all about new york city

8/7/2019 All about New York City

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Argument....2

I. History....3

A. Early History....3B. Colonial Period.....4B1. Dutch Rule..................4

B2. English Rule....5C. American Revolution....6D. Growth of the City....7E. The Transformation of the Metropolis.....9F. New York City since the 1930s...12

II. New York City and Its Metropolitan Area............17A. Queens...17B. Brooklyn18C. Staten Island...19D. The Bronx..20E. Manhattan..22

III. Population and Area..............25

IV. Culture and Education......27 A. Museums...27

B. Performing Arts.29C. Cultural Events..31D. Colleges and Universities..31

V. Parks and Recreation......34A. Sports.........35

B. Zoos and Gardens......37

VI. Economy....38

VII. Government..41

VIII. Contemporary Issues..43

Conclusion.........45

Bibliography..........46

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Argument

New York is the largest city in the United States, the home of the United Nations,and the center of global finance, communications, and business. New York City isunusual among cities because of its high residential density, its extraordinarilydiverse population, its hundreds of tall office and apartment buildings, its thrivingcentral business district, its extensive public transportation system, and its morethan 400 distinct neighborhoods. The citys concert houses, museums, galleries,and theaters constitute an ensemble of cultural richness rivaled by few cities

Located in the southeastern part of New York State just east of northern NewJersey, the city developed at the point where the Hudson and Passaic rivers minglewith the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound. The harbor consistsof the Upper Bay (an arm of the Atlantic Ocean) as well as the East River and the

various waterways that border the city. Its harbor is one of the largest and finest inthe world and is ice-free in all seasons.

Although the Dutch founded the city in 1624 and called it Fort Amsterdam andthen New Amsterdam, the English captured the settlement in 1664 and renamed itNew York, after the Duke of York, who later became James II of England.

Unlike most American cities, which make up only a part of a particular county,New York is made up of five separate counties, which are called boroughs.Originally the city included only the borough of Manhattan, located on an island

between the Hudson and East rivers. In 1898 a number of surroundingcommunities were incorporated into the city as the boroughs of Queens, Brooklyn,the Bronx and Staten Island.

New York has been among the most ethnically diverse cities in the world since the1640s, when fewer than 1,000 total residents spoke more than 15 languages

Because of its huge size, its concentrated wealth, and its mixture of people fromaround the world, New York City offers its residents and visitors a staggeringarray of cultural riches and educational opportunities.

New York City is the business and financial capital of the world, and manyleading national and international corporations have their headquarters there.

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I. History

A. Early History

Before Europeans came to the place now known as New York City, it had been thehome of Native Americans of the Algonquian language group. Literally hundredsof these self-governing bands lived along the East Coast from North Carolina toCanada. At least 18 of them lived in the New York City area. The Canarsees, whowere especially prominent in what is now Brooklyn, had settlements in present-day Gowanus, Sheepshead Bay, Flatlands, and Canarsie.

Although these local groups were not as advanced as the Maya, Inca, or Aztecs,who lived farther south in the western hemisphere, they lived in peace with nature

and with each other. They constructed long bark houses, replete with thatcheddomes, of substantial size, and they planted wheat, maize, beans, and squash.Many modern roads, such as Flatbush Avenue and Kings Highway, follow theroute of paths that connected the various Native American villages.

New Yorks office buildings

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B. Colonial Period

In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian in the employ of France, became thefirst white man known to have sailed up the narrows into the lower bay. In 1609the English navigator Henry Hudson, who had been hired by the Dutch East IndiaCompany to search for a water route through North America to Asia, arrived inNew York harbor aboard his 74-foot ship, The Half Moon.

B1. Dutch Rule

Hudson discovered that the vast area between French Canada and British Virginiawas unfortified and unclaimed and that the Native Americans who lived at themouth of the Hudson River would happily trade furs for European goods. Excitedby the commercial prospects of Manhattan Island, which was in the midst of a vastharbor that was ice-free in all seasons, Dutch merchants promptly dispatched otherexpeditions to the vicinity.The Dutch East India Company established the first permanent Europeansettlement in what is now New York City in 1624. Although most of the Dutchsettlers established themselves in the northern Hudson Valley, near the future siteof Albany, about eight or ten Protestants from Belgium, who had taken refuge

with the Dutch to escape religious persecution, settled on Governors Island in NewYork harbor. In 1625 the tiny community moved to the southern tip of ManhattanIsland. A year later, according to legend, Dutch colonial governor Peter Minuitpurchased Manhattan from the Canarsees for 60 guilders (approximately $24) intrinkets and goods.

The city of New Amsterdam, as it was soon called, operated as part of the colonyadministered by the Dutch West India Company. It was moderately successful andattracted settlers and merchants from a variety of nations. At least 18 differentlanguages were being spoken in the city as early as 1650. Germans, Swiss,

Moravians, French, English, and Portuguese joined the Dutch, and NewAmsterdam quickly became a cosmopolitan center.

In 1647 Peter Stuyvesant became governor. Stuyvesant governed autocratically.The West India Company originally combined the administration of the city ofNew Amsterdam with that of the entire Dutch colony, which extended up theHudson River into upstate New York. However, pressure from the citys citizensled to the granting of a municipal government in 1653. Despite the change,

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Stuyvesant maintained tight control over the city and appointed all the importantofficials. During his rule, however, New Amsterdam saw many basicimprovements in city life: cobblestone streets replaced dirt roads, the cityintroduced fire protection and police patrols, and the first hospital opened. The citybuilt a protective wall where Wall Street now runs, and settlers began moving into

outlying areas that eventually became part of New York City.

B2. English Rule

The Dutch period ended in 1664 when a European conflict between the Dutch andEnglish spread to the American colonies. A fleet of four English warships and 500professional soldiers arrived in the harbor on August 18. Stuyvesant wanted tofight and he prepared Fort Amsterdam for battle. But the citizens, resentful ofStuyvesants autocratic rule and faced with the powerful naval guns of theEnglish, decided to surrender. The English renamed the community New York, inhonor of the Duke of York, the brother of King Charles II of Britain. The city thengave its name to the entire colony.

Trade and commerce provided the chief basis of the city's prosperity. Ships ofNew York City's merchants plied the coastal waters of North America and carriedmerchandise to the West Indies and Europe. By the mid-18th century, tradebetween New York City and the neighboring colonies of Connecticut and NewJersey was extensive. The local economy received a boost during the long struggle

for empire between Britain and France that began in the late 17th century. TheBritish government bought provisions from local suppliers and licensed privateship owners to attack enemy vessels at sea. City merchants also engaged in aprofitable illegal trade with non-British colonies in the Americas, despite Britishrestrictions on such activities.

The city's merchant elite played a predominant role in local government, eventhough large landholders, most crafts workers, and many laborers were eligible tovote. The mayors, appointed for annual terms by the governor with the advice ofhis council, almost invariably were affluent merchants. Merchants also held a

disproportionately large number of seats on the elected city council.

