alizadeh - choga mish ii ~ the development of a prehistoric regional center in lowland susiana,...

7/27/2019 Alizadeh - Choga Mish II ~ the Development of a Prehistoric Regional Center in Lowland Susiana, Southwestern Iran

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PREHISTORICREGIONAL CENTER IN LOWLANDSUSIANA, SOUTHWESTERN IRAN

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Possibl Rconstruction of Fmal Figurin Composd from Svral Fragmnts: Coa MisI, pl. 236:A;hrin pls. 27:A, 28:A, C

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iii

CHOGHA MISH II

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PREHISTORICREGIONAL CENTER IN LOWLANDSUSIANA, SOUTHWESTERN IRAN

FINAL REPORT ON THE LAST SIx SEASONSOF ExCAVATIONS, 19721978

AbbAS ALIzADEH

THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUbLICATIONS VOLUME 130

CHICAGO ILLINOIS

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Library of Congrss Control Numbr: 95072170ISBN-10: 1-885923-52-X

ISBN-13: 978-1-885923-52-3

ISSN: 0069-3367

2008 by Th Univrsity of Chicago. All rights rsrvd.

Publishd 2008. Printd in th Unitd Stats of Amrica.

Te Orienta Institte, Cicao

Orintal Institut Publications

Volum 130

Series Editors

Lsli Schramr

and

Thomas G. Urban

Series Editors Acknowedments

Th assistanc of Lindsay DCarlo and Kati L. Johnson isacknowldgd in th production of this volum.

Spine Istration

Rconstruction of dcoration on Middl Susiana pottry vssl. Figur 42:F (B 1074)

Tite Pae IstrationSaling. Coa MisI: plat 155:A.

Printed by Edwards Broters, Ann Arbor, Mician

Th papr usd in this publication mts th minimum rquirmnts of AmricanNational Standard for Information Srvics Prmannc of Papr for PrintdLibrary Matrials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.

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This book is ddicatd to th sttld zalaghi Trieof thbakhtiyari, for thir unwavring hospitalityand thir contribution in th lvn sasons

of xcavations in Khuzstan

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TAbLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ABBReVIATIONS ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ..... xi

LIST OF FIGUReS ........................ .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .................... xiii

LIST OF PLATeS ....................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ xvii

LIST OF TABLeS ....................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ xix

PReFACe ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... ..... xxi

ACKNOWLeDGMeNTS ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............ xxv

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................ .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ xxvii

CHAPTeR ONe. THe STORY OF CHOGHA MISH AND ITS WIDeR CONTeXT ........................ .................... 1 IntroductIon........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... ........................ ................. 1 InItIalcolonIzatIonoflowlandSuSIana(aceramIcPhaSe) ....................... .......................... ....... 4

formatIveSuSIanaPhaSe......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................... 4 archaIcSuSIana0 PhaSe.......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................... 5 archaIcSuSIana1 PhaSe.......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................... 6 archaIcSuSIana2 PhaSe.......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................... 7 archaIcSuSIana3 PhaSe.......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................... 7 earlySuSIanaPerIod........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .. 9 mIddleSuSIanaPerIod.......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ....................... 11 Qustion of Rgional Scurity and Growth of Chogha Mish ....................... ......................... ............... 13 lateSuSIana1 PhaSe......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... .. 14 Mobil Pastoralist Prlud in Susiana ......................... ......................... .......................... ...................... 14 Isolatd Cmtris of Parchinh and Hakaln .......................... ......................... .......................... ....... 16 Mobil Pastoralism and Production of Pottry ...................... .......................... ......................... ............ 21

late

SuSIana

2 PhaSe

......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... .. 21 ProtolIterate(lateuruk) PhaSe......................................................................................................... 23 SettlementPatternSandPoPulatIondenSIty....................... .......................... ......................... ........ 25 choghamIShurbandeveloPment....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ..... 26 QueStIonofurukexPanSIon InlowlandSuSIana......................... ......................... ...................... 27 oldelamItePerIod........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ..... 30 laterhIStorIcalPerIodS........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... ................... 30

CHAPTeR TWO. ARCHITeCTURe ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................... 33 hIghmound....................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................... 33 Trnch XXIII, Lat Susiana 2 Architctur, Phas 2 ......................... ......................... .......................... 33 Trnch XXIII, Lat Susiana 2 Architctur, Phas 1 ......................... ......................... .......................... 33 Trnch XXIV, Protolitrat and elamit Structurs and Fort ....................... ......................... ............... 34

