All About Income

Dr. Katie Sauer

Metropolitan State College of Denver (ksauer5@msudenver.edu)

Presented at Junior Achievement’s Elementary School Personal Financial Literacy Workshop

in collaboration with the Colorado Council for Economic Education

money income

What is money? spend

save

charity

wants

needs

allowancegifts

borrowing

pay back loan

adults’ skills & educationeconomy

taxes

Session Overview

I. Intro to Income

II. Two Main Determinants of Income- human capital- state of the economy

III. A Simple Model of the Labor Market

IV. Taxes

I. Intro to Income

How much income does the average US household earn in a year?- statistics will be found for “median” or “mean” income

Median Income:- rank all households by income

lowest household income

highest household income

household in middle = median household

Mean Income:- add up all household’ income- divide by number of households

3

How much are US median income and mean income?

median income = $49,777mean income = $67,976

How much is Colorado’s median income?

$55,930

2009 data: US Census Bureau http://www.census.gov

1979 1989 1999 2009$40,000

$50,000

$60,000

$70,000

Median IncomeMean Income

Median Income vs Mean Income Exercise Handout

http://bls.gov/cps/cpsaat37.pdf

Median Earnings by Worker Characteristics

How to find recent data on income and occupations:

From the Bureau of Labor Statistics website: http://bls.gov/

From the “Subject Area” tab:- click on “Pay and Benefits”- the “Wages by Area and Occupation” link will lead you to information to update the wage game data

- click on “Employment”- the “Employment Projections” link will lead you toinformation on employment trends

Table 4.4 Personal income, 1988, 1998, 2008 and projected 2018: Sources of Personal Income

CategoryBillions of current dollars Percent distribution

1988 1998 2008 2018 1988 1998 2008 2018

Personal income $ 4,253.7 $

7,423.0 $ 12,100.7 $ 19,129.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Compensation of employees 2,967.2

5,020.1 8,052.8 12,404.8 69.8 67.6 66.5 64.8

Wage & salary disbursements 2,452.9

4,183.4 6,548.0 10,043.1 57.7 56.4 54.1 52.5 Supplements to wages & salary 514.3 836.7 1,504.8 2,361.8 12.1 11.3 12.4 12.3 Proprietors' income 341.6 627.8 1,072.4 1,647.7 8.0 8.5 8.9 8.6 Rental income 40.6 137.5 64.4 146.2 1.0 1.9 0.5 0.8

Personal income on assets 769.3

1,283.2 2,037.6 3,543.3 18.1 17.3 16.8 18.5 Personal interest income 639.5 933.3 1,208.5 2,194.9 15.0 12.6 10.0 11.5 Personal dividend income 129.7 350.0 829.1 1,348.3 3.0 4.7 6.9 7.0 Personal current transfer receipts 496.6 978.6 1,869.1 3,005.2 11.7 13.2 15.4 15.7 Federal social benefits 377.5 716.8 1,378.6 2,196.5 8.9 9.7 11.4 11.5 State & local social benefits 98.5 235.8 455.8 757.5 2.3 3.2 3.8 4.0 Other, from business (net) 20.6 26.0 34.7 51.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 Less: Social insurance contribution 361.5 624.2 995.7 1,617.6 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.5Employment Projections Program, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Income comes from other sources than working.

Table 4.4 Personal income, 1988, 1998, 2008 and projected 2018

CategoryBillions of current dollars Percent distribution

1988 1998 2008 2018 1988 1998 2008 2018Use:                 Personal income 4,253.7 7,423.0 12,100.7 19,129.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Personal consumption 3,353.6 5,879.5 10,057.9 15,293.5 78.8 79.2 83.1 79.9 Personal taxes 505.0 1,027.1 1,457.3 2,596.6 11.9 13.8 12.0 13.6 Personal interest payments 96.8 174.5 248.2 375.9 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.0 Personal transfer payments 25.4 65.2 144.6 212.8 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.1 To government: 14.8 40.5 84.5 124.8 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7 Federal 2.8 8.6 18.0 27.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 State & local 12.0 31.9 66.5 97.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 To the rest of the world (net) 10.6 24.6 60.1 88.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 Personal savings 272.9 276.8 192.6 650.9 6.4 3.7 1.6 3.4

Employment Projections Program, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

How is that income spent?

A. Human Capital encompasses a person’s knowledge, ability, and skills.

Most human capital is built through education and training.

Generally speaking, higher human capital is correlated with higher income.