During the colonial period, New Yorkers outside the traditional circles of powergained substantial influence over city government on two occasions. In 1689,taking advantage of the confusion surrounding the revolution that deposed Englishking James II, Jacob Leisler, a German-born merchant, seized control of theprovincial government in defiance of the English governor. The new government

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authorized the election of the mayor by Protestant freemen; Peter Delanoy, theirchoice, thus became New York's first elected mayor. British authorities regainedcontrol of the city in 1691, and they promptly executed Leisler and his chiefassistant.

During the 18th century, aldermen identified with a 'popular party' took control ofthe council during the municipal election of 1734. The new council wassympathetic to publisher John Peter Zenger. In 1735 Zenger had been acquitted ofcharges of libeling the royal governor in the New York Weekly Journal. Thedecision set a precedent for freedom of the press in the colonies.

C. American Revolution

Opposition to British policy became increasingly vocal by the mid-1760s. Aneconomic depression followed the French and Indian War (1754-1763) andcoincided with the British Parliament's decision to tighten control over economicactivities in the colonies. Parliament imposed a number of import taxes and fees inthe colonies, threatening profits to which New York's merchant gentry had becomeaccustomed and encouraging the resistant mood of the urban populace. In NewYork City, as elsewhere in the colonies, a secret organization known as the Sonsof Liberty sprang up to oppose these laws. New York's City Hall was the site ofthe Stamp Act Congress, at which delegates from nine colonies protested Britishpolicy.

Though opinion was divided in New York City on the question of resistingimperial control, the patriotic element had the upper hand by May 1775, a monthafter the American Revolution (1775-1783) broke out. In April 1776, aftercolonial forces drove the British out of Boston, Massachusetts, General GeorgeWashington moved his headquarters to New York City and began buildingdefenses. Between August and November the Continental Army formed by therebelling colonists lost a series of engagements with the British, including theBattle of Long Island. Washington then retreated to Manhattan Island, fightingdelaying actions at Harlem Heights near the present-day campus of ColumbiaUniversity.

In November troops under British command stormed Fort Washington and FortTryon in upper Manhattan and killed or captured more than 2,000 Americansoldiers. As General Washington retreated dejectedly across New Jersey, theBritish took full control of New York City. The city remained the center forBritish army operations in North America for the remainder of the AmericanRevolution.

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Almost immediately after the British occupation a disastrous fire raged throughthe city and destroyed much of its older section. In 1778 a second fire burneddown more of the city. During the remainder of the war, thousands of Americansloyal to Britain took refuge in New York City until the last British troops left the

city in 1783 when the war ended

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D. Growth of the City

New York City was the capital of the United States from 1785 to 1790 and capitalof the State of New York until 1797. It was host to the First Congress of theUnited States in 1789. In April of that year, on the steps of Federal Hall, GeorgeWashington was sworn in as president of the United States.

During its early years, New York was not the most important city in BritishAmerica. It was outdistanced in population between 1630 and 1750 by Boston andbetween 1690 and 1810 by Philadelphia. Following the American Revolution,however, New York swept past its rivals in size and economic importance. By1789 it was the leading city in the coastal trade. It exceeded Philadelphia in totaltonnage in 1794, in the value of imports in 1796, and in exports in 1797. By 1830New York City surpassed Mexico City to become the largest metropolis in theAmericas.

The Statue of Libertyhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Liberty-statue-with-

manhattan.jpg/800px-Liberty-statue-with-manhattan.jpg

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The city grew for several reasons. The open, cosmopolitan attitude of NewYorkers, dating back to the early days of Dutch settlement, placed less importanceon family connections and class, while encouraging the kind of risk-taking andinnovation that led to rapid commercial growth. The citys economy received a

major boost following the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. TheBritish chose New York as the site to auction off large quantities of goods that hadaccumulated on British docks during the war. The city also benefited from anexcellent port centrally located between the heavily populated regions of NewEngland and Chesapeake Bay. It possessed an easily navigable inland water routevia the Hudson River. After 1825 the Erie Canal connected the Hudson with theGreat Lakes, providing easy access to Midwestern markets and increasing thecitys importance as a center of commerce.

Wall Street in 1850

http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/immigration/NYC-1850-Wall-St.jpg

The citys major advantages reinforced each other, and by the early part of the

19th century New York was the pre-eminent port of entry for immigrants to theUnited States. Europeans arrived in such numbers during the 1840s and 1850s thatby 1860 nearly half of the citys residents were foreign-born. The Irish were themost numerous, followed by the Germans.These immigrants helped support a growing political organization known as theTammany Society (better known as Tammany Hall, after the name of the buildingin which its members met). Originally founded in 1789 as a social and charitable

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club, Tammany Hall soon acquired a new, political character. It gained control ofthe citys Democratic Party as the champion of the working class and later of theimmigrant. The society had a number of vote-getting techniques. It illegallygranted citizenship to immigrants, gave city jobs to its followers, and providedservices to the newcomers and the poor. Tammany was also accused of election

fraud, bribery, and extortion.

These methods of getting votes were used most intensively in the 1860s whenBoss William M. Tweed was the Tammany leader. In 1871 it became knownthat Tweed and his associates had misappropriated massive amounts of publicfunds. Tammanys influence was reduced, but only temporarily. Tammany revivedduring the 1880s, and it controlled the city into the early 20th century, although,on occasion, reform candidates, working with Republican voters, gained control ofthe city government.

By 1860 New York City and the adjacent community of Brooklyn had 1 millionresidents. The area was the unchallenged center of American enterprise. NewYork City ranked first in the nation in population, industrial production, bankdeposits, and wholesale trade. But unlike London, Paris, Berlin, Tokyo, Vienna,and other world cities that had grown to substantial size, New York was not thecapital of a nation, a region, or even a single state.

Throughout the first three centuries of the citys history, the cornerstone of itsgrowth was commerce and the backbone of its economy remained at the bustlingwharves along the waters edge. For more than a century the port of New York

ranked as the worlds busiest. Between 1830 and 1906 the harbor annuallyhandled between 37 percent and 71 percent by value of the nations foreign trade.

E. The Transformation of the Metropolis

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of major changes intechnology and infrastructure transformed the city. Gas illumination was available

by 1825 and electric lighting by the 1880s. The Croton Aqueduct, completed in1842, provided the city with the best and largest municipal water supply on earth.The Brooklyn Bridge, a major feat of engineering that connected Manhattan withBrooklyn across the East River, was the longest suspension bridge in the worldwhen it was completed in 1883.

Urban mass transit also improved with the introduction of horse-drawn streetcarsby the 1850s, elevated trains by the 1870s, electric trolleys by the 1890s, and the

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first subway in 1904. These changes helped relieve the residential congestion ofthe lower and central city. The demand for space was eased when the modernapartment building was introduced in about 1870. Within a few decades, NewYorkers were building skyscrapers, high rise buildings constructed with newengineering techniques. In 1902 New Yorks first skyscraper, the 21-story Flatiron

Building, was erected around a steel framework that supported the structural loadof the building. This new engineering technique allowed architects to design tallerbuildings that made more efficient use of limited urban space. Within a fewdecades this new type of building would dramatically change the skyline of thecity.

