement of street and paths, to which I look forwa rd with some confidence, and for the flooring of churche and public and private buildings, would demand all the rubber that could be produced by ature or Art.

The st andardising of rubber is another ques tion that calls for careful con ideration. Granting its advi ability from the m arket point of view, its adoption would involve drastic changes in the management of the smaller estates and factories .

11 these m atter I commend to the Delegates who have done us the honour of attending this Conference. Many of whom I am happy to meet again a old friends, and to all of whom I offer a cordial and mo t hearty welcome .

The details of the consideration of the papers ha been carefully arranged by Dr. Torrey, and I venture t o suggest in view of the number of papers to be got through that gentlemen taking part in the discussion will as much as po ible limit their observations t o t en minutes .

There was a large attendance, and amongst tho e pre ent were :-Sir H enry A. Blake, Viscount de Pedralva, Sir William R amsay, Pro-fessors Emile Perrot , Ed . Leplae, Carlo de Mello Geraldes, K arl Memmler, Doctors J o eph Torrey, Philip Schidrowitz, Jayme do Argollo (Junr.) , F. Arndt, G. B ernstein, Theodoro Braga, Sousa Castro, W erner E ch , C. L. Gatin, A. H elbronner, T aiji Komuro , E. Lierke, R. H. Lock, H. Loewen, H. A. Alford icholl, Cerqueira Pinto, E. M. Slocum, H. P. Stevens, K. J. Thompson, Jose Rodrigue Vieira, W arburg, Colonel R aymundo P. Brazil, Colonel L. de Mattos, apt. Commandant Leon


• • r

OPE 'ING OF THE CO ' GRESS. 13

o t rrieth, Me r. . W. Anderson, J a me P. da Gama Br u, F. A. Bagnall, R Burnard, ~ewton W. Barritt, E. J. Byrne, B. Bysow, J. Ewart Barbary, Henri Braeckman , O. W. Barrett, Cyril E. , . Baxen-dale, R Be ley, Guy Barr, P. J. Burge , F. Crosbie-Roles, Andre

remazy, Gaston Chardet, Morland M. D sau , D. E. Douty, S. C. David on, F. G. Edmed, J. G. Fol , Francoi, G. H. GolJedg , W. T. Gib on, P. Holfte, G, B. Hodgman, T. Clifton Hutchings, A. Irving,

lexander Johnson, H. W. J one, W. H. Johnson, E. L. Killick, H. Koenig, W. Kappler, C. D. Kennedy, Kaichi Kawakami· Frederick Kaye, R. . Lyne, John McEwan, W. F. de Boi Madar n, Jose Amando M ndes, W. L. i Kinstry, A. tan ley Morrison, Harold S. Miller, W. Martin, C. O. Macadam, W. G. Martin, P aul Osterrieth, B. D. POllitt, A. Pedler, F. P egler, E. F. Pfaff, Felix Ripeau , Carlo Rabbi , E. G.

almon, Arthur chopper, H. E. G. olbe, H. H amel, mith, H erb rt kellon, H arold A. Tempany, W. Vaas, H. Vuillet , J . H. Witt, H nri

Woog, G. tafford Whitby, H. . Wickham, J. V. Worthington, A. tain s Mand rs, Miss D. Fulton and a large number of other.

Dr. Jo eph Torr y, as hairman of the ongres, ub equ ntly t ook charge of the proceedings.

The HAIRMAN: TOW, gentl men, on the occa ion of the last Congress ther were orne ob rvations at the dose, as to the proc dure. I think pos ibly it might be more convenient, if any gentleman has an thing in hi mind that he considers might be u eful in conn ction with the work of the Congre , that he should let us have his ob rvation now. We might be guided to a certain extent by them.

o qu tion of the kind bing rai ed, the Congre s adjourned until th aft rnoon .

•

•

•

•

•


Introduction.

Historical and Descriptive.

By

Dr. D. SPENCE.

The word india-rubber, which is still almo t exclusively used in English, was first applied to that substance which the Indian on the banks of the Amazon called cahltclw. This substance wa found by the English scientist Priestley, in 1772, to have the power of removing pencil marks from paper, and as this was for long almo t the only, if a not unimportant, use to which the sub tance was put, it is perhaps not surpri ing that the word india-rubber found access to our language and has b en generally accepted.

The word caoutchouc, on the other hand, which i obviously derived from the native name, was also introduced to denote the same elastic sub tance a.s india-rubber. Thi word, however, has found only a

•

limited application in English, although in other languages it alone is used. In English the word caoutchouc has come to b looked upon as denoting the pure rubber hydrocarbon, while india-rubber i a general term for the crude product, whether raw or manufactured. The ad-vantage of this distinction has been fully borne out by the developments in recent time in connection with the synthesis of india-rubber from clem ntary organic substances.