- accountants typically make more money than bank tellers

II. What determines income from working?A. Human CapitalB. State of the Economy

less than 9th grade

9th to 12th grade

High School Graduate (inc. GED)

Some college, no degree

Associate's Degree

Bachelor's Degree

Master's Degree

Professional Degree

Doctorate Degree

$21,491

$24,686

$33,618

$38,676

$41,226

$60,954

$71,236

$125,622

$99,995

Educational Attainment--People 25 Years Old and Over, by Total Money Earnings in 2008

US Census Bureau / BLS: 2009 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic (ASEC) Supplement Table from PINC-03

Investing in human capital has a high opportunity cost:When students are in class they aren’t being productive in the economy.

Increasing human capital can have large benefits:- higher paycheck- better society- productive workers

Individuals, firms and governments are willing to pay the cost of investing in building human capital because they expect to see benefits in the future.

Governments fund public education because a better educated population contributes to faster and sustainabledevelopment.

Firms invest in employee training because they expect tocover the costs through higher profits from higher workerproductivity.

Individuals spend time and money on higher education because they expect to earn higher wages.

A degree or certification can signal that someone has likely built their human capital.

There may not be a return on education if- it is of low quality

- the knowledge/skills learned don’t match market demand

- there is slow economic growth (low demand for newworkers)

- workers are paid the same regardless of skill (centrallyplanned economies, bureaucratic systems)

Unemployment Rates by Educational Attainment (people age 25 and older)

Less than High School

High School

Some college or AA

4 year degree or higher

www.bls.gov

B. The state of the economy affects income

When the economy is doing well, firms are hiring, people find it relatively easy to find jobs.

The type of jobs needed in the economy change over time as the structure of the economy changes.

If you are skilled in a sector that becomes obsolete, you will need to acquire new skills to work in a different sector or you will be unemployed for a long time.

Data source: Bureau of Economic Analysis

The US Business Cycle for the Past 50 Years

III. A Simple Model of the Labor Market

The market wage is determined by the supply and demand for labor.

A. The Supply of Labor (workers)Because time is limited, many individuals face a tradeoff between working and not working.

- all time spent not working will be called leisure

Economists call this the leisure-labor tradeoff.

We often analyze it in terms of income earned vs time spent not working.

WeeklyHours of Leisure

Income Earned

168$0

theoretical maximum income

0 78

$ from 90 hours of work

$ from 40 hours of work

128

Represents all possible income-leisure tradeoffs for a given wage rate.

For a given wage, individuals have different preferences over income and leisure.

Income Income

Hours of Leisure

Hours of Leisure

Preference Curve

Preference Curve

Person who prefers more income and sacrifices leisure.

Person who prefers more leisure and sacrifices income.

When the wage increases, people typically respond in two ways:

1. As the wage increases, the opportunity cost of leisure also increases so people work more.

- for every hour you are *not* working, you are forgoingmore money

2. As the wage increases high enough, the individual has more money and begins to value leisure more and thus works less.

We can illustrate this effect with a labor supply curve.

The Labor Supply Curve

As the wage rate increases, first people choose to work more hours, then they choose to work fewer hours.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_economics

B. The Demand for Labor (firms)

The demand for labor is known as a derived demand because labor is not needed unless there is demand for the product being produced.

When a firm hires a worker, the firm incurs a cost but also receives a benefit.

- the cost of the worker is the wage

- the benefit of the worker is the output the worker producestimes the price the firm can sell that output for

Ideally, a firm would pay a worker a wage that is equal to the value of the worker’s output.

If the wage were less than the value of output a firm could get from hiring another worker, the firm would want to hire another worker.

If the wage were more than the value of output a firm could get from its workers, the firm would want to fire a worker.

In general, the lower the wage, the more workers a firm could hire.

Labor Demand

Number of Workers

Wage Rate

As the wage rate falls, a firm can hire more workers.

C. Putting Supply and Demand Together

The supply and demand for labor interact to determine the market wage for various occupations.

Labor Demand

Number of Workers

Wage RateLabor Supply

market wage

actual workers hired

Ex: The demand for dental services has remained pretty stable while many new dental hygienists are graduating.

Labor Demand

Number of Workers

Wage RateLabor Supply

market wage

actual workers hired

New Labor Supply

Two potential outcomes:1. the wage falls, the new workers are hired

new wage

more workers hired

2. dental offices are already hiring the number of hygienists that are needed, new hygienists are unemployed

The wage may or may not fall.