An increase in cultural and recreational facilities also added greatly to New York'sappeal. Central Park was opened in 1859. The Metropolitan Museum of Art wasorganized in 1870. The collections of several libraries combined to form the NewYork Public Library in 1895. By the late 1860s, 20 theaters offered a broad choice

of entertainment nightly. Opera, available as early as 1825, was performed morefrequently after the opening of the Academy of Music in 1854 and theMetropolitan Opera House in 1883.

As the city grew, many of the adjacent communities became more closelyintegrated into an expanding urban area. Public sentiment grew for a merger of thesurrounding cities and towns into a single city. In 1898, following the passage of areferendum, Queens, Brooklyn, Staten Island, and the Bronx were incorporatedinto the city. By 1900 the population of the recently expanded city was 3,437,202.

The years between the consolidation of the five boroughs in 1898 and the end ofWorld War II represented a kind of golden age for New York. It contained thelargest concentrations of architects, bankers, lawyers, engineers, designers, andcorporate officials on the continent. By the beginning of the 20th century, WallStreet had become a national institution and investment bankers like J. P. Morganand August Belmont had become legendary figures. As national corporations tookshape, wealthy entrepreneurs such as oil company executive John D. Rockefeller,steel manufacturer Andrew Carnegie, and retailer F. W. Woolworth, who hadstarted their empires elsewhere, moved their business offices to New York City.

The poor, of course, came in much greater numbers, and overcrowding, a problemever since the original Dutch settlers huddled together below Wall Street forprotection against Native Americans, reached frightening proportions between1870 and 1920. For the middle class, the preferred dwelling type was the single-family brownstone, a large row house with a front facade faced in the plentifullocal stone that gave the structure its name. But the poor immigrants of the LowerEast Side and elsewhere in the city were packed into tenements that offered littlelight and minimal sanitation.

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Because the center of the city was so congested, the New York metropolitanregion began to decentralize as early as the 1870s. By 1920 tens of thousands offamilies were moving out of the city every year. This outward movementproceeded more quickly in New York than in most other world cities because the

city rapidly adopted every new development in transportation technology. Asystem of bridges and underground tunnels facilitated travel between the city andoutlying areas. A wonder of modern engineering, the Brooklyn Bridge was latereclipsed, at least in terms of size, by the Triborough Bridge, which linkedManhattan, Queens, and the Bronx in 1936; by the George Washington Bridge,which became the worlds largest suspension structure when it opened in 1931;and by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, which assumed that title in 1964. Allpointed out an important difference between New York and other world cities-thewaterways around Manhattan were broad and the structures that spanned themwere huge, unlike the human-scale bridges of Paris, London, Rome, and Berlin.

The old New York

http://talkingbooks.nypl.org/uploadedImages/Books/Rise%20Of%20The%20New%20York%20Skyscraper.jpg

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F. New York City since the 1930s

In the 1930s the collapse of the world economy, known as the Great Depression,led to the election of reform candidate Fiorello H. La Guardia in 1933. LaGuardia, one of the most popular mayors in the citys history, was elected as afusion candidate (a candidate who receives the support of disaffected Democratsand members of other political parties) after disclosures of improper financialconduct on the part of his Tammany predecessor, James J. Walker. LaGuardiasadministration marked the end of Tammany control over New York City politics.Funds made available by new federal relief programs initiated by U.S. presidentFranklin D. Roosevelt displaced the patronage system that had kept TammanyHall in power, as federal programs provided jobs and financial assistance toindividuals who had once relied on political patronage.

Nocturnal photo of the city of New York in the 1930's

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Federal funds also allowed the city to improve municipal services and publicfacilities. The La Guardia administration administered projects that gave NewYork City more schools, parks, and playgrounds. These funds also helped build amodern sewage disposal system; clear slums and construct public housing; providemore efficient relief; significantly improve health care; as well as build piers,

airports, bridges, parkways, and express highways.

Robert Moses, park commissioner and head of the city planning commission,oversaw major public works projects and emerged as one of the most powerfulunelected public officials in the United States. Between 1924 and 1968, Mosesconceived and executed public works costing $27 billion. He was responsible forbuilding virtually every parkway, expressway, and public housing project in theregion, as well as Lincoln Center, Shea Stadium, and two worlds fairs.Meanwhile, he built hundreds of new city playgrounds and ordered the planting of2 million trees.

World War II brought prosperity to the metropolitan region. The Brooklyn NavyYard operated around the clock, as its 70,000 workers produced dozens ofwarships and merchant vessels. The Bush Terminal Complex, also in Brooklyn,functioned as the major transshipment point for most of the troops and militaryhardware headed for the invasion of Europe. Satellite cities like Bridgeport,Connecticut, and Newark, New Jersey, were centers of munitions manufacture,and Long Island factories contributed thousands of warplanes to the Allied cause.Moreover, World War II helped make Wall Street the most important financialmarket in the world. The war so devastated the economies of most other countries

that their financial institutions could not compete with those of New York.

In many respects, however, New York has reinvented itself since 1945, replacingblue-collar jobs with better-paying opportunities in law, insurance, and financialservices. Meanwhile, the city has absorbed hundreds of thousands of newimmigrants from the Caribbean, Latin America, Asia, and Russia. During the1950s and 1960s, a construction boom dotted the city skyline with many newskyscrapers and produced in new civic institutions, such as Rockefeller Center andLincoln Center.

Mayor John V. Lindsay was elected with Republican and Liberal Party support in1965 and was reelected in 1969 as an independent and Liberal candidate. Lindsayconsolidated administrative agencies and attempted to decentralize authority bycreating neighborhood councils and encouraging local decision-making. UnderLindsay's leadership, the city weathered racial crises during the civil rightsstruggle of the 1960s and made some gains in the provision of public housing.

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Beginning in the late 1960s, New York City was confronted with serious fiscalproblems. Its tax base narrowed as many middle-class people moved out of thecity. The city lost more than 600,000 jobs, particularly during the nationaleconomic slumps of the 1970s. Meanwhile, the cost of social services, especiallywelfare, rose sharply, partly as a result of widespread unemployment. In the face

of these fiscal problems, New York City borrowed heavily. The city accumulateda deficit totaling $3.3 billion by 1975. To avoid bankruptcy, the city sought helpfrom the federal government, which provided loan guarantees. Newly createdfinancial entities, such as the Municipal Assistance Corporation, kept the city fromdefaulting on its loans.

During the next three years, the city reduced its government work force by 87,000and cut city services across the board. The poor were hardest hit, but cutbacks ineducation, law enforcement, and transportation lowered the quality of life of allNew Yorkers. However, by 1981 the city budget was back in balance and by the

end of the 1990s the city was generating budget surpluses in the billions of dollars.

