all seismic explosives are not the samelafayettegeologicalsociety.org/wp/wp-content/...explosives...
TRANSCRIPT
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ALL SEISMIC EXPLOSIVES
ARE NOT THE SAME
So what do we do about it?
2014
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2
Discussion Points
Seismic Explosive
Types Composition
Products of Detonation
Source Test Goals
Field Test Data
Economics
Conclusion
Buggy Pit Drill East Texas
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3
Seismic Explosive Types
Composition
Molecular - Pentolite
Molecular Composite - Dynamite
Composite - Emulsion
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4
Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration
Premium Elastic Wave Generation
PETN (Pentaerythritol
Tetranitrate) Very sensitive molecular
explosive
TNT (trinitrotoluene) Molecular high
explosive
Aluminum (Al) Bio-organism Tablets & Nutrients
Pentolite INGREDIENTS
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5
Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration
PRODUCTS OF DETONATION
Methane
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen
Carbon
Aluminum Oxide
Substance State
Gas
Gas
Gas
Solid
Solid
74
283
140
78
425
Grams / 1 kg charge
Premium Elastic Wave Generation
Pentolite
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6
Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration
PRODUCTS OF DETONATION
Methane
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen
Carbon
Aluminum Oxide
Substance State
Gas
Gas
Gas
Solid
Solid
90
600
170
27
78
Grams / 1 kg charge
Bioremediation Technology
Pentolite
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7
Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration
Seismic Energy Source
®
INGREDIENTS
Gum
Nitroglycerin (Nitrated Diethylene Glycol)
Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate
Ammonium Nitrate
Sulfur Micro Balloons
Sodium Nitrate
NG Dynamite
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Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration
Seismic Energy Source
®
PRODUCTS OF DETONATION
Water (steam)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen
Calcium Carbonate
Sodium Carbonate
Substance State g / 1 kg Charge
Gas
Gas
Gas
Solid
Solid
0.94
2.11
0.76
0.05
1.14
188
421
153
10
228
lb / 5 lb Charge
NG Dynamite
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Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration
INGREDIENTS
Water (H2O)
Microballoons Glass density control
Sodium Nitrate Common fertilizer
Ammonia Nitrate Common fertilizer
(basic ammonia & nitric acid)
Aluminum (Al) Metallic Element
White Mineral Oil
Emulsion Seismic Energy Source
™
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Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration
PRODUCTS OF DETONATION Emulsion Seismic Energy Source
™
Water (steam)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen
Carbon
Aluminum Oxide
Sodium Oxide
Silica
Substance State
Gas
Gas
Gas
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
450
109
247
12
113
44
25
Grams / 1 kg charge
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11
Seispro®
(emulsion)
Geophysical Exploration Explosives Comparison
CALORIES / GRAM represents the
chemical energy that produces shock,
heat and gas energy. The value
indicates the absolute weight strength
of the explosive.
GAS VOLUME (moles/kg)is an
expression of the effects of the
detonation.
VELOCITY OF DETONATION (VOD)
(ft/sec above, m/sec below) of an
explosive is the average speed of the
detonation.
DETONATION PRESSURE (Kbars)
increases with an increase in density or
VOD. Detonation Pressure (Kbar) = 2.5
x density x velocity2(m/sec) x 10-6
DENSITY (g/cc) Density contributes to
Velocity of Detonation.
