Allophones

They affect the Closed word category They usually contain a weak vowel /ɪ, ə/ Comparison between strong forms and weak

forms For /fɔː/ - /fə, fr/ Her /hɜ:/ - /ə, ər/ The /di:/ - /ðə, ði/

Weak forms

/d/ or /t/ between 2 consonants, generally in

compound words Free variation Handsome /hændsʌm/-/hænsʌm/ Sandwinch /sændwɪtʃ/-/sæŋwɪtʃ/

Elision

Complementary distribution [ɫ] voiced alveolar lateral velarized It is used before consonant or pauses [tweɫv], [seɫ]

Dark l

Complementary distribution Alveolar consonants /n/; /d/; /t/ /n/ becomes [m] when followed by a bilabial

consonant /m/; /b/; /p/ Ex: In Madrid; In Poland; In Brazil [mm] [mp] [mb] /n/ becomes [ŋ] when followed by a velar

consonant /k/; /g/ Ex: In Cuba; In Greece [ŋk] [ŋg]

Assimilation

/d/ becomes [b] when followed by a bilabial consonant

Ex: good man; good boy; good point [bm] [bb] [bp] /d/ becomes [g] when followed by a velar

consonant Ex: good guy; good kid [gg] [gk] /t/ becomes [p] when followed by a bilabial

consonant Ex: great man; great boy; great point [pm] [pb] [pp] /t/ becomes [k] when followed by a velar consonant Ex: great kid; great guy [kk] [kg]