PAPER H

ALPHABETICAL DEVICE AND MULTINOMIALS

(DEPTH CLASSIFICATION 49)

Traces the history of (AD) from vaguebeginnings to a conscious use of the same.She.ws the evolution of the definition of(AD) till 1960. Recognises the necessityfor the use of binomial terms to denote cer-tain entities. Having illustrated the ad-vantages of the (AD) in the construction of(IN) in the work facet of a class in the(Me) '0' Literature, shows a ~ethod of (AD)for binomials. Next shows the need for theextensive use of (AD) for binomials in (IN)1'or virus. Su~gests draft rules for theapplication of lAD) for binomials. Suggeststhe use of zone 2 of the work fac6t, there-by released, for representing sub-forms ofliterary forms such as lyrics, epics, co-roedies, and tragedies. Shows the possibleapplication of the sub-forms of literaturein Lingui stics. Suggests the considerationof representing by (AD) the (IN) for thework facet, commentary facet etc in clas-sics.

CONTRACTIONS USED

(ACI)(AD)CC(CD)(IN)(Me)[p](SD)[T]

Anteriorising co mrrion IsolateAlphabetical DeviceColon Clas s ificationChronological DeviceIsolate NumberMain ClassPersonality FacetSubject DeviceTime Facet

V 10 N 3-4 Sep-Dec 1963

S R RANGANATHAN

1 EARL Y HISTORY11 Pressure of Tradition

The designing of CC started in Novem-ber 1924. At that time, the idea that onlyan Indo-Arabic numeral could be used as anordinal number was strong in the sub-conscious level. This was due, no doubt, toage-long usage. But it got much reinforcedby the first and the most influential schemeof library classification- -the DC designedby Melvil Dewey in 1876. At that time CCcould dare break this tradition only to a verylimited extent. It introduced Roman capsas possible digits. There were two reasonsfor this. In the first place, the base of 10of the Indo-Arabic numerals was felt to beall too short for the schedule of (Me) •• Thebundling together of all the pure sciencesand repres enting the bundle by the digit 5.a similar bundling together of all the appliedsciences and representing the bundle by thedigit 6, the bundling together of philosophyand psychology and representing the bundleby the digit I, the bundling together of allthe social sciences and representing thebundle by the digit 3, and finding no suitableplace for the newly emerging (Me) Sociology,carried sufficient conviction in this respect.Therefore, Roman caps were chosen torepresent (MC). Secondly, there was noregular schedule for [T] in DC, Freedom

103

Hll RANGANATHAN

was- therefore taken to represent millenniaand centuries by Roman caps. Inspite ofhaving gone outside the Indo-Arabic numeralsin this way, the CC did not have, at thattime, the courage to exploit the freedom thustaken by it.

12 Alphabetical Device

One of the earliest uses of Roman capsoutside (MC) and [T] was in the prescriptionof (AD) for the construction of a few (IN).This prescription occurred only in the follow-ing few places.

I Crop numbers in agriculture forthe crops which exceed the enumerated ones.

l Bacterial diseases in medicine for

the diseases which exceed the enumeratedones.

13 Chronological Device

The digits of the Roman alphabetcrept into other places through the back-door, as it we r e , For, even by 1926, whenthe books in the (MC) Literature were classi-fied in the Madras University Library, thesuperior sharpness of the use of (CD) in theconstruction of author numbers was sensedand exploited. This naturally brought in theuse of Roman caps in [pl. The followingare the other few places where Roman capsentered the body of the schedule through(CD).

CHRONOLOGICAL DEVICE

CC

B13,3B13,5

B13,9

B23B24

B25:8

B36B37: 1B392

B393

B394

B396

C5:38C5:8oQ29S

104

Host ClassName Isolate CC Example

Diophantine equation Special equation B13,3K Pelll s equation (1657)Forms including parti- Special form B13,5K F'e r rrie tt s last theorem

tion (1657)Associated arithemetic Special arithme- B13,9M New function (1832)

function tic functionTheory of equation Special equation B23,9M Abelian equation (1829)Determinant Special determi- B24M12 Alternant (1812)

nantSpecial Transfor- Special trans- B25:8M Cremona transforma-

mation formation tion (1863)Infinite series Special series B36M Fourier's series (1822)Integral Special theories B37: 1M Cauchy integral (1823)Integral of algebraic Subdivision B392M Hyperelliptic function

function ( 1826)Function defined by Subdivision B393M Lie function (1809)

contour integralFunction defined by Subdivision B394L Laplace function,

diffe rential and Legendre functionintegral equation (spherical harmonic)