Trnch XXIV, Old elamit Fort ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ........ 34 Trnch XXIV, Latr elamit Occupation ........................ ......................... .......................... .................. 34 Trnch XXIV, Protolitrat Rmains ...................... ......................... .......................... ......................... . 35 gullycut....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ 35 Protolitrat Rmains ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ....................... 36 Middl Susiana Priod Lvls ...................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ............ 36 early Middl Susiana Phas ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 36 Lat Middl Susiana Architctur, Phas 1 ........................ .......................... .......................... .............. 37 Lat Middl Susiana Architctur, Phas 2 ........................ .......................... .......................... .............. 37 early Susiana Architctural Phas ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... .... 37 Archaic Susiana 3 Phas Architctur ......................... .......................... ......................... ...................... 38

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trenchxXI .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................... 38 Middl Susiana Complx ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................... 38 early Susiana Complx, Phas 1 ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ....... 39 early Susiana Complx, Phas 2 ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ....... 39 Archaic Priod Rmains ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 40 eaStarea........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... 41 Historical Rmains ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... . 41

Lat Middl Susiana Phas (Burnt Building) ......................... ......................... .......................... .......... 41 Lat Middl Susiana Domstic Architctur ....................... ......................... .......................... .............. 42 Protolitrat Architctural Phas 1: Monumntal Building Complx ....................... ......................... ... 43 Protolitrat Architctural Phas 2: Domstic Buildings ...................... ......................... ...................... 44 PrehIStorIcburIalS........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... ........................ ..... 46

CHAPTeR THRee. POTTeRY ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... . 47 IntroductIon......................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ............... 47 ParthIanPerIod........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 47 IronageIII(neo-elamIte)/achaemenIdPerIod....................... .......................... ......................... ....... 48 oldelamIte(Sukkalmah) PerIod......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ... 49 ProtolIteratePhaSe...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ..... 49 Coars War ........................ .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 49

Standard War ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........ 49 Fin War ........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ............... 50 Brittl War ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 50 Gray War ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................ 50 Rd War ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................ 50 lateSuSIanaPerIod....................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ..... 51 Standard Buff War ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... . 51 Rd War ....................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................ 51 Gray War ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................. 52 Black-on-Rd War ....................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... .. 52 mIddleSuSIanaPerIod....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... . 52 Standard Buff War ...................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... . 52

Fin Buff War ...................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......... 52 Gritty Buff War ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ..... 53

Straw-tmprd Buff War ...................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ............... 53 Plain Rd War ...................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......... 53 Gray War ...................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................ 54 earlySuSIanaPerIod......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... . 54 archaIcSuSIanaPerIod......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ...................... 54 Straw-tmprd Smoothd War ...................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ....... 54 Straw-tmprd Standard and Fin Rd-washd War ....................... ......................... ......................... 54 Straw-tmprd Rd-bandd/Lin War .......................... ......................... .......................... ................. 55 Straw-tmprd Paintd-burnishd War ......................... ......................... .......................... ................. 55 Straw-tmprd Paintd-burnishd Variant .......................... ......................... .......................... ............. 55 Matt-paintd War........................ .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... 55 Dns-sandy War ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... 55 Clos-lin War .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .... 56

CHAPTeR FOUR. DeVeLOPMeNT OF SHAReD ARTISTIC TRADITIONS IN DeCORATeDPOTTeRY IN SOUTHWeST ASIA ......................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ........ 57

Part1: meSoPotamIanPrehIStorIcartIStIcandtechnIcaldeveloPment........................ ......... 57 Introduction ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 57 Northrn Msopotamia......................................................................................................................... 57 Southrn Msopotamia......................................................................................................................... 59 Part2: StylIStIcanalySISofSuSIanaPrehIStorIcPottery........................ ......................... .......... 61 Introduction ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 61

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Formativ Susiana Phas...................................................................................................................... 61 Archaic Susiana Priod ........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... ................... 62 early Susiana Priod ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... 66 Middl Susiana Priod .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................... 67 Lat Susiana Priod ....................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... . 69

CHAPTeR FIVe. ADMINISTRATIVe TeCHNOLOGY: SeALS, SeALINGS, AND TOKeNS ......................... . 77

IntroductIon........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... ........................ ................. 77 PrehIStorIcevIdence......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... .. 77 ProtolIteratePhaSe......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... .. 78