The transformation of the economy has been matched by substantial changes ingovernment. In March 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that thepowerful Board of Estimate, which controlled the citys budget, wasunconstitutional because it gave disproportionate weight to the less populousboroughs. Each borough had equal weight on the Board of Estimate, even thoughsome had much smaller populations. Staten Island, for example, had only afraction of the residents of Brooklyn and Queens. In November 1989 votersapproved a revised charter, eliminating the Board of Estimate and reassigning its

powers to the mayor, the city planning commission, and an expanded city council.In 1990 the new government system took effect.

Edward I. Koch became mayor in 1977. After 12 years in office, he was defeatedin his quest for a fourth term by David N. Dinkins, a former Manhattan Boroughpresident who became the citys first black mayor. Dinkins was defeated in 1993by Rudolph W. Giuliani, the first Republican to occupy the citys top office since1965. Giuliani was easily re-elected in 1997, in large part because hisadministration had reduced the crime rate, cleaned the streets, and restored a senseof order to the metropolis. Giuliani was prohibited from running for a third termbecause of the city's term limits. In 2001 another Republican, Michael Bloomberg,was elected mayor.

New York was remarkably free of terrorism over its centuries-long history until1993. In February of that year, a car bomb exploded in an underground garagebelow the 110-story World Trade Center in lower Manhattan. Six people werekilled, and more than 1,000 people were injured in the blast, which caused about$600 million worth of damage to the building. In 1994 ten individuals opposed to

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U.S. support for Israel were convicted of conspiracy in connection with thebombing and were sentenced to long prison terms.

On September 11, 2001, a clear and cloudless day, a coordinated terrorist attackstruck at the heart of New York City (see September 11 Attacks). At 8:46 am a

hijacked Boeing 767 carrying thousands of gallons of explosive jet fuel slammedinto the north tower of the World Trade Center in lower Manhattan. A secondBoeing 767, traveling at an even greater speed, struck the south tower 16 minuteslater. As the towers burned, tens of thousands of men and women ran for theirlives, flooding the surrounding streets. On a typical day, more than 50,000 peopleworked in the World Trade Center complex itself, while another 50,000 peoplecould be found in the adjacent skyscrapers. At 9:59 am, the south tower suddenlycollapsed in a huge roar, and at 10:28 am the north tower did the same. The largestoffice complex on earth was reduced to smoldering steel, broken concrete, and awhitish dust that coated lower Manhattan.

New York Times Tower

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The human toll, about 2,800 victims in New York, made the September 11 attackeasily the worst terrorist incident in all of U.S. history. But tales of heroism andsacrifice eased the pain for a sorrowing nation. In particular, public attention

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focused on the bravery of New Yorks uniformed emergency personnelespecially New York firefighters, more than 300 of whom died in the line of dutyat the World Trade Center. The citys hardship and courage inspired Americansacross the country and led to unprecedented outpourings of charitable donationsand assistance.

New York City by night

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II. New York City and Its Metropolitan Area

Unlike most American cities, which make up only a part of a particular county,New York is made up of five separate counties, which are called boroughs.Originally the city included only the borough of Manhattan, located on an islandbetween the Hudson and East rivers. In 1898 a number of surroundingcommunities were incorporated into the city as the boroughs of Queens, Brooklyn,the Bronx and Staten Island. The Bronx is the only borough on the mainland of theUnited States. Manhattan and Staten Island are surrounded by water, while Queensand Brooklyn are part of Long Island.

A. Queens

Queens is the largest of the five boroughs. Covering 282.9 sq km (109.2 sq miles)at the western end of Long Island, Queens is separated from Brooklyn byNewtown Creek and from the rest of the city by the East River and Long IslandSound. It stretches to the Atlantic Ocean on the south and borders Nassau Countyon the east. It is overwhelmingly residential and is probably one of the mostethnically diverse communities in the world. In 2000 Queens had 2,229,379residents and was second in population only to Brooklyn among the five boroughs.

The neighborhoods of Queens have a strong sense of individual identity. Some areheavily industrial, like Long Island City, Maspeth, and College Point; otherslikeDouglaston, Forest Hill Gardens, and Kew Gardensare suburban-style enclavesof the well-to-do. Major ethnic concentrations include the Greeks in Astoria; theIrish in Woodside; the Italians in Maspeth and Ridgewood; African-Americans inHollis, Cambria Heights, St. Albans, and South Jamaica; and Jews in Forest Hills.

Large numbers of Chinese and Koreans live in Queens, with particularly heavyconcentrations in Flushing, Jackson Heights, Corona, and Elmhurst

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Queens West Chrysler

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Queens is the home of Shea Stadium, Aqueduct Racetrack, the National TennisCenter, and both LaGuardia and John F. Kennedy airports. Queens hosted the

Worlds Fairs of 1939 and 1964. Queens has more than 6,400 acres of parkland,almost as much as the other four boroughs combined, and it has 16 km (10 miles)of beaches along the Atlantic Ocean. Queens is known for its numerous andenormous cemeteries. For example, Calvary Cemetery is the burial site of 2.5million persons, more than any other burial ground in the United States.

B. Brooklyn

Brooklyn is the second largest and most populous of the five boroughs. It islocated on the southwestern tip of Long Island west of Queens and situated acrossthe Upper Bay and the East River from Manhattan. The borough has a land area of182.9 sq km (70.6 sq miles). Brooklyn had 2,465,326 residents in 2000, more thanany other U.S. city, with the exception of the entire city of New York and thecities of Los Angeles and Chicago. Indeed, as a separate municipality before 1898,it was the third largest city in the United States.

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Brooklyn retains a strong separate identity. It has an important central businessdistrict and dozens of varied and clearly identifiable neighborhoods, includingBedford-Stuyvesant, the largest black community in the United States, andWilliamsburg, Crown Heights, and Borough Park, all of which have largepopulations of Orthodox Jews.

Brooklyn Bridge Park

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Brooklyn is the home of such major cultural institutions as the Brooklyn Museum,the Brooklyn Academy of Music, and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Coney Islandis well known for its beaches and amusement parks. Prospect Park, a landscapedarea of broad drives and wooded hills, contains a restored carousel dating from1912 and the Lefferts Homestead, a Dutch colonial farmhouse dating from 1783.

C. Staten IslandStaten Island is the third largest and least populous of the five boroughs. It islocated at the juncture of Upper New York Bay and Lower New York Bay. Theisland is physically closer to New Jersey, to which it is connected by three bridges,than to the rest of New York City, to which it is connected only by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and the world-famous Staten Island Ferry. Staten Islandencompasses 151.5 sq km (58.5 sq miles). The southernmost of the five boroughs,

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Staten Island had 443,728 inhabitants in 2000, or about 5 percent of the populationof the entire city.

Overwhelmingly white, Staten Island has dozens of distinct neighborhoods ortowns, and it has the highest proportion of single-family housing and owner-

occupied housing in the city. Staten Island has many homes dating from the 17thand 18th centuries. Of special interest are the Conference House (1680), wherefutile peace negotiations were held between the British and Americanrepresentatives in 1776 during the American Revolution (1775-1783), and theVoorlezers House (1695), the nations oldest surviving elementary schoolbuilding.