Labor Demand

Number of Workers

Wage RateLabor Supply

market wage

actual workers hired

New Labor Supply

hygienists who want to work

Ex: Professional Engineer vs Bartender

Labor Demand

Number of Workers

Wage Rate Labor Supply

Labor Demand

Number of Workers

Wage Rate

Labor Supply

Often times firms will pay a wage that is above the market wage.- attract better workers- reduce turnover

Sometimes workers unionize and collectively bargain for wages that are higher than the market wage.

IV. Tax System

Policymakers have two considerations when it comes to taxes: efficiency and equity

A. Taxes and EfficiencyThe primary goal of a tax is to raise money for the government.

There are many ways to raise a given amount of money.

Tax system A is more efficient than tax system B if it raises the same amount of money but at a lower cost.

- minimize administrative burden, while collecting money

B. Taxes and Equity

Equity has to do with how the tax burden is distributed. - much disagreement!

The Benefits Principal of taxation is the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from the government.

- gasoline tax- national defense- park fee

The Ability-to-Pay Principle of taxation is the idea that people should pay taxes according to how well that person can shoulder the burden.

C. The Cost of Taxes

Taxes exert a cost on the economy. (fiscal drag)1. taxes reduce your purchasing power2. taxes cause people to change their behavior3. taxes can cause deadweight loss4. taxes discourage investment5. taxes discourage work

D. Taxes That Individuals Pay

1. Federal TaxesIncome Tax

Payroll TaxThe Social Security tax is also called the FICA (Federal Insurance Contributions Act) tax. (6.2%)

The Medicare tax is used to provide medical benefits for certain individuals when they reach age 65. (1.45%)

Estate Tax Gift Tax Gasoline Tax (18.4cents per gallon)

Federal Income Tax:

Here are the tax brackets for a single person for 2010:Marginal Tax Tax Bracket Rate over but not over 10% $0 $8,375 15% $8,375 $34,000 25% $34,000 $82,400 33% $82,400 $171,850 35% $171,850 $373,650 38% $373,650

Marginal Tax Tax Bracket Rate over but not over 10% $0 $8,375 15% $8,375 $34,000 25% $34,000 $82,400 33% $82,400 $171,850 35% $171,850 $373,650 38% $373,650

Let’s suppose you are single and make $50,000 in 2010.

You pay different tax rates on different portions of your income:

- On the first $8,375 of your income you pay 10% in taxes.

Marginal Tax Tax Bracket Rate over but not over 10% $0 $8,375 15% $8,375 $34,000 25% $34,000 $82,400 33% $82,400 $171,850 35% $171,850 $373,650 38% $373,650

- The next bracket contains $34,000 - $8,375 = $25,625 of income.

You pay 15% tax on $25,625 of your income.

Marginal Tax Tax Bracket Rate over but not over 10% $0 $8,375 15% $8,375 $34,000 25% $34,000 $82,400 33% $82,400 $171,850 35% $171,850 $373,650 38% $373,650

- The next bracket contains $50,000 - $34,000 = $16,000 of income.

You pay 25% tax on $16,000 of your income.

$50,000

The total amount you pay in taxes:(0.10)(8,375) + (0.15)(34,000 – 8,375) + (0.25)(50,000 – 34,000) = 837.5 + 3843.75 + 4000

= $8,681.25

The marginal tax rate is the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income.

If you currently earn $50,000 and then you earn one extra dollar of income, that dollar is taxed at a rate of 25%.

Your current marginal tax rate is 25%.

The average tax rate is the total taxes paid, divided by total income.

8,681.25/50,000 = 0.1736 x 100% = 17.4%

2. Colorado State Taxes for IndividualsIncome Tax (4.63%)

Sales Tax (2.9%)

Consumer Use Tax (purchases that did not include Colorado sales tax … internet, mail order, phone) (2.9%)

Estate and Trust Income Tax (4.63%)

Gasoline Tax (22cents per gallon)

Cigarette Tax (4.2cents per cigarette, 2.9% per pack, 40% on other tobacco products)

Alcohol Tax (8cents per gallon beer/cider, 7.33cents per liter wine, 60.26cents per liter of spirits)

3. Local Taxes and Fees

Motor Vehicle RegistrationProperty TaxCity Sales Tax

4. Special District TaxesRTD levies a sales/use tax of 1.0% .

The Football District has a 0.1% sales/use tax.

The Scientific and Cultural Facilities District has a 0.1% sales/use tax.

E. How your taxes are spent http://www.whitehouse.gov/taxreceipt

1. Federal

2. Colorado http://www.colorado.gov/taxtracks/