CHAPTeR SIX. CLAY AND STONe FIGURINeS ....................... ......................... .......................... ...................... 81 oldelamItePerIod........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ..... 81 ProtolIteratePhaSe......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... .. 81 mIddleandlateSuSIanaPerIodS ....................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ..... 81 earlySuSIanaPerIod........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .. 82 archaIcSuSIanaPerIod........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ....................... 84

CHAPTeR SeVeN. SMALL OBJeCTS, TOOLS, AND STONe VeSSeLS ...................... .......................... .......... 87 PerSonalornamentS......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... .. 87

clayandterra-cottaobjectS.......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ........ 87 SPIndlewhorlS........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............. 89 metalobjectS...................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................. 89 boneobjectS........................ .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................. 89 StonetoolS...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ........................ ..................... 90 StoneveSSelS....................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................. 90 Protolitrat Phas ........................ .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... .. 90 Prhistoric Priods ........................ .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... .. 91 baSketry........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ 91

APPeNDIX ONe: PRODUCTION ZONe SOURCING AND INTRAReGIONAL eXCHANGe OFCeRAMICS IN THe FOURTH-MILLeNIUM b.c. SUSIANA PLAIN: CASe STUDY.

Roya Omar gaza, Nicoas Kocokos, Robert J. Speakman, Micae D. gascock,

andCristope Descantes......................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ........................ 93 Summary......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ 93 IntroductIon........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... ........................ ................. 93 methodology....................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................. 94 Sampling Dsign ....................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ...... 94 Sampl Prparation ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .. 95 PrelImInaryreSultS................................................................................................................................. 95 Data St...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ..................... 95 Bvld-rim Bowls ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .. 95 Crosshatch Band Jars ....................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ....................... 96 Mid-Fourth-Millnnium B.C.and Lat Susiana 2 Aggrgat Groups ......................... ......................... 96 Unclassifid Sampls and Groups ....................... .......................... .......................... ......................... .... 97 dIScuSSIon......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .................... 97 concluSIon.................................................................................................................................................. 98 acknowledgmentS.......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ..... 99

APPeNDIX TWO: MASTeR LIST OF LOCI FROM CHOGHA MISH SeASONS 211 INCHRONOLOGICAL ORDeR ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ..................... 153

APPeNDIX THRee: FAUNAL ReMAINS ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......... 203

INDeX OF LOCI AND ILLUSTRATeD FINDS .......................... .......................... ......................... ...................... 207

INDeX OF GeOGRAPHICAL NAMeS .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ........... 223

TABlE Of CONTENTS

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FIGUReS ......................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ..... 225

PLATeS ......................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ..... 397

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xi

LIST OF AbbREVIATIONS

xi

Ach. Achamnid

amS acclrator mass spctromtryAS Archaic SusianaB Chogha Bonut, sasons 1976/77,

1977/78BF Bonh Fazl Alib.P. bfor prsntBrb(S) bvld-rim bowl(s)B.S. blow surfac (masurd in mtrs

unlss othrwis notd)ca. circacf. coner, comparCh.M. Chogha Mish

Coa MisI Coa Mis,Volum I:Tefirst five Seasons o Excavations,19611971.By Pinhas Dlougazand Hln J. Kantor. editd byAbbas Alizadh. Orintal InstitutPublications 101. Chicago: ThOrintal Institut, 1996.

cm cntimtr(s)e ast.g. exempi ratia, for xampleMS arly Middl SusianaeS early Susiana

t al. et aii, and othrstc. et cetera, and so forthfig(s). figur(s)f(f). ecernt, and followingha hctar(s)Ichto Iranian Cultural Hritag and Tourism

Organizationi.. id est, that is

INAA instrumntal nutron activation

analysiskm kilomtr(s)KS Khuzstan SitLMS lat Middl SusianaLS Lat SusianaM middlm mtr(s)misc. miscllanousmm millimtr(s)MS Middl SusianaN northN/A not availabl

N.B. nota bene, not carfullyno(s). numbr(s)NSF National Scinc FoundationPCA Principl Componnts AnalysisPL Protolitratpl(s). plat(s)p(p). pag(s)ppm parts pr millionprob. probablyrg. rgistrationS southSdg. sounding

sq. squarst. stonTr. trnchtrans. transitionalUTM Univrsal Transvrs MrcatorW wst

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LIST OF FIGURESFrontispic. Possibl Rconstruction of Fmal Figurin Composd from Svral Fragmnts