Staten Island view

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Other attractions include the Jacques Marchais Center of Tibetan Art and theStaten Island Zoo. A memorial to Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi, who livedon Staten Island in the 1850s, is located in the borough.

D. The Bronx

The Bronx is the fourth largest and the northernmost of the five boroughs, and theonly one on the American mainland. Even so, it is surrounded by water on three

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40,000 people in apartment buildings arranged along well-planned circular drives.Co-op City is even larger, with 35 apartment towers, 236 townhouses, and morethan 50,000 residents. Built between 1968 and 1970 on marshland near theHutchinson River Parkway, it is the largest single housing complex in the nation.

E. Manhattan

Manhattan, or New York County, is the smallest of the five boroughs of NewYork City. The borough consists principally of the island of Manhattan, but alsoincludes Governors Island, Randalls Island, Wards Island, Roosevelt Island,U Thant Island, and Marble Hill, a small enclave on the edge of the Bronxmainland. Its land area is 59.5 sq km (23 sq mi). Manhattans population peaked in

1910 with 2.3 million people, after which it began a slow decline to 1.4 million in1980. Since then, the population has again begun to increase, reaching 1,537,195in 2000.

Manhattan is the glittering heart of the metropolis. It is the site of virtually all ofthe hundreds of skyscrapers that are the symbol of the city. Among the morefamous of these are the Empire State Building (1931), the Chrysler Building(1930), and Citicorp Center (1977). (The 110-story twin towers of the WorldTrade Center were also among New York's famous skyscrapers until they weredestroyed in a terrorist attack in 2001.) Manhattan is also the oldest, densest, and

most built-up part of the entire urbanized region.Ethnic and social groupings characterize some residential areas of the borough.Lower Manhattan contains fairly well-defined quarters inhabited by persons ofItalian, Chinese, and Hispanic descent. Also in the southern part of the boroughare Greenwich Village and SoHo, districts noted for artistic and cultural activities.Battery Park City, a large-scale residential and commercial development onlandfill near the tip of Manhattan Island, was constructed during the 1980s. One ofthe most socially select sections of Manhattan is the Upper East Side, whichborders Central Park on the east and includes portions of Park and Fifth avenues.

The Upper West Side, located adjacent to the western part of the park andincluding a portion of Riverside Dr., is another major residential area. Harlem,situated astride 125th Street, contains large communities of blacks and Hispanic-Americans. Many Hispanics also live in northern Manhattan, which takes in theWashington Heights and Inwood districts.

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A representative view of the island of Manhattan

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A distinguishing characteristic of Manhattan is the large number of tall officebuildings that help form the boroughs celebrated skyline. Most are in Lower and

Midtown Manhattan. Other architectural landmarks include Rockefeller Center(begun 1931), a group of more than 20 lofty buildings; Madison Square GardenCenter (1968), containing a noted sports arena; United Nations headquarters(1947-53); and Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, a complex of severaltheaters. In the 1980s, a number of innovative skyscrapers, such as the IBM andAT&T buildings, and the World Financial Center were constructed, and work on alarge convention center in Midtown near the Hudson River was in progress.Manhattan also is known for its many large residential buildings. Among its manynotable religious structures are Saint Patricks Cathedral (1879; towers, 1888), theseat of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of New York; Trinity Church (1697,rebuilt 1846); the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine (begun 1892; towers underconstruction 1980s and 1990s), the largest Gothic-style cathedral in the world; andRiverside Church (1930), another large Gothic-style structure.

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III. Population and Area

New York City has long been unusual because of its sheer size. Even before 1775,when its population was never more than 25,000, it ranked among the five leadingcities in the colonies. It surpassed Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by 1810 to becomethe largest city in the United States, and in 1830 it passed Mexico City, Mexico, tobecome the largest in the western hemisphere. By 1930 it was the largest city inthe world. In the 1980s the metro region was surpassed in total size by Tokyo,Japan; Mexico City; and So Paolo, Brazil. Yet with 21.2 million people, the NewYork City region remains an urban agglomeration of almost unimaginable size.For example, in 2005, when the population of the city itself was 8.1 million, eachof its five boroughs was large enough to have been an important city in its ownright, with populations exceeding those of many major U.S. cities.

The five boroughs of New York City together cover 786 sq km (303 sq miles).The urbanized area, however, includes 28 adjacent counties in New York State,New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Together, they make up the NewYork metropolitan region, which in 2000 housed about 8 percent of the nationalpopulation on about 0.2 percent of the land area of the contiguous 48 states.Moreover, New York stands at the center of the urbanized northeastern seaboard,which contained about 60 million people in the late 1990s.

Skyscrapers in New York City

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New York has been among the most ethnically diverse cities in the world since the1640s, when fewer than 1,000 total residents spoke more than 15 languages.Between 1880 and 1919, more than 23 million Europeans immigrated to theUnited States. At least 17 million of them disembarked in New York. No oneknows how many remained there, but as early as 1880, more than half the citys

working population was foreign-born, providing New York with the largestimmigrant labor force on earth.

Half a century later, the city still contained 2 million foreign-born residents(including 517,000 Russians and 430,000 Italians) and an even larger number ofpersons of foreign parentage. And at the end of the 20th century, the patternremained the same. In 1996 the U.S. Census Bureau reported that more than 11out of every 20 New Yorkers were immigrants or the children of immigrants.Nearly half of all Bronx residents and one-third of Manhattans were Hispanic andnearly one-fifth of the population of Queens was Asian-American. Researchers

estimated that immigrants would make up about 33 percent of the cityspopulation in 2000, approaching the 20th-century peak of about 40 percent,reached in 1910.

Meanwhile, the black proportion of the New York population, which reached 20percent in the colonial period and declined to less than 2 percent in the 1870s,began a slow rise thereafter. According to the 2000 census, whites make up 44.7percent of the citys population; blacks, 26.6 percent; Asians, 9.8 percent; NativeAmericans, 0.5 percent; Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, 0.1 percent;and people of mixed heritage or not reporting race, 18.3 percent.

Hispanics, who may be of any race, are 27 percent of the population. By the late1990s, more than 120 languages were spoken in the citys schools, and there weredozens of ethnic churches, political organizations, cultural festivals, and parades,as well as scores of foreign-language newspapers, magazines, and television andradio stations. Although rivalries among the various groups could be intense, thevery diversity of the city permitted immigrants to mingle more easily than in mostother parts of the nation.

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IV. Culture and Education

Because of its huge size, its concentrated wealth, and its mixture of people fromaround the world, New York City offers its residents and visitors a staggeringarray of cultural riches and educational opportunities. The city is the worldsleading center for performing arts and its museums contain a wide range of artisticand historical subjects. A mixture of cultures from around the world is reflected inthe street festivals and ethnic celebrations that take place year-round. In addition,more than 100 institutions of higher education operate in New York City,including some of the nations more prestigious centers of learning.