(1785)F'un ct.ion defined by Subdivision B396M Hypergeomotric series

infinite sesrie s and (Hermite's function)product (1892)

Effect, Radiation Special effect C5:38N28 Raman effect (1928)Nature of light Special theories C5:8K9 Wave theory (1890)Literature Author 0-,2J64 Shakespeare (1564)Religion Spedfic religion Q29M72 Brahmo Samaj (1872)Psychology School of Psy- SM Experimental psycho-

chology logy (1862)

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ALPHABETICAL DEVICE AND MULTINOMIALS

Host ClassCC NaITle Isolate CC Ex arnpl e

T Education School of edu- TL7 Herbart' 5 school (1776)cation

T:5,l Intelligence test Subdivision P:5, IN Binet Simon test (l90 5)V:9l Election method System V:9lM Proportional represen-

tation (l857)X EconOInics Sy st ern XM Co-operative econo-

mics (1825)

H17

14 Subject Device

In a similar way, the need for (SD) inan incipient form was felt while working outthe sub-divisions of the omnibus (Me) MUseful Arts.' Here, the Roman cap s were

MNA,8ND,8R39T:3V:58X8Z,97

Useful artsBui Ldi n gFigureSpecial viewTeaching techniqueRightIndustryRegulative law

used in the array of order 2 to derivecanonical classes from the (MC) M UsefulArts. Here are the other instances wherethe Roman caps entered the body of theschedule through (SD).

SUBJECT DEVICE

MC5 Opticians' tradeN A, 8( Z, 8) Court buildingND,8(B942) Figure of venusR39(Y) HumanismT: 3(B) Teaching of mathematicsV: 58(X) Freedom of tradeX8(F182) Iron industryZ,97(L) Regulative law in

