all about human brain
DESCRIPTION
prepared by LIM EJIIN (184165) skp3204 (group 8)TRANSCRIPT
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Weight : 1.5 kg / 1130 cm3
-2% of body weight
Receives 15% cardiac output
Consumes 20% of total body’s O2
Utilizes 25% of energy (glucose)
Contains 160 000km of blood vessels
Contains 75% of H2O
Contains 100 billion of neutrons
Doesn’t have pain receptors
Alive only 4-6 minutes without O2
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Thick layer of neural tissue
Cover the brain
Contains 4 regions :
1. Frontal Lobe
2. Parietal Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital Lobe
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FRONTAL LOBE
(FRONTMOST REGION)
PREFRONTAL CORTEX
-PERSONALITY EXPRESSION
-PLANNING OF COMPLEX COGNITIVE BEHAVIORS
PREMOTOR & PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
-CONTROL EXECUTION OF VOLUNTARY
ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX
-COGNITIVE PROCESSING OF DESCISION-MAKING
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OCCIPITAL LOBE
The rear of cerebral cortex
Two main parts:
i. Primary visual area
-receive visual input from retina (shape, colour, size, motion, dimension)
ii. Visual association area
-interpret information that acquired through the primary visual cortex
iii. Vision *
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RECEPTION & PROCESSING
of sensory information from body
CONTROL
goal directed voluntary movements
MANIPULATION / INTEGRATION
of objects / different senses
(understand concepts)
a) PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREA
b) SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA
c) PRIMARY TASTE AREA
* SOMATIC SENSES
PARIETAL LOBE
(NEAR THE BACK & TOP OF BRAIN)
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TEMPORAL LOBE
The side of head above the ears
Organizing & combining what we see, hear, language & speech production, memory association & formation.
Structure of limbic system located within it
Hearing *
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Also called as small brain
Located at the base of skull
Relays information to
muscles to control
movement, balance,
equilibrium & muscle tone.
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Located near body protrusions
Connect to cerebellum to spinal cord
Consists of midbrain, medulla oblongata & pons.
Coordinate & relay motor signal sent between brain and body.
Control nervous system.
Taste *
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located on top of the
brain stem
Control emotions &
motivations
Consist of 4 parts :
I. Amygdala
II.Hippocampus
III.Hypothalamus
IV.Thalamus
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• Emotional responds, hormonal secretions & memory.Amygdala
• Indexes, sends & retrieves memory (long term storage in cerebral hemisphere)Hippocampus
• Maintain homeostasis, automatic peripheral nervous system, food, H2O intake regulation, sleep & wake cycle regulation
Hypothalamus
• Relays sensory signals (between spinal cord & cerebrum
• Smell *Thalamus
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HOW THE BRAIN WORKS & HOW STUDENTS CAN RESPOND
THINKING BRAIN
PREFRONTAL CORTEX
17% OF BRAIN
REFLECT ON INFORMATION
WORK WHEN CALM, NO STRESS & HIGH INTEREST
REACTIVE BRAIN
LOWER, AUTOMATIC BRAIN
83% OF BRAIN
REACT TO INFORMATION INSTINCTIVELY
WORK WHEN ANXIOUS, SAD, FRUSTRATED & BORED
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RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS)
• Lower back of brain (brain stem)
• Receive input from sensory nerves
OPTIMUM BRAIN’S WORKING
•Keep physically healthy •Practice focusing & observing yourself
•Brain breaks (syn-naps) •Learning calmly/ positive emotions
•Rest enough •Do some exercises (short break)
DIRECTION OF INFORMATION’S FLOWING
• SUCCESS : RAS open and flow information to thinking brain
• OVERWHELMED : reactive brain take over
RAS
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LIMBIC SYSTEM
•Amygdala & hippocampus
•Evaluate whether information is useful
RASLIMBIC
SYSTEM
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DIRECTION OF INFORMATION’S FLOWING
-Positive mood : send information to thinking brain
-Bad mood : closes the pathway to RAS and amygdala-----
OPTIMUM BRAIN’S WORKING-Take time to reflect / Take a deep breath
-Visualize in peaceful place
-Teachers: fun games or activities (increase neurochemical enhancements )
-Renew & practice
-Repeat stimulation
-Practice make permanent
LIMBIC SYSTEMAMYGDALA
Take up excessive amounts of your brain’s available nutrients and oxygen.
HIPPOCAMPUS
Link new sensory input to both knowledge and experiences (ready process)
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DOPAMINEMost important neurotransmitters
between neutrons
Transmission : -crucial to brain’s capacity & process new information
More dopamine release when experience is enjoyable
- enhance alertness, memory & executive
Optimum brain by :
-interacting with friends
-physical activities
-listening/ reading
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THINKING BRAINCalled as prefrontal cortex.
Increase the nerve communication networks.
Process new information (executive function)
Convert short term into long term
RASLIMBIC
SYSTEMTHINKING
BRAIN
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HOW THE MEMORY WORKS IN LEARNINGTEACHING GROWS BRAIN CELLS
CONSTANTLY CHANGE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF NEUTRONS & CONNECTION
NEUTROPLASTICITY
TEACHERS :• Fix limit based on learning
disabilities
• Pubic test scores / achievements
• Providing experiences can maximize its learning & proficiency
HIGH STRESS RESTRICTS BRAIN PROCESSING TO
SURVIVAL STATE
PREFRONTAL CORTEX
(UNDERGOES MATURATION THROUGHTOUT SCHOOL YEARS )
EMOTION SENSITIVE LIMBIC SYSTEM
(DETERMINE WHICH PART OF BRAIN RECEIVE INPUT & RESPONSE OUTPUT)
TEACHERS:
• Should know when the stress cut off flow from / to PFC (behavior is involuntary)
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HOW THE MEMORY WORKS IN LEARNINGMEMORY IS CONSTRUCTED & SORED BY PATTERNING
HIPPOCAMPUS
(REQUIRE ACTIVATION / PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
ACTIVATION OF PRIOR KNOWLEDGE + NEW INFORMATION
TEACHERS :
• Demonstrate patterns, connections & relationship
• Receive timely feedback & reflect experiences
MEMORY IS SUSTAINED BY USE
SHORT-TERM MEMORY NEED TO ACTIVATED MULTIPLE TIMES TO INCREASE
ITS DURABILITY
RETENTION
(NEW MEMORIES ARE CONNECTED TO OTHER COMMON STROED MEMORIES)
TEACHERS:
• Multisensory instruction, practice, review
• Construct concept of memory to new stimuli/ knowledge
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41 Neuroscience Terms Every Teacher Should Know
Affective filter Cognition Graphic
Organizers
Myelination Parietal lobes Serotonin
Amygdala Dendrites Gray Matter Neuronal
Circuits
Patterning Short-Term
Memory
Axon Dopamine Hippocampus Neurons RAD learning Synapse
Brain mapping Executive
Functions
Limbic System Neuroplasticity Prediction Venn diagram
Central Nervous
System
Functional Brain
Imaging (neuroim
aging)
Long-Term
Memory
Neurotransmitte
rs
Prefrontal
Cortex
Oligodendrocytes
Cerebellum Functional
Magnetic
Resonance
Imaging (fMRI)
Reticular
Activating
System (RAS)
Positron
Emission
Tomography
(PET scans)
Numeracy Metacognition
Cerebral Cortex Glia Myelin
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