A. Museums

New Yorks 250 museums cater to every specialty and every taste. It has museumsin such fields as natural history, broadcasting, fire-fighting, crafts, and ethniccultures. As the worlds greatest art center, New York City has more than 400galleries and is a Mecca for artists, art dealers, and collectors. Madison Avenuebetween 57th and 86th Streets is the most important locale for galleries, butdozens of others are located in Soho (south of Houston Street) and adjoiningneighborhoods.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, founded in 1870 and located in Central Park,contains nearly 3 million objects in every known artistic medium, representingcultures from every part of the world, from ancient times to the present. Itspermanent collections are so vast that its 300 galleries and 32 acres of floor spacecan display only one-fifth of the museums total holdings at any one time. It is thethird largest art museum in the world, after the British Museum in London,England, and the Hermitage in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The Cloisters, a branch ofthe Metropolitan Museum, specializes in medieval art and is located in Fort TryonPark in northern Manhattan.

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The Metropolitan Museum of Art

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New Yorks special role in the history of contemporary culture is in part areflection of the importance of the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), which is thegreatest repository of 20th-century art in the world. Founded in 1929, MOMA

concentrates on artists born after 1880 and has strong collections of Frenchimpressionists, modern sculpture, photography, and film. The Solomon R.Guggenheim Museum on Fifth Avenue is as well known for its architecture as forits contents. Founded by a wealthy copper magnate, it was designed by U.S.architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Because of its unusual combination of oblong formsand its prominent spiral gallery, the building has been called everything from agiant snail to the most beautiful building in New York.

The Whitney Museum of American Art, at 75th Street and Madison Avenue, is theonly major museum in New York exclusively devoted to 20th-century American

art. Designed in the shape of an inverted pyramid by Hungarian-Americanarchitect Marcel Breuer, the building of rich gray granite is itself a piece ofmodern art. The Frick Collection, at 70th Street and Fifth Avenue, is the formerhome of steel magnate Henry Clay Frick. The 40-room mansion resembles aFrench chateau and the art collection includes works by 16th-century Venetianpainter Titian and 17th-century Dutch painters Rembrandt van Rijn and JanVermeer.

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The American Museum of Natural History, on Central Park West between 77thand 81st streets, is the largest museum in the world devoted to the natural sciences.Founded in 1869, it has outstanding collections dealing with Native Americans,Inuits (Eskimos), dinosaurs, reptiles, and birds. Its popular Hayden Planetarium

was being expanded and renovated in the late 1990s.

The Brooklyn Museum contains one of North Americas top collections of pre-Columbian, Egyptian, Near Eastern, and Asian art, as well as the finest collectionof Russian garments and textiles outside Russia. New Yorks other unusualmuseums include the New York Historical Society, which has an outstandingresearch library; the Lower East Side Tenement House Museum, the onlyinstitution in America devoted to recreating the ghetto experience of impoverishedimmigrants; the South Street Seaport Museum, which celebrates a port whichranked for a century as the busiest in the world; and the Federal Hall National

Memorial, located on the spot where George Washington took the oath of office asthe first president of the United States.

B. Performing Arts

New York has long been the music and dance capital of the world and is the homeof the largest number of professional musicians and dancers anywhere. Moreover,its theaters dominate the stage in the United States, and their attendance, revenue,and range of offerings are rivaled only by theaters in London.

Built in 1891 by U.S. industrialist Andrew Carnegie for the Oratorio Society,Carnegie Hall is neither exceptionally large nor architecturally distinguished. Butit remains the pre-eminent concert hall in the United States. Carnegie Hallssuperb acoustics have delighted performers since Russian composer Peter IlyichTchaikovsky was the guest conductor during opening week. Extensive renovationson the hall were completed in 1986.

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The Carnegie Hall

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Located on Broadway at about 66th Street, Lincoln Center is the largestperforming arts center in the world. Construction on the project began in 1959.Avery Fisher Hall was the first structure in Lincoln Center to be completed. Thehall is also the home of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and offersperformances by other soloists and orchestras throughout the year. The centerslargest building, Metropolitan Opera House, is the centerpiece of the entirecomplex. Completed in 1966, it presents lavish operatic productions withinternational casts and also serves as home to the American Ballet Theatre.Finally, the New York State Theater is the home of two institutions-the New YorkCity Ballet and the New York City Opera, which alternate their seasons. Also inLincoln Center is the Juilliard School, which is widely regarded as the mostdistinguished musical institution in the nation.

The Brooklyn Academy of Music, just across the East River from Manhattan,emphasizes new repertory and is one of the oldest performing arts centers in theUnited States. The present building was completed in 1908. It includes the OperaHouse and the BAM Rose Cinemas, a four-cinema motion-picture complex thatfeatures first-run independent and foreign films.

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C. Cultural Events

Scarcely a week passes in New York without the observance of a special religious,ethnic, or national holiday. The many dozens of parades which annually movedown the streets include the Chinese New Year Parade in February, the St.Patricks Day Parade in March, the Easter Day Parade in April, the Puerto RicanDay Parade in June, the Lesbian and Gay Pride Day Parade in June, the African-American Day Parade in September, the Columbus Day Parade in October, theGreenwich Village Halloween Parade in October, and the Macys ThanksgivingParade in November.

A number of cultural events celebrate the arts. The New York Film Festival, heldin September, showcases U.S. and international films, emphasizing artistic meritrather than marketability. Since the 1950s, Central Park has hosted Shakespeare in

the Park, a series of open-air, summer evening productions of plays by Englishdramatist William Shakespeare.

D. Colleges and Universities

Columbia University is the oldest, wealthiest, and most famous of New Yorksinstitutions of higher education. It is situated primarily on a campus of 15 hectares(36 acres) in the Morningside Heights section of Manhattan. Founded as KingsCollege under a charter from George II of Britain in 1754, it has since grown intoa multipurpose university with 25,000 students. Columbia University includes anIvy-League undergraduate college, and distinguished professional schools ofarchitecture, business, dentistry, journalism, law, medicine, public health, andsocial work.

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Columbia University

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The metropolitan region includes more than 100 other colleges and universities.Leading educational institutions include New York University, the nations largestprivate university; Rockefeller University, a well-known research institution in the

biological sciences; Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, aprivate, tuition-free college specializing in engineering and architecture; and PrattInstitute, a private college in Brooklyn with excellent programs in art andarchitecture. Important Catholic institutions include Fordham University,Manhattan College, St. Johns University, and the College of Mount SaintVincent. Yeshiva University is the nations first major college expressly for theeducation of Orthodox Jews.

The city also provides public education at the university level with the CityUniversity of New York, the largest municipal institution in the country. With theintroduction in 1970 of open admission, any high-school graduate who resided inthe city became eligible to enter either one of the university's ten four-yearcolleges or one of its seven two-year colleges, depending on grades. In 1974nearly 250,000 students were enrolled in the system. For more than a century, notuition was charged for undergraduate students who were city residents. In 1976,when the city approached bankruptcy due to economic problems, teaching wasimposed. By 1994 registration had fallen to about 188,000, but CUNY remains thelargest urban educational institution in the United States.