rne di c in e

~~~ N_a_m__e ~ I_s_o_l_a_t_e J~ C_C :=J E_x_a_m~p~l_e _

D6:8 Machinery Specific ma- D6,8(B) Computer machinerychinery

Specific tradeSpecific buildingSpecific figureSpecific viewSpecific subjectSpecific rightSpecific industrySpecific pro-

fession

15 Anteriorising Co rnrriori Isolates

Another break through the barrier ofthe tradition of Indo-Arabic numerals wasin the use of Roman smalls to represent(ACI). This was done in 1925. But evenhere it cannot be said that this break-throughwas done with the full recognition that anysingle s yrnbo l o ut si d e the Indo-Arabicnumerals can be used as a digit in the con-struction of class numbers.

16 Connecting Symbol

The conne::ting symbol colon -- a dotpair -- was conceived of even in 1924. Forabout a quarter of a century, this continued

V 10 N 3-4 Sep-Dec 1963

to be the only connecting symbol in use.It was of course outside the base of Indo-Arabic nurn e r al s ,

17 First Conscious Recognition

The first conscious recognition of aRoman cap, a Roman small, or a colon asan ordinal digit, came only while teachingin the Certificate Course of Librarianshipunder the auspices of the Madras LibraryAssociation in the s urnrn e r of 1929. Onlythen was it realised that it.. was easier toimprovise new ordinal numbers than newcardinal numbers. All that was needed tointroduce a new ordinal number was realised

105

HI? RANGANAT HAN

to be to define its position between two con-secutive ordinal numbers. I recall how inthe 1929 class, I used to drive home thefixing of the ordinal value of colon as onelying between 0 and 1. I used to say asfollows: II Mathematically, the colon--thedot pair--is a degenerate form of ellipse.In the dot pair it takes a subtler form. Asubtler form is more powerful. Therefore,let us call the dot pair a greater O. We havetherefore to fix the ordinal value of the dotpair or colon to be greater than that of 0and less than that of 1. II

18 Roman Small

In respect of the Roman smalls, theordinal value of each digit in relatfon to theother digits of the same species was takenfrom tradition. But no attempt was madeto fix their ordinal value in relation to theIndo-Arabic numerals, as the necessity didnot arise for it at that time on account oftheir anteriorising value.

19 Roman Cap

In respect of the Roman caps, theoriginal value of each digit in relation to theother digits of the same species was takenfrom tradition. But no attempt was madefor some years to fix their ordinal value inrelation to the Indo-Arabic numerals. Thisled to some difficulties in the arrangementof class numbers--that is of books--parti-cularly in the (MC) History. In 1930, thisdifficulty had to be faced by the StaffCouncil of the Madras University Library.The difficulty was traced to our not havingconsciously defined the ordinal value of theRoman caps in relation to the Indo-Arabicnumerals. We had to choose either Z to besmaller than 1 or A to be greater than 9.At that time, the separation of work into thatin the Idea Plane and that in the NotationalPlane had not been made. In fact, it wasmade only about twenty years later. There-fore, a good number of sleepless hours hadto be spent in the blind chase of the difficulty.Ultimately, it was decided that A should bedefined to have an ordinal value greater thanthat of 9.

106

2 Later History21 Seperation of Planes of Work

No conscious effort was made for abouttwenty years to make full use of the Romancaps in any array whatever. In the early1950' s, the path was cleared for furtherwork by a fundamental step taken. Thatwas to distinguish the work involved in cl as s i-fication into work in three different planes--viz, idea, verbal, and notational planes res-pectively. It was realised that the failureto separate these three planes in thought wasresponsible to some extent for standing inthe way of research in classification. Oncethey were separated, the work in the IdeaPlane and in the Verbal Plane went on inde-pendently of each other. It also gave anopportunity to enrich the work in each planein the light of the results of the work donein the other plane. This division of work indifferent planes was completed by 1954.

22 Mixed Notation

For one year thereafter, thought wasconcentrated on the Notational Plane. Theresults were communicated to FID/CA [3].One of the findings was as follows. In anarray in the Notational Plane, four zonescan be recognised-- Zone 1 in which the firstdigit of each isolate number is a Romansmall, Zone 2 in which the first digit ofeach isolate number, excluding the EmptyDigit 9, if any, is an Indo-Arbic numeral,Zone 3 in which the first digit of each iso-late number, excluding the Empty Digit 9, ifany, is a Roman cap, and Zone 4 in whichthe first digit of every isolate number is astarter bracket. This division of a r r av+in tozones was due to the use of mixed nctationin CC.

23 Efficiency Table

An efficiency table was constructedshowing the sectors in each of the four Zones[ 2 l- It was examined whether the isolatenumber in each sector in each array wasused and in case they were used, in whatway they were used. It turned out that Zone4 was used for the construction of isolatenurn be r by (SD), Zone 1 was us ed fa r theconstruction of isolate number by enumer-