1,000
35.5
16,075
4,900
70
1.18
1,880
20.5
23,950
7,300
227
1.70
1,500
27.9
24,600
7,500
230
1.63
1,250
26.0
20,000
6,100
133
1.43
Geoprime®
(pentolite)
VIBROGEL®
(dynamite)
Geoprime®
dBX®
SEISMIC ENERGY SOURCE
= Premium Elastic Wave Generation * *
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12 Benefit of Lower Gas Volume
Fractured earth absorbs and scatters energy – diminishes elastic wave amplitude and propagation
Excess gas vents through borehole creating safety, environmental and reclamation problems
Conventional Explosive dBX
Consolidated earth conducts more of the energy – results in improved elastic wave penetration
Effect of shock energy plus gas volume Effect of shock energy
dBX Technology
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GOALS
Improving seismic data quality through explosive testing
• Improve energy transfer
• Improve signal to ambient noise ratio
• Increase seismic bandwidth
• Increase reflected signal strength
• Improve imaging in final processed data
• Improve Economics
Seismic Explosive Source Tests
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14
Alberta Canada – Carbon Field
Los Banos – California USA
Client Source Study – Alberta Canada
Migrated 3D – Alberta Canada
Seismic Explosive Source Test Data Sets
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15
1500 g (3.3 lb) dBX 2043 g (4.5 lb) Pentolite
Carbon Field Test Shot Records (Relative Amplitude)
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16
Averaged Spectra
1000-3000 ms Window
Trace 1 - 116
____
1500 g
dBX
____
2043 g
Pentolite
Carbon Field Test: Shot Record Spectra
8 dB gain over Pentolite at 75% of the explosive weight
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California Field Test Relative Amplitude
Color showing the
signal to noise uplift
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18
California Field Test - Spectra Analysis
12 - 15 dB gain across the spectra
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19
• 8 explosive types tested
• 4 explosive manufacturers
• 50 ft hole depth
• Charge sizes: 1 kg, 2kg, 4kg, 8kg and 16 kg
• Duplicates on each product at both line ends
• Oil company designed, conducted, processed and evaluated the data
Alberta Compressive Field Study
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20
Alberta Compressive Field Study
Geoprime dBX
SeisPro dBX
Geoprime
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21
Alberta Compressive Field Study
Geoprime dBX
SeisPro dBX
Geoprime
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22
652 Source Points, double drilled
- Vibrogel (NG Dynamite)
- dBX
Static 3D Spread
Random Source Recording
Identical Processing through Migration
Alberta 3D Test
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23
Geometric Spreading Correction
Refraction and Residual Statics
NMO – Mute- CMP Sort
Stack
3D FK Filter – attenuates linear propagated noise
DAS (Pred. Dist. = 12ms, Oper. = 220ms)
12 Hz low cut filter
3D RNA – random noise attenuation (FX Decon)
3D Extended Stolt Migration
Residual Amplitude Compensation (RAC) Single time variant gain function calculated on ME brute stack and applied to both datasets
Alberta 3D Test Processing Flow
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Grande Prairie Vibrogel Migrated Stack
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25
Grande Prairie dBX Migrated Stack
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26
75 SQUARE MILE SHOT HOLE 3D - $5,000,000+ TESTING COSTS – 1.2% of 3D ($60,000)
Drilling 25 Test holes - $10,000 Recording 5 mile test line - $40,000 PPV Test - $3,500 Permits Drills and Recording crew mobilization can impact these prices
SAVINGS can be $100,000+ 100’ hole with 11 lbs. = $335 100’ hole with 5.5 lbs. = $300 80’ hole with 5.5 lbs = $285 $35 X 5,400 = $189,000 $55 X 5,400 = $297,000
Seismic Testing Economics (Gulf Coast) January 2014
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Most new field discoveries have old seismic data over them
Poor seismic data quality results in reserves being left behind for the next company - Limited bandwidth
- Low signal amplitude
- Poor spatial sampling
What did those lost reserves cost your company?
DON’T LEAVE RESERVES BEHIND
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Every explosive type has different chemical makeup and different products of detonation
Determine your test goals and design your test accordingly
The earth responds differently from one geographic area to another
Testing can save you money while improving you data quality
Discover more reserves from improved data quality
Conclusions
-
Dyno Nobel
Seismic Products Technical Information and MSDS
at
http://www.dynonobel.com/resource-hub/products/seismic
-
Thank you
to
DYNO NOBEL
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50 SQUARE MILE SHOT HOLE 3D - $8,000,000 TESTING COSTS – 1% of 3D ($80,000)
Drilling 25 Test holes - $25,000 Recording 5 mile test line - $50,000 PPV Test - $3,500 Permits Drills and Recording crew mobilization can impact these prices
SAVINGS can be $360,000+ (Heli-Portable) 60’ hole with 11 lbs. = $1,300+ 40’ hole with 11 lbs. = $1,100+ $50 X 3,600 = $180,000 $100 X 3,600 = $360,000
Seismic Testing Economics (Rockies) January 2014
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75 SQUARE MILE SHOT HOLE 3D - $5,000,000+ TESTING COSTS – 1% of 3D ($51,000)
Drilling 25 Test holes - $7,500 Recording 5 mile test line - $40,000 PPV Test - $3,500 Permits Drills and Recording crew mobilization can impact these prices
SAVINGS can be $250,000+ 100’ hole with 11 lbs. = $350 80’ hole with 5.5 lbs. = $285 40’ hole with 5.5 lbs. = $190 20’ hole with 3.3 lbs. = $145 $45 X 6,400 = $288,000 $65 X 6,400 = $416,000
Seismic Testing Economics (California) January 2014