1. Map Showing th Location of Chogha Mish and Othr Major Sits in Southwstrn Iran and SouthrnMsopotamia ........................ .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... 226

2. Map of Northrn Susiana Plain Showing Locations of Chogha Mish, Chogha Bonut, Bonh Fazl Ali,and Thir environs ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................ 227

3. Synopsis of th evolution of Pottry Dcoration of Prhistoric Susiana ........................................................... 228

4. exampls of Lat Middl / Lat Susiana 1 Paintd Pottry .......................... ......................... .......................... ... 230

5. exampls of Lat Middl / Lat Susiana 1 Paintd Pottry .......................... ......................... .......................... ... 231

6. Contour Map of Chogha Mish ........................ .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... 232

7. Top Plan of Trnch XXIII, High Mound ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ........ 233

8. Top Plan of th Old elamit Fort and Protolitrat Rmains, High Mound....................................................... 234

9. Sction Drawings of elamit Wll ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............... 235

10. Isomtric Plan of th Old elamit Fort ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ........... 236

11. Top Plan of Gully Cut, Middl Susiana .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ....... 237

12. Top Plan of Gully Cut, early Susiana........ ......................... .......................... .......................... ........................ ... 238

13. Top Plan of Gully Cut, Archaic Susiana 3 .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ... 239

14. Top Plan of Trnch XXI, Archaic to Middl Susiana ....................... .......................... ......................... .............. 240

15. Top Plan of Middl Susiana Burnt Building ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ... 241

16. Top Plan of Protolitrat Architctural Complx, Phas 1 ................................................................................ 242

17. Top Plan of Protolitrat Architctural Complx, Phas 2 ................................................................................ 243

18. Prhistoric Burials ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............... 245

19. Parthian Pottry Vssls ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........ 247

20. Lat Iron Ag/Achamnid Opn Bowls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ....... 249

21. Lat Iron Ag (No-elamit)/Achamnid Opn Bowls ...................... ......................... .......................... .......... 251

22. Lat Iron Ag/Achamnid Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ... 253

23. Lat Iron Ag/Achamnid Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ... 255

24. Lat Iron Ag/Achamnid Opn Bowls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ....... 257

25. Old elamit (Sukkalmah) Pottry Vssls ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ... 259

26. Protolitrat Pottry Vssls ....................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... 261







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xiv ChOghA MISh II

33. Protolitrat Pottry Vssls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... 275

34. Protolitrat Ritual Vssl ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .... 277

35. Lat Susiana 2 Pottry Vssls ........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... ..................... 279

36. Middl Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 281








44. Middl Susiana Closd Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........... 297

45. Middl Susiana Closd Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........... 299

46. Middl Susiana Closd Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........... 301 47. Middl Susiana Closd Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........... 303




51. Middl Susiana Pottry Stands......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 311

52. Middl Susiana Tortois Pottry Vssls ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ....... 313

53. Middl Susiana Plain Pottry Vssls ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .......... 315

54. Middl Susiana Plain Pottry Vssls ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .......... 317

55. early Susiana Opn Pottry Vssls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... .............. 319






61. early Susiana Opn and Closd Pottry Vssls ....................... ......................... .......................... ..................... 331

62. early Susiana Dcoratd Pottry Lids ........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... .......... 333

63. Various Typs of early Susiana Pottry Vssls ............................................................................................... 335

64. early Susiana Plain Pottry Vssls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... .............. 337

65. early Susiana Plain Pottry Vssls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... .............. 339

66. Archaic Susiana 3 Clos-lin Opn Bowls ......................... .......................... ......................... .......................... .. 341

67. Archaic Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................. 343

68. Archaic Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................. 345

69. Archaic Susiana 3 Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ................. 347

70. Archaic Susiana 3 Matt-paintd Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ................ 349

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71. Archaic Susiana 3 Matt-paintd Pottry Vssls ........................ .......................... ......................... .................. 351

72. Archaic Susiana Pottry Vssls ........................ .......................... ......................... ......................... ................... 353

73. Archaic Susiana 1 Paintd-burnishd Pottry Vssls ....................................................................................... 355

74. Archaic Susiana Plain Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ........... 357

75. Archaic Susiana Plain Pottry Vssls ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ........... 359

76. Sals and Salings ........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ............... 361

77. Clay and Ston Tokns and Studs ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... .................. 363

78. Clay Human Figurins .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ........ 365

79. Clay Human Figurins .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ........ 367

80. Clay and Ston Animal Figurins ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 369

81. Prsonal Ornamnts ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................ 371

82. Clay Objcts and Tools ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........ 373

83. Spindl Whorls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................... 375

84. Mtal Objcts ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... 377 85. Bon Objcts ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... 379