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ALPHABETICAL DEVICE AND MUL TINOMIAl..S

ation, and that Zone 3 was used for the con-struction of isolate nurn be r s by (AD) or (CD).The following decision was than rn ad e , The"first cl a.im on the digits in the different zonesshould be as indicated above. But if in anyarray these cl ai m s do not arise, then thedigits may be used by ordinary enum e r at.ion ,Thus, ROITlan caps carn e to be us ed fully inany array whatever.

24 Work in Conscious Level

This led to work in conscious level inthe utilization of the isolate nurnbe r s in thedifferent sectors in the different zones.This in its turn led to the principles forguiding the work in the helpful utilization ofthe different sectors in the different zones.As a result of this, the (AD) got enunciatedrriuc h better than before. The imp r overrientin the successive rules on (AD) can be seenf'r o rn what follows.

3 RULE ON ALPHABETICAL DEVICE31 CC ed I, 1933

"67 The Alphabetic Device consists inusing the initial letter, or the initial letterarrrpl ifi ed , of the narn e of the substance orany other appropriate entities, for the fur-ther subdivision of a class of substance orentities. "671 If mo r e than one substanceor entity have the sarrre initial letter, theirinitial letters may be arn pl ifi ed by the addi-tion of the nurrib e r s 1,2,3, etc respectively".

32 ProlegoITlena, Ed.l, 1937

The first edition of the P'r-ol ego rn enato library classification did not do anythingrno r e than to give exarnpl e s of the use of(AD).

33 ProlegoITlena, Ed I, 1957

But the second edition of the ~!oleg():mena to library classification devotes achapter headed" 25 Verb'aX--Mnemonics" to(AD). It defines the Canon of Verbal Mne-rnorii c s as follows:

"Verbal rnn ernorri c s should be rejected,without any hesitation, if a sequence rno r ehelpful to readers or ~ore filiatory thanalphabetical sequence exists. Verbal rrme »

V 10 N 3-4 Sep-Dec 1963

H34

rno ni c s by alphabetical device should bepreferred if the alphabetical sequence is ashelpful as any other sequence. The wordforming the basis of verbal rnn ernorri c sshould be that of international nomenlaturewherever it has been set up. This is theCanon of Verbal Mn errrorric s " •

This canon clearly states the condi-tions under which (AD) should be used. It isessential that the (AD) should use only thet e r m accepted in international nomenclature.This is in order to facilitate class nurnbe r sbeing used for international communication.

34 CC, Ed 6, 1960

The above prescription in the Prolego-mena was amplified still further in ed 6 ofCC published in 1960, as follows:

"0585 The Alphabetical Device (AD)consists in using the iirst or the first two,or, the first three, etc. initial letters (allin caps) of the name of an entity, existentialor conceptual, for the formation or the sub-division of an isolate.

"The following convention is suggestedin dealing with narne s having the sarne initialletter. The first letter alone rn ay be usedfor the most favoured entity, !..!:., the entitywhich has the greatest literary warrant orwhich is the first on which literature arrives.The first two letters are to be used for thesecond favoured entity with the same initialletter, using' favoured' in the above sense,and so on. The use of the first three lettersmay be invoked if the name of another entityhas the s a rne two initial letters as the onealready selected for two-letter-representa-tion. The number of letters used may befurther increased to the necessary extent.

"This device is to be used only incases where no other method of subdivisiongives a more helpful sequence. The sched-ules and the Rules indicate the places wherethis Device has to be used.

n 05851 The (AD) can be applied onlyin respect of proper names, trade names,and certain technical no m encl at ur e whichare internationally current.

"05852 There are SOITleunsolved diffi-

107

H34 RANGANATHAN

cul t'ie s in the application of this device.Certain combination of letters occur fre-quently at the beginning of names. Then,several letters have to be brought into useto secure individualization" •

4 BINOMIAL TERM41 Virology

During the las t year, the cl a s sificationof Virology was taken up. It was found thattaxonomic cl a s sification of virus was notrecommended by the specialists. In factthey did not adopt even taxonomic nomencla-ture. The general consensus of opinionamong the virologists appears to be to adoptnon-taxonomic nomenclature. One result ofthis is that a classification schedule has torepresent a virus by (AD). Often the nameof a virus is a binomial--that is, it consistsof two terms. Occassionally it consists ofeven three terms. Here the existing Rule0585 does not easily lend itself to the con-struction of the isolate number for a virusby (AD).

42 Work of an Author