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Superior facilities for medical training exist at the New York University-BellevueMedical Center, the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, Mount Sinai Medical Center, and the Albert EinsteinCollege of Medicine of Yeshiva University. Columbia, Fordham, and New York

University have distinguished law schools. The Institute of Fine Arts of New YorkUniversity and the Juilliard School -which has programs in music, dance, anddrama -give outstanding instruction in their specialties. There are also many fineprograms in the city in law, business, journalism, architecture, social work, andplanning.

New York University

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V. Parks and Recreation

Although New York is the most populous and densely settled of all Americancities, more than 1,000 individual parks with more than 37,000 acres of parklandare available to the public. The creation of Central Park between 1857 and 1875affected the development of public open space throughout the United States.Almost all subsequent U.S. park designers imitated some or all of the featuresfound in Central Park. American landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted andCalvert Vaux designed the 341-hectare (843-acre) park, located in the center ofManhattan. It has numerous playgrounds, a children's zoo, 8 km (5 miles) of bridlepaths, bicycling and jogging lanes, a large reservoir, a sailboat pond, two ice-skating rinks, tennis courts, baseball diamonds, a swimming pool, and a lake forrow-boating. On summer evenings, there are free band concerts, free dances, andfree nightly performances of plays in the Delacorte Theatre, an amphitheater that

seats 2,300. Of the park's many monuments the most famous is the 3,500-year-oldEgyptian obelisk, known as Cleopatra's Needle.

Central Park large view

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Two of the largest parks, Pelham Bay Park, with 862 hectares (2,130 acres), andVan Cortland Park, with 464 hectares (1,146 acres), are in the Bronx. The Bronx

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also has New York's largest zoo and largest botanical garden, both located in the292-hectare (721-acre) Bronx Park. The largest park in Queens is FlushingMeadows-Corona, with 509 hectares (1,257 acres). It was the site of two world'sfairs. Brooklyn's Prospect Park and Botanic Garden are two favorite retreats in thatborough. Beaches fringe many of the city's parks and recreation areas, such as

those in Pelham Bay, Rockaway, Coney Island, and South Beach.

A. Sports

New York offers almost every kind of sport and recreation. Yankee Stadium in theBronx is one of the best-known outdoor athletic fields in the United States and thehome of the New York Yankees. It is known as the house that Ruth built,because the Yankees dominated baseball and drew millions of fans with the play

of the legendary and charismatic Yankee baseball great Babe Ruth.Yankee Stadium has also hosted dozens of other spectacular events, fromheavyweight boxing championships to papal masses.

Adjacent to each other in Queens, Shea Stadium is the home of the NationalLeague New York Mets professional baseball team, while the National TennisCenter is the home of the annual United States Open Tennis Championships. TheNew York Marathon in the fall is now the largest running event in the nation,annually attracting 30,000 or more entrants in a race through the five boroughs.

Madison Square

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Two professional football teams play in the area: the New York Giants and theNew York Jets, both of the National Football League. The Giants formerly playedin Yankee Stadium and the Jets once made their home in Shea Stadium. Bothteams now play their home games in Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, NewJersey.

Shea Stadium

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Madison Square Garden is perhaps the nations most famous indoor arena. Thehome of the New York Knicks professional basketball team and the New YorkRangers professional hockey team, the garden is actually the fourth building tohave that name, as each successive structure was replaced to make way for a largerfacility. The first and the second were actually on Madison Square, and theybecome famous for public events as well as the rooftop restaurant. The currentedifice, which also hosts rock concerts, boxing matches, and religious and culturalevents, is situated above Pennsylvania Station, the nations busiest passenger railterminal.

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B. Zoos and Gardens

The New York Zoological Park, better known as the Bronx Zoo, is the largest ofthe citys five zoos. With 3,500 animals, it is one of the finest zoos in the UnitedStates. Established in 1899 and extensively redesigned at the end of the 20thcentury, it now occupies about 100 hectares (250 acres). The Bronx Zoo was apioneer in arranging animals according to the continent from which they came andin placing them in enclosures similar to their natural habitats. The Bronx Zooincludes Jungle World, an indoor rain forest; Wild Asia, where visitors ride inmonorail cars and animals roam at large; and the World of Darkness, wherenocturnal animals can be observed.

The Bronx Zoo

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Also in the central part of the Bronx is the New York Botanical Garden. One ofthe oldest and largest such institutions in the United States, it includes 12 outdoordisplay gardens and extensive walking trails on its 100 hectares (250 acres) ofgrounds. Similarly, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden adjacent to Prospect Parkpresents a glorious spectacle during the flowering season. Its 20 hectares (50acres) contain more than 12,000 different species of plants, including 900 kinds ofroses alone. A special section of Japanese cherry trees is an unusual feature of thegarden.

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VI. Economy

New York City is the business and financial capital of the world, and manyleading national and international corporations have their headquarters there. Thecity's financial center, Wall Street, is the world's leading center of finance and thehome of the nation's most important securities market, the New York StockExchange. The same area contains the nation's second largest exchange, theAmerican Stock Exchange, and several smaller exchanges, including theCommodity Exchange, which deals in metals, rubber, and hides; the Coffee,Sugar, and Cocoa Exchange; the Cotton Exchange; the Futures Exchange; theNew York Mercantile Exchange; and the International Monetary Market. Inaddition, in the vicinity of Wall Street are many of the nation's biggest banks, trust

companies, insurance companies, and brokerage houses.

Because of its favorable location, excellent port facilities, and large population,New York City is the leading wholesale and retail trade center in the UnitedStates. New York is also a leader in communications, the hotel and restaurantbusiness, building construction, and manufacturing.

The New York Hotelshttp://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/new-york/images/s/new-york-hotels.jpg

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New York City has reinvented itself economically in the last half of the 20thcentury. In 1945 it was the busiest port and the most important manufacturingcenter in the world. Since that time, it has lost more than 800,000 of its 1 millionfactory jobs. Although more than 100,000 longshoremen once worked its docks,

fewer than 10,000 did so in the late 1990s. Activity on the waterfront wasdecimated by a combination of intense competition from other U.S. ports andtechnological changes such as containerization, which allow ships to be loadedand unloaded by far fewer workers. Between 1955 and 1980, the city also lost jobsas corporations left the city, moving to nearby suburbs or to other parts of thecountry. Companies found that they could cut the cost of office rentals, wages, andtaxes that they had paid in the city.