86. Ston Vssls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... 381

87. Ston Objcts and Tools ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ........ 383

88. Composit Satllit Imag of Cntral Khuzstan ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 384

89. Bivariat Plot of Tantalum and Thorium for All Spcimns Studid in Ths Rports..................................... 385

90. Log Bas-10 Projction for Bvld-rim Bowls from Sharafabad and Abu Fanduwh.Rubidium and Potassium Concntrations ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ....... 386

91. Log Bas-10 Projction for Bvld-rim Bowls from Chogha Mish and Abu Fanduwh.Rubidium and Csium Concntrations ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ........... 387

92. Log Bas-10 Projction for Bvld-rim Bowls from Chogha Mish and Sharafabad.Tantalum and Aluminum Concntrations ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ....... 388

93. Bivariat Plot of Scandium and Iron Concntrations Producd for eighty-svn Crosshatch Band Jars ........... 389

94. Log Bas-10 Projction of Barium and Aluminum Concntrations for Crosshatch Band Jarsfrom Chogha Mish and Sharafabad ........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... .............. 390

95. Principal Componnt Plot of First Two Componnts Comparing Crosshatch Band Jarsfrom Sharafabad and Chogha Mish ........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... .............. 391

96. Bivariat Plot of Csium and Tantalum for both Bvld-rim Bowl and Crosshatch Band JarSpcimns from Chogha Mish and Sharafabad ......................... ......................... .......................... ..................... 392

97. Bivariat Plot of Tantalum and Rubidium for Bvld-rim Bowl and Crosshatch Band JarAggrgat Group from Chogha Mish and th Combind Lat Susiana 2 V-Gomtric Bakrs ....................... 393

98. Principal Componnt Plot of Aggrgat Groups Composd of Crosshatch Band Jars and Bvld-rimBowls from Chogha Mish and Sharafabad, as Wll as V-Gomtric Bakrs ................................................... 394

99. Principal Componnt Plot of Aggrgat Groups Composd of Crosshatch Band Jars and Bvld-rimBowls from Chogha Mish and Sharafabad, as Wll as V-Gomtric Bakrs ................................................... 395

lIST Of fIguRES

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LIST OF PLATES

1. Panoramic Viw of Chogha Mish; eastrn Fac of Old elamit Fortification Wall

2. Old elamit Fortification Wall and Gat; Dtail of Fortification Wall

3. Old elamit Trough; Old elamit Pottry Pips

4. Old elamit Watr Cistrn; Intrior Viw of Old elamit Watr Cistrn

5. Old elamit Brick Thrshold; Protolitrat Drain

6. Gnral Viw of Gully Cut; early Susiana Brick Pavmnt and Circular Structur in Gully Cut; earlySusiana Imprssd Mudbrick; Archaic Susiana 3 Pottry and Ston Objcts in situ

7. early Susiana Storag Magazins; Archaic Susiana 3 Ston-filld Harth; Dtails of Middl SusianaMudbrick Wall; Archaic Susiana 3 Long Magazin; early Susiana Courtyard

8. early Susiana Brick Platform; early Susiana Mudbrick Pavmnt; Archaic Susiana 3 Pottry and OthrObjcts in situ

9. early Susiana Mudbrick-pavd Room; Dtails of early Susiana Mudbrick Wall; Archaic Susiana Ston

Pavmnt; Archaic Susiana Circular Harth

10. eastrn Wing of th Lat Middl Susiana Burnt Building

11. Room S18:904 in Burnt Building; Top Viw of Mudbrick Platform in Burnt Building

12. entranc to Courtyard of Protolitrat Tripartit Building; Protolitrat Drain Pips

13. Protolitrat Drain Pips South of Tripartit Building; Gazll Fmur Bons

14. Protolitrat Vssls in situ; Cach of Bvld-rim Bowls; Protolitrat Mudbrick Wall and Pottry Vssls;Protolitrat Pit Filld with Bvld-rim Bowls; Protolitrat Pit Filld with Pottry Vssls