The fir t European to become acquainted with india-rubber appears to have b en Chri topher Columbu. t all events, Antonio de Herrera, the hi torian, states of him that on his second voyage of discovery to America in the year, 1493- 1496, he saw the inhabitants of Haiti playing with balls which, he afterwards learned, were prepared from the gum of a tree. In 1535, and before Herrera, Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdez reported on ela tic balls which the Indians used in their games, and, even ten years before that, Pietro Martyr d' Anghiera had introduced india-rubber into our literature without naming it. In the year 1615, Juan de Torquemada issued a report in regard to a tree from which the inhabitants of Mexico extracted a milky liquid which the Spanish invaders afterwards u ed to make their garments water-proof. It would take one too far afield to trace down the various reports published. from time to time, in regard to this curiou product which gradually became better known in our country as india-rubber, and for which several u es were soon sugge ted by practical men. It was not, how-ever, until after the important di covery of vulcanisation by Goodyear that india-rubber came to be looked upon as a natural product of great commercial value, and that a mean of utilising it became known. Indeed, it may safely be said that, but for the re ults of vulcanisation, the india-rubber industry would never have risen to be what it is now.

The india-rubb r of commerce is derived from the milky secretion, known as latex, of certain tropical and sub-tropical trees and vines


FRONT COVERTITLE PAGEPREFACECONTENTSPART ICHAPTER IOpening of the CongressIntroduction: Historical and Descriptive

CHAPTER IIThe Systematic Study of Rubber ProductionA Comparison between Wild and Plantation Grown RubberSome Notes on the Manuring of RubberThe Rubber Plantations of AngolaRubber Cultivation in Cochin ChinaKelantan as a Rubber ProducerCultivation of Rubber-growing Vines in Central AfricaNotes on the Philippine Rubber QuestionThe Best and Most Economical Methods of TappingNotes on the Physiology of the Latex Production in HeveaObservationson and Comparative Tests of the Latex of Wild and Plantation HeveaThe Coagulation of the Latex of Hevea Braziliensis, and its Bearing on the Strength of RubberThe Chemical Coagulation of Rubber LatexThe Proteids in Caoutchouc and in LatexOn the Depolymerisation of Raw Rubber"Contribution to the Study of Rubber Solutions Vulcanised by the Ultra-Violet Rays."VulcanisationThe Mass Action of Sulphur in VulcanisationThe Estimation of Bitumen in Rubber MixingsOn the Use of Nitric Acid as a Solvent for Compounded and Vulcanised RubberrsA Method of Estimating Small Amounts of C02 in Presence of SulphidesExperiments on the Determination of Mineral Matter in Rubber MixingsA Simple Method for the Estimation of Mineral Matters in Vulcanized RubbersThe Effect of Acids and Alkalies on Rubber, more especially in Relation to Reclaimed RubberVariabilitySome American Methods of Testing Mechanicals Rubber GoodsThe Influence of Temperature on the Tensile Properties of Rubber CompoundsRubbered Balloon FabricsSynthetic Rubber.(Researches on the Commercial Preparation of Isoprene)Substitutes Derived from Oxidized OilsThe Advantages and Defects of Plantation RubberSome Aspects of Plantation RubberBonus Schemes for Managers and Assistants on Plantation Rubber EstatesRubber Production CostsIncreasing the Yield of Funtumia Elasticaor "Lagos Silk" RubberA Practical and Cheap Method for Determining the Fertility of Rubber SoilsInvention and Its Relation to the Rubber and Textile IndustryGrowers' and Manufacturers' Conference

CHAPTER IIINames of Textile Plant FibresFertilising Cotton in the United StatesProblems of the Future Conditions of the Palm Oil IndustryA Vote of Thanks to Dr. Torrey

PART IICHAPTER ICONTENTSThe Plantation Rubber IndustryThe Present and Future of the Native "Hevea" Rubber IndustryNotes on the Acclimatization and Cultivationof the Guayule (Parthenium Argentatum Gray)Tapping of Rubber TreesFarming by DynamitePossible Rubber Producers in the Temperate ZoneCommercial Possibilities of Synthetic RubberProblems in Vacuum DryingLithopone and Oxide of Zinc in the Rubber IndustryA New Rule of VulcanizationNotes on Tension Tests of RubberLaboratory Organization in the Rubber IndustryRailroad Air Brake HoseNavy SpecificationsSome Observations on the Testing of Steamand Air-Brake Hose Used on Railway Locomotives and CarsA Brief History of Fire House Specifcations in the United StatesContractsReport of the Rubber Committee of the American Society for Testing Materials: Standard Specifications for Rubber ProductsReportof theRubber Sectionof theAmerican Chemical Society

APPENDIXBACK COVER

also a report of the proceedings of the fourth … · 2019. 4. 24. · contents . • part i. ch...

Documents