The existing Rule of CC for the con-struction of the isolate number for the workof an author in the (Me) Literature calls forthe use of Indo-Arabic numerals. Here arethe rules.

"041 The Work (IN) should be con-structed as follows:

"1 If the number of works of the authordoes not exceed eight, the works should bearranged in chronological sequence or, if itis impossible, in any arbitrary sequence or,if it is impossible, in some convenient se-quence, and they should be divided succes-sively into groups of eight each, and thenumbers 1,2,3 ••• 8, respectively should beassigned to the works.

"2 If the number of works of an authoris greater than eight but does not exc.eedsixty-four, the works should be arranged inchronological sequence or, if it is impossible,in some convenient sequence, and they shouldbe divided successively into groups of eighteach, and the number 1;2,3 ••. 8, respec-tively should be assigned to the groups. Such

108

a number may be termed Group Number.Then to get the actual Work (IN) of the worksin any group, 1,2,3 ••• 8, respectively shouldbe put after the Group Number; thus, eachWork (IN) will consist of two digits, thefirst digit indicating the group into which thebook falls and the second indicating the workin the group.

n 3 If the number of works is greaterthan sixty-four but does not exceed 512, thesame device may be extended. That is, theWork (IN) will consist of three digits, thefir st digit showing the major group of 64works into which the work falls, the seconddigit showing the sub- group of the majorgroup into which the book falls, and thethird digit indicating the work in the sub-group" •

43 Analogy and Illusion

In practice, the application of the aboverules involves a considerable work on thepart of the classifier. In the refreshercourse being given to some librarians inBangalore, the return for this considerablework was examined. The return was notfound to be adequate to the work involved.But why was this rule formulated in 1933?It was due to an analogy and an illusion. Atthat time, it was rightly realised that toarrange the authors in a particular form ofliterature in particular language by (CD) wasmore helpful than to arrange them by (AD).Even now this is true. This led us to say"Let us arrange the works of anyone authoralso chronologically, though uses of (CD)l'nay not be easy to work with". This wasthe reason behind Rule 041 quoted in Section42. It is now realised that the analogy isnot true. The assumption, that the readerswould prefer a chronological arrangementof the works of an author in the (Me) Liter-ature, in a particular language and in a parti-cular form, even as they would prefer a chro-nological arrangement of the authors them-sev e s , errs on the side of illusion ratherthan of reality. The present view is thatthere can be no particular arrangement ofthe works of an author in the same form inthe same language in the (MC) 0 Literaturewhich is really more useful and likely to besought by users than their arrangement by

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ALPHABETICAL DEVICE AND MULTINOMIALS

(AD). This is also true of the arrangernentof the works of an author treated by theClassic Device.

44 Illustration

Let us take the case of the dramaticworks of Williatn Shakespeare. Even scholar.ship extended over several decades could notassert the exact chronological sequence ofhis plays. The following is given by scholarsas one possible chronological table of them[1).Chronology of the Plays of Shakespeare

1590-911 Henry VI (2)2 Henry VI (3)

1591-923 Henry VI (1)

1592-934 Richard III5 Corn edy of errors

1593-946 Titus Andronicus7 T'arrrin g of the shrew

1594-958 Two gentletnen of Verona9 Lo ve! s labour' s lost

10 Ro rneo and Juliet

1595-9611 Richard II12 Midsummer night' s dream

1596-9713 John14 Merchant of Venice

1597-9815 Henry IV (1)16 Henry IV (2)

1598-9917 Much ado about nothing18 Henry V

1599-160019 Julius Caesar

V 10 N 3-4 Sep-Dec 1963

H44

20 Merry Wives of Windsor21 As you like it

1600-160122 Twelfth night23 Hamlet

1601-160224 Troilus and Cressida

1602-160325 All'swell that ends well

1604-160526 Measure for measure27 Othello

1605-160628 Macbeth29 Lear

1606-160730 Antony and Cleopatra

1607-160831 Coriolanus32 Timon of Athens

1608-160933 Pericles

1609-1034 Cyrnb el in e

1610-1135 Winter' stale

1611-1236 Te mp e s t

1612-1337 Henry VIII38 Two noble kinsmen

The following note is prefixed to theabove table in the Encyclopaedia; II It will beunderstood that neither the order in which theplays are given nor the distribution of themover the year lay claim to more than approxi-rnat e accuracy". In these circumstances, itis hardly reasonable to expect that all readerswill know the chronological sequence of theplays or will feel it rno r e helpful if the plays

109

H44 RANG ANATHAN

are arranged on the shelves and in the cata-logues in this particular sequence rather thanin the alphabetical sequence.

AANASCCOCYHHE-4-lHE-4-2HE-5HE-6-lHE-6-2HE-6-3HE-8JJUKLMt..,lEMERMERRMIMUPPER-2R-3ROTT.E

TITITTRTV;TWOTWO-NW

44 Illustration 2