15. Old elamit Cistrn; Archaic Susiana 3 Ston-filld Harth

16. early Susiana Room S22:813 in Gully Cut; Protolitrat, Phas 2, Architctur in Q17:815; Sampls ofArchaic Susiana Mudbricks; Rocks Mixd with Chippd Ston Blads and Pottry Shrds in Middl Susiana

S22:909/919 in Gully Cut 17. Archaic Susiana 3 Grav 806; Archaic Susiana 3 Grav 807; Archaic Susiana 3 Grav 812; Archaic Susiana 3

Grav 811; early Susiana Grav 808

18. Archaic Susiana 3 Grav; Archaic Susiana 3 Grav; Archaic Susiana 3 Grav 802; Archaic Susiana 3Grav 804

19. Lat and Middl Susiana Pottry

20. ArchaicMiddl Susiana Pottry

21. Archaic, Middl, and early Susiana Pottry

22. Sals and Salings

23. Salings

24. Salings and Tokns

25. Miscllana

26. Protolitrat Bon Fmal Figurin; Old elamit Goat-handld Cup of Bituminous Ston

27. ArchaicMiddl Susiana Figurins

28. Archaicearly Susiana Figurins

29. Miscllana

30. Miscllana

31. Bakhtiyari Mobil Pastoralists Camping on east Ara at Bas of High Mound at Chogha Mish

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LIST OF TAbLES 1. Rlativ Chronology of Prhistoric Sits in Iran and Msopotamia .................................................................. 31

2. Cultural Phass Attstd at th Sits excavatd in Susiana by th Orintal Institut ........................................ 32 3. Numbr of INAA Spcimns by Sit and Typs ....................... ......................... .......................... ..................... 99

4. Sit and Typ Information for INAA Sampls ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... 100

5. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics ....................... .......................... ......................... .............. 101

6. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics ....................... ......................... .......................... .............. 107

7. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics ...................... .......................... ......................... ............... 113

8 elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics ...................... .......................... ......................... ............... 119

9. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics ...................... .......................... ......................... ............... 125

10. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics .......................... .......................... ......................... ........... 131 11. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics .......................... ......................... .......................... ........... 137

12. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics ......................... .......................... .......................... ........... 143

13. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics ......................... .......................... ......................... ............ 149

14. Summary of Faunal Rmains by Priod ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......... 204

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PREFACETh prsnt publication is th scond and final volum on th lvn sasons of xcavations at Chogha Mish,

in lowland Susiana, Iran. excavations at th sit wr co-dirctd by Hln J. Kantor and Pinhas Dlougaz from

1961 to 1975, th yar Dlougaz did. Hln Kantor dirctd th xpdition for thr mor sasons from 1976 to1978. Although both scholars workd for yars to prpar th rsults of th first fiv sasons of xcavations, thydid bfor thy could bring th rsults of thir immns work to fruition. Basd on th availabl vidnc and onKantors and Dlougazs copious nots, th rsults of th first fiv sasons wr publishd in 1996. In prparing thmanuscript for that volum, I had gratly bnfitd from working for many yars with Hln Kantor.

As is common with publications of this natur, thr ar invitably gaps in th availabl dat information thatonly th original xcavators could hav possssd. In th cours of prparing th rsults of th rmaining six sasonsof xcavations, I ralizd that this problm is aggravatd by th fact that svral fild notbooks, and vn rgistra-tion books of th objcts found in th tnth through lvnth sasons, wr dstroyd along with th dig hous narlytwo dcads ago. Although I hav bn abl to prsnt a numbr of objcts from th last two sasons, notbooks ontwo trnchs with Archaic and Middl Susiana occupation wr not availabl and ar prhaps lost forvr. In addi-tion, all th sction drawings from th sixth through th lvnth sasons wr lost in th dig hous at th villag of

Qalh Khalil, nar Chogha Mish. Th only on availabl in Chicago blongs to th Gully Cut, which, unfortunatly,lacks th ncssary stratigraphic data to link it to th top plans of th ara.A major problm that I could not solv with th availabl data rlats to th assignmnt of th Protolitrat pot-

try typs to th two major architctural phass of this priod. Basd on th pottry typs found at th sit, ChoghaMish sms to hav bn r-occupid in th scond half of th fourth millnnium b.c. It is nvrthlss possiblthat th sit was r-occupid vn arlir, ca. 3600 b.c.; but in th absnc of th ncssary statistics for th vari-ous stratifid cramic typs I am prvntd us from stablishing a mor prcis chronological position for th initialphas of th r-occupation of Chogha Mish.