Since 1980, however, New York has experienced an economic boom, particularlyin new service industries that provide services to individuals and businesses in

such fields as finance and banking, health services, education, restaurants, andsales. It has also solidified its reputation as a financial, cultural, andcommunications center. New York Citys banks and law firms have prospered.The metropolitan regions well-paid managerial class has worked to integrate theworld economy with that of the United States, through the influence of the citysstock market, investment banks, and currency traders. New Yorks stock market,the largest in the world, has a profound influence on finances around the world. Inaddition, the citys investment banks are extremely influential in establishing thevalue of foreign firms and currencies. By the end of the 1990s, every importantfinancial institution in the world had a presence in New York, and Wall Street had

become synonymous with high finance. Manhattan is the headquarters of thenations television and radio networks, making it the heart of the mass media inthe United States. The headquarters of most of the nations major publishinghouses and advertising agencies are also clustered in Manhattans Midtown.

Today, commercial and financial services, commerce, and tourism provide themain economic support for New York City. The majority of New Yorks workersare employed in service industries, working in medical and other health services,motion-picture entertainment, hotels and lodging houses, advertising, radio andtelevision, and personal services such as laundries, beauty parlors, and barbershops. The next largest number of New Yorkers works in retail and wholesaletrade, and followed by those in government jobs. The rest works in finance,insurance and real estate, manufacturing, transportation and public utilities, andcontract construction.Manhattan benefits significantly from tourism as well. About 30 million travelersvisited annually in the early 1990s, contributing to the demand for services.Finally, the city still has some important manufacturing industries, includingprinting and publishing and the production of apparel and other textile products.

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Manhattans boom in high-paying service jobs was not shared by the outerboroughs, which were once the center of the citys manufacturing businesses. Bythe end of the 1990s, there was a dramatic reduction in factory jobs in the Bronx,Brooklyn, and Queens, and many of the new jobs in these boroughs were low-

paying service jobs, such as hospital orderlies, store clerks, and office cleaners. Bythe end of the decade, however, the populations of these boroughs had stabilizedor begun to rise slowly and a sense of optimism developed among many residents.The Bronx and Brooklyn lost both population and jobs during the 40 yearsfollowing World War II, but these neighborhoods recovered during the late 1990sas new homes replaced the burnt-out buildings that were all too common in the1980s. Queens has continued to prosper because of the influx of immigrants.

A spidery web of more than a dozen bridges, an underground system of tunnels,and an extensive network of parkways and expressways encouraged the physical

spread of New York outward from Manhattan. The city remains different fromother American communities because of its extraordinary public transportationsystem. In contrast to many other U.S. cities, where buses and passenger trainshave become irrelevant to the lives of their citizens, more than 5.2 million NewYorkers use these forms of public transportation every day.

New York panoramahttp://www.luxurylink.com/images/style/destination/new_york_city_84/new-york-city-skyline-blue-

large.jpg

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VII. Government

New York City has a highly centralized municipal government. The mayor,chosen by a citywide electorate for a four-year term, has wide executive powers.The mayor has a leadership role in budget-making, authority to organize andreorganize administrative agencies and to appoint and remove their heads, a strongveto, and all powers not specifically otherwise granted. The comptroller, electedon a citywde basis for a four-year term, recommends financial policies and advisesthe mayor and the city council in the preparation of the budget.

There are nine major administrative agencies, called administrations. The policeand fire departments are not classified as administrations, but are also principalagencies. Certain important city agencies are quasi-independent, including the

board of education, the board of higher education, the health and HospitalsCorporation, and the housing authority. In addition, two major agencies are bi-state or regional in character: the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey,which controls airports and interstate buses, and the Metropolitan TransportationAuthority, which controls subway and bus operations in the city and commuterrailroad service in New York and Connecticut.

Legislative authority is vested in the city council, made up of 51 members, whoare elected from individual districts for four-year terms. The presiding officer isthe public advocate, chosen for a four-year term by a citywide electorate. The

advocate can vote only to break a tie. The most powerful member of the council isthe speaker, who is chosen by a majority of the members and appoints the heads ofthe various council committees. The council introduces and enacts all laws andapproves the budget; it can override a mayoral veto by a vote of two-thirds of allthe members.

Each borough has a president elected to a five-year term. The borough presidentsposition is largely ceremonial with primary responsibilities in the area of publicimprovements. The five borough presidents had more political power when theyserved on the Board of Estimate, which controlled the citys budget approval

process. The Board of Estimate was abolished in 1990.

Politically, the city is strongly Democratic. Two small political groups are theConservative and Liberal parties. The Democratic Party traditionally controls themayoralty unless one of the other parties or an alliance of them draws manyDemocratic votes. Though the five counties or boroughs have little administrative

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authority, the political centers of gravity in the city are the county party machinesin the individual boroughs.

Moonrise Over Manhattan Island, New York

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VIII. Contemporary Issues

At the end of the 20th century, New York City can point to a number of importantaccomplishments. Partly because of a spectacular reduction in the crime ratebetween 1990 and 1998, the city is no longer among the 150 most violentAmerican cities. The streets have been cleaned, the panhandlers removed, and thesubways repaired. The city also cleaned up 42nd Street, which as late as 1994 wastypified by sex shops, prostitution, and a barely disguised drug trade. As a result ofthese changes and the publicity accompanying them, many tourists have flocked tothe city.

Night scene in New York

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Several major challenges remained, however. First, the infrastructure of the city,and especially the century-old sewer and water mains beneath the streets, wasrotting and at times collapsing altogether. Second, the loss of manufacturing jobshas meant that many local residents have been excluded from the expandingemployment market. Thus, the gap between the rich and the poor has become

greater in New York than in most other U.S. communities. Finally, the publicschools, with more than 1 million students, were too often failing in their primarymission.

Although the Board of Education operated some of the best schools in the nationand many public school graduates have achieved distinction, the system remainstroubled by high truancy and drop-out rates, by occasional violence on schoolproperty, and by deteriorating buildings.

Suspended Bridge (night view)

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Conclusion

One city, five boroughs, unlimited options: This is New York City.

New York City is the major port in southeastern New York State, at the mouth ofthe Hudson River. It is the largest and the most populous city in the United States.Its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world. Itcomprises Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island boroughs.

New York City is continuing to grow unlike any other major city in the Northeast.It's not runaway growth and its not growth that rivals Nevada or Phoenix, but theamazing thing is that it is growing

World Trade Center lights

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Ciugureanu, Adina, The Boomerang Effect, A study in Twentieth-Century AmericanPopular Culture

Galateanu-Farnoaga, Georgiana, Americans Past and Present

January, Brendan, Native American Art & Culture

Smith, A. G., Historic Houses of New York State

Marx, David F, New York City

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https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0521/5b0297d1a8232/5b0297f2eec67.jpg

http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/getaways/destinations/newyork/images/central_park.jpg

http://basketball.ballparks.com/NBA/NewYorkKnicks/front.jpg

http://fromtheflightdeck.com/assortedaircraftpics/pics/Shea%20Stadium.jpg

http://ciudadesdelmundo.wikispaces.com/space/showimage/bronx-zoo-address.jpg

http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/new-york/images/s/new-york-hotels.jpg

http://www.luxurylink.com/images/style/destination/new_york_city_84/new-york-city-skyline-blue-large.jpg

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