In the case of Shakespeare we had atleast some readymade table provided byscholars. In other cases, even this helpmay not be available. In 1928 we were madeto realise the enormous difficulty of arrang-ing the works of another author by (CD). For,in that year a reader presented to theMadras University Library the completeworks of Alexandre Dumas (1882-1870.These were in 277 volumes. This threw usa challenge to work out a schedule for thedramas and the novels of Dumas. 'We spenta good deal of time over it, now and againconsulting those who were devoted studentsof his works. But at the end we asked our-selves, "How many readers will feel helpedby this chronological a r r an ge m erit of theworks of Dumas? Will not the readers behelped much better if the works are arrang-ed alphabetically by their titles"?

45 Multi-Worded Titles

I We now prefer to construct by (AD)the (IN) of a work of an author in the Uv1C)o literature or classified by Clas sic Device.Here we found the problem of the titles ofmany a work being multiworded. They alsooften create a situation in which the (lID) hasto be applied to many of the words in thetitle even as it happens in the case of themulti-nomial nomenclature of virus,

5 ALPHABETICAL DEVICE FORMULTI-NOMIALS

Weare now making a study of how the(AD) should be applied to multi-nomial termssuch as titles of works in literature or inclassics and multi-nomial nomenclature ofvirus.

APAPP-MAPP-RBB-A

51 Example 1Schedule for the Work Facet of Shakespeare

B-C

The following arrangement of the workof Shakespeare given in Sec 44 has been ten-tatively arrived at, with the use of (AD).

B-M

BA-F

110

All's well that ends wellAntony and CleopatraAs you like itCorn edy of errorsCoriolanusCymbelineHamletHenry IV (1)Henry IV (2)Henry VHenry VI (1)Henry VI (2)Henry Vl (3)Henry VIIIJohnJulius CaesarKing LearLove's labour's lostMacbethMeasure for measureMerchant of VeniceMerry wiv e s of WindsorMidsummer night's dream.Much ado about nothingOthelloPericlesRichard IIRichard IIIRomeo and JulietTaming of the shrewTempestT'i rnon of AthensTitus An d r o n i.c u sTroilus and CressidaTwelfth nightTwo gentlemen of VeronaTwo noble kinsmenWinter's t al e

52 Example 2Sample Schedule for Virus

Ap e uApple mosaicApple rubbery woodBacillus (bacteriophage)Bacillus anthracis (bac-

teriophage)Bacillus cerus (bacterio-.

phage)Bacillus rne gat e ri um

(bac te rioph age)Barley false-stripe

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BA-SBA-YBE-RBE-YBe-Y-NBLU-SBO-V-B

Bo-V-H

O-MO-ROR-MP-MPAPAR-IPAR-I-1

PAR-I-lOPE-E-MPE-MPE-SPE-STPEA-MPEA-RPEA-RoPEA-SPE1\-Y-B-MPEA- Y-L-MPEA-Y-MPEAN-RPOLPOT-APOT-CPOT-CAPOT-CO-RPOT-FPOT-LPOT-LEPOT-YPOT-YE-DTO-MTO-RTO-RITO:tvl-ATOM-AU-MTOM-BTOM-BUTOM-FTOM-MTOM-RTOM-S

ALPHABETICAL DEVICE AND MUL TINOMIALS H6

Barley stripe -rno sa icBarley yellow-dwarf~eet ring spotBeet yellowsBeet Yellow-netBlueberry stuntBorreliota variolae Var.bouis

Borreliota va r iol ae Var.hominis

Oat mosaicOat red-leafOrchid flower breakingPapays mosaicPapillomaPara influenzaPara influenza 1

Para influenza 10Pea-enation mosaicPea mosaicPea streakPea stuntPeach mosaicPeach ring spotPeach rosettePeach stuntPeach yellow-bud mosaicPeach yellow leaf-rollPeach yellow mosaicPeanut rosettePolyomaPotato APotato CPotato calicoPotato corky ringspotPotato FPotato late breakingPotato leafrollPotato YPotato yellow dwarfTobacco mosaicTobacco rattleTobacco ringspotTomato aspermyTomato aucuba mosaicTomato big-budTomato bushy-stuntTomato fern-leafTomato mosaicTomato ringspotTomato spotted-wilt

V 10 J 3-4 Sep-Dec 1963

TOP-YTOM-Y-N

Top yellowsTomato yellow-net

53531

Some InferenceTitle of Work

A comparison of the schedules for thedramas of Shakespeare and for virus callsfor some remarks. In Shakespeare, Romannumerals are all converted into Indo-Arabicnumerals. The occasion to use a binomialis not much. It is equally so with the useof trinomials. Apart from the historicalplays, where a numeral has to be used, wedo not find the need for a binomial numberexcept in the ca s e of 11 Two gentlemen ofVerona" and 11 Two noble kinsmen". Sincewe have already used TW to represent the11 Twelfth night", we ate obliged to use TWOto represent the first word in each of theabove plays. But it happens that the samefirst word occurs in the name of both theplays. Therefore we have to invoke the aidof the second word in the title of the latterplay. Thus we get the (IN) TWO and TWO-N.

532 Name of Virus

But, in the case of a virus, the users'rn erno r y will be very much helped if eachword in the binomial or the trinomial, asthe case may be, is represented in the (AD),thought it may not be necessary for theindividualisation of the isolates. This is animportant difference between the applicationof (AD) to works in l it e r a.tur e or in classicsand to the names of the vir u s e s ,

6 RULES FOR (AD)

In the light of the experience indicatedabove, the following additional rules aresuggested for (AD) to facilitate the number-ing of the rules. It may be he lpful to re-number the existing Rule 05852 into 05852-05855. The rule about the (AD) for binomialmay be given the number 05852 as shownfelow:

05852 • - If the users find it helpfulto denote an entity by a binomial term, the(AD) should be applied independently to boththe words, in the binomial term, as pres-cribed in the Rule 0585.

III

H6 RANGANATHAN

05853 • - The two (IN) got thus by(AD) are to be connected by the super-im-position device II _II (hyphen), in order tofill (IN) by (AD).

05854 • - The device prescribed bythe Rules 05852 and 05853 may be ca.ll edII Bionimial (AD)" •

05855 • - The (AD) may be appliedto trinomials and higher multinomials in asimilar way. The corresponding (AD) maybe called Trinomial (AD) •.• Multinomial(AD).

Note. - It may be explicitly statedthat it is not obligatory to use all the wordsin a multinomial in the (AD) unless the help-fulness to users demands it as in the biologi-cal sciences.

In other cases such as in the works ofa classical author or in the author (MC)o literature, it is a matter for judgmentwhether it is more economical to ignore thesecond and the later words in the (AD) or touse not only the first word but also the lat e rwords to the necessary extent.

7 RELEASE OF ZONE 2

The use of (AD) to get (IN) for theworks of a classical author or an author in(MC) 0 literature or for virus or other ;;;0-·

lates in any facet shifts the rep r e s ent ati on 'J':

the isolates from Zone 2 to Zone 3 of theArray of Order I in its facet. This makesZone 2 fallow. The Efficiency Table (l]prompts us to examine whether the fallowZone 2 can be put to any use. How it C<3.2 be

usefully put to some other use in virologywill be indicated in a later paper. We s he.lIconfine ourselves here to the use of Zone 2in the case of a work facet of an author. Fo rdefiniteness, we shall take the dramas ofShakespeare as an illustration.

71 Grouping of Works of Shakespeare

We have literary warrant demanding thegrouping of the dramas of Shakespeare intocomedies, tragedies, etc. There are cer-tainly critical works on such groupings.Bradley's "Shakespearean tragedy" is anexample. The present rules in CC do notprovide any way of individualising such iso-

112

l at.e s , It now occurs that Zone 2 in workfacet may be used for the purpose. Here isan illustrative schedule.

3 Comedies5 Tragedies6 Historical Plays7 Romantic PlaysNote. • It may be noted here that the

digits used are mnemonics. The digit 6 isthe rnnemonic for time and therefore used torepresent historical plays. The digit 5 isthe mnemonic for emotion and thereforeused as the rnn ernon ic for the most stirringemotion implied in tragedy. The digit 3 isused for comedies as it is the specific digitfo r joy in the schedule fo r "S P sycholo sv"With such a schedule as above, the numberfor Bradley's" Shakespearean tragedies"will be 0111, 2J64, 5:g.

72 Collection of a Group of Works

In CC, the digit ~ is used to representcollection as well as selection. When ap-pl-ied to the works of an author, the digit ~should be added after the author number(vide Rule 09x). Thus the (CN) 0111, 2J64x-;:,:;Iil- represent both the collected works ofShakespeare and any collection or selection01 Shakespearean works. But we have collec-tion or selection of tragedies alone, thecollections and selections of comedies, and::;0 on. Till now, it has not been possiblefor us to give a co-extensive and expressive(CN) for them. The prescription containedin Section 71 shows a way out. In fact, itshows two possible ways out. The (CN) forthe collection and selection of Shakespeareantragedies may be eith e r ,

0111, 2J64, 5x oro Ill, 2J64~5-

The former number has the advantage ofbringing together the editions of the collec-tion of tragedies as well as the critical workson tragedies. On the other hand, the laternumber places the collection of tragediesjust after the collection of all the works.Since we cannot allow a homonym in a classi-ficatory language, a decision must be madeCYlC e and fo r all to prefe r the one or theother. P.::rhaps the first alternative will bemore helpful than the second.

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ALPHABETICAL DEVICE AND MULTINOMIALS

73 A New Facet

These ideas open up a very vast vistain the depth classification of subjects in (Me)Literature, as this would be needed in docu-m.eritat.ion work. It is particularly useful inthe documentation of the ancient and medi-eval literature in the Indian languages. Herea variety of forms of poetry have been identi-fied. For example in Tamil, as many as170 varieties of poetry have been listed.There is a considerable amount of literarywarrant on some of these varieties. Tillnow we had no means of facing the challengeof depth clas sification in this field. Howthis challenge can now be met will be shownin Paper Q in this issue.

74 Application to Linguistics

There has been another unsolved prob-lem haunting us all along. The evaluation ofa work in (MC) 0 Literature is different fromthe norms or the rules for the composition ofdifferent forms of literature such as a poem,a drama, a novel, and a short story. Theideas developed in this paper suggest a so-lution to this problem only, the followingnumbers which are more extensive have beenpossible till now:

Plll,J72:7modern English

Art of writing drama in

PIll, J73:7modern English.

Art of writing a novel in

H8l

It is now possible to have numberswhich are more coextensive than the classesconcerned such as the following:

PIll, J725:7 Art of writing a tragedyin Modern English

PIlI,J73l:7 Art of writing shortstory in modern English.

These ideas require further pursuit. In parti-cular, each of the language schedules shouldbe worked out for ·subforms and for each ofthe broad forms such as poetry, drama andfiction.

8 APPLICATION TO CLASSICSIn a r r arigin g the Indian Classics in

part 3 of CC-- particularly the works of asingle author coris ide r-abl e difficulty was feltin 1933. Fortunately MahamahopadhyayaS Kuppuswami Sastri, was a living encyclo-paedia and a bibliography on sanskrit classhelped me in deciding the sequence of theworks. But there is bound to be some differ-ence o! opinion with regard to their sequence.More over new classics are being conti-nuously unearthed since then. In view ofthis it is felt that the work facet in a classicas well as the commentary facet may beconstructed by (AD), without much of un-helpfulness to the readers. A small sectionof the schedules of the classics in Advaita isreproduced here both as it is in the printedmedia CC and as it would be if the (IN) inthe work facet is constructed by (AD).

81 Existing Sequence

Existingcl as s Number

Work Proposed class Number

R66xl, 11R66xl,12R66xl,13R66xl, 14R66xl, 14, 1R66xl, 15R66xl, 16R66xl,17

Sankara: Upadesa-sahasriSankara: Viveka-cudamaniSankara: AparoksanubhutiSankara: Dasa-slokiMadhu-sudana Sarsvati: Siddhanata-binduSankara: Panci-karanaSankara: Daksinamurti-stotraSankara: Vakya-sudha

R66xl,UR66xl, VIR66xl, AR66xl, DAR66xl, DA, SR66xl, PR66xl, DR66xl, V

V 10 N 3-4 Sep-Dec 1963 113

H82 RANGANATHAN

82 Proposed Sequence

The above eight works will fall in the

following sequence when arranged accordingto their new numbers.

------c:------,---------------------Proposed

Class Number

R66xl, AR66xl, DR66xl, DAR66xl, DA, SR66xl, PR66xq, UR66xl, VR66xl, VI

Work [Existing class

Nurnber-------------R66xl,13R66xl, 16R66xl, 14R66xl, 14, 1R66xI,15R66xl,11R66xl,I7R66x1, 12

Sankara: AproksanubhutiSankara: Daksinamurti-stotraSankara: Dasa-s1okiMadhy-sudana Sarasvati: Siddhanta-binduSankara: Panci-karanaSankara: Upadesa-sahasriSankara: Vakya-sudhaSankara: Viveka-cudamani

---------------------_ .._-_._-----------_.

83 Illustration from Nyaya Philosophy

The following is another selection fromthe classics on Nyaya Philosophy. They are

ProposedClass Number

Work

R625xl,NR625xl, N, BR625xI, N, B, VR625xl,N, B, V, TR625xl,N, B, V, T, P

R625xl,N,MR625xI, N, SR625xI,N,S-V

arranged with the help of the proposed (AD).Their original class number are given incolumn 3.

Existing ClassNumber

Gautama: !,!yaya_~~tr~Vatsyayana: Nyaya-bhasyaUddyota-kara-;-N·y~y-;:~:;:;·ttikaVacaspati-misra;- Ny:::.ya-=-~a·;ttikatatparaya-tikaUdayanacarya: Nyaya-v-a~ttika-tatparya

parisuddhi ----.-----

Jayanta Bhatta: Ny a ya e m anj a r iVisva-natha Panc-ana:;-a~'- Nyay-a - suotra -vrttiRadha-mohan Bh at ta car ya: Nyaya:~~-

vivarana

The titles of the works are all bino-mials or even trinomials. All of them beginwith the word 'Nyaya'. Therefore 'N' isused as (IN) the work number only for thebasic class. In the other works it is only thesecond term in the title that is used for the(AD). In the last two exarhples the titles ofworks are trinomials. The first two termsare the same. Therefore the first word'Sutra' alone is used in the (AD) for one ofthe works. Both the term in the binomial'Sutra'-vivarana', in th e second work the(IN) in the work facet is a hyphenated one-S-V.

114

R625xI, IR625xI, I, 1R625x1, 1, I, IR625xI, I, I, I, IR625xI, I, 1, 1, I, 1

R625xI,I,2R625xl, 1,3R625xI, 1, MIa

84 Old and New

The points in sections 741-43 arebrought for discussion. It is not the intentionthat they should be immediately adopted. Ifit is fjn al ly decided to favour (AD) for workfacet in Classics, all the libraries startingclassification hereafter may adopt it. Evenlibraries already classified may adopt it forthe new Classics to be added. But the num-bers for the already classified Classics inthe library either the old number may beretained permanently or they may be gradu-ally changed to new numbers as prescribedin the Method of Osmosis.

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ALPHABETICAL DEVICE AND MULTINOMIALS H84

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Note: 1 The following is the list of the docu-ments used.

2 Column 1 of this bibliography givethe serial number of the documentsincluded in it.

3 Column 2 of this bibliography givesthe number of the section in thetext, where the reference to thedocument is made.

V 10 N 3-4 Sep-Dec 1963

1 Sec 44 ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA:New sur;~y--~i~i~~;s~T~o~-:-ledge. Ed 14. 1929. 20; 439.

2 See 23 RANGANATHAN(S R). Efficiencytable. (Depth classification, 17). , '(An lib sc, 2; 195:'; l-8).

3 See 22 Report to FID/~A 5. 1955.

115