In addition to th problms just citd, th radr will notic that analyss of th fauna and chippd ston objctsar also absnt from this volum. As xplaind in th first volum, Jams Phillips analyzd th flints and was towrit a chaptr on his rsults. That chaptr was nvr producd and th lithic collction has sinc bn lost. Furthr-mor, th availabl rcords do not allow for quantitativ information rgarding th finds and thir spatial distribu-tion in various contxts. Th intrprtion of th information gathrd from all th availabl fauna and flora (from thlvn sasons of xcavation) is limitd to what was publishd in th first volum. This information has bn culldfrom th first volum and usd in th body of th txt in Capter 1.

During th first fiv sasons, Jan Whlr Pirs-Frrira was th rsidnt zooarchaologist at Chogha Mish.Mrs. Whlr Pirs-Frrira workd on th spcimns both in th fild and in Chicago. Sh thn transfrrd hr im-mns body of data onto computr punch cards. Ths cards includd Mrs. Whlr Pirs-Frriras analysis andidntification of som 40,000 bons rprsnting various spcis with stratigraphic information. Undr th suprvi-sion of Hln Kantor and occasionally Mrs. Whlr Pirs-Frrira, Mr. Jams Lichtnstin, now th Dirctor ofProduction Tchnology at th Univrsity of Chicago Ntworking Srvics and Information Tchnologis (NSIT), con-vrtd th data into a radabl english databas. On bhalf of Hln Kantor, I would lik to thank Mr. Lichtnstinfor his aid and gnuin intrst in procssing th Whlr Pirs-Frrira rcords and for crating a comprhnsivlist of all th bons rcovrd from Chogha Mish.

Sinc a chaptr on th fauna was not forthcoming, I dcidd to mak th raw data availabl to th intrstd sp-

cialist. Th dtaild, comprhnsiv list of all th idntifid spcis from all th xcavatd loci can b found on thIntrnt by logging on to: http://oi.uchicago.du/rsarch/pubs/catalog/oip/oip130.html; s also Appendix 3.

Th following is a short introduction to th Chogha Mish numbring systm that was usd to organiz pottry,othr objcts, and xcavatd loci. Whn availabl, all illustratd objcts ar accompanid by thir provnancs, l-vation (always abov sa lvl), fild rgistration, and Orintal Institut Musum numbrs. In th objct numbrs,whthr writtn as arabic or roman numrals, th first digit shows th sason in which th itm was found. Th ro-man numral prfix is usually rsrvd for whol objcts, whil th arabic numral prfix indicats that th itm isa shrd or an incomplt objct. For xampl, VI-1 is th first complt objct rgistrd in th sixth sason, and6.001 th first shrd or fragmntary objct catalogd in that sason.

Findspot allocations consist of a lttr followd by on or two digits, a colon, and thr mor digits. Th lttrand th first on or two digits indicat th spcific squar; th last thr digits rfr to th numbr of th locus in that

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squar. Again, th first numbr in th thr digits that follow th colon indicats th sason in which that locus wasopnd. Thrfor, P26:601 indicats that it is th first locus opnd in th sixth sason in Squar P26. Somtimslocus numbrs ar accompanid by th suffixs W, e, N, S, and M, rspctivly rprsnting wst, ast,north, south, and middl, indicating that th objct or any fatur was found wst, ast, tc., of that spcific locus.Normally th first digit of th objct numbr is th sam as th first digit of th loci whr thy wr found. Occa-sionally, whn objcts wr found in an ara opnd in a prvious sason, th first digit of th fild numbr diffrsfrom th first digit indicating th sason.

A fw words should also b mntiond on th trminology w hav usd in this and th first volum. This basicchronological trminology was dvlopd in th 1970s by Dlougaz and Kantor. Th Susiana squnc as proposd byL Brton is, in gnral, confirmd by th larg quantitis of stratifid matrial from Chogha Mish and othr sits. Wthink it both practical and fair,thrfor, to rtain L Brtons trm Susiana as th gnral nam for all th prhistoricpriods. In ordr to avoid any trminological confusion btwn th Susiana rgional squnc and th phass at Susaitslf (.g., Susiana e= Susa A = Susa 1) and also to indicat which of L Brtons divisions w considr to b subphasswithin a largr cultural priod, L Brtons lowr-cas lttr dsignations ar abandond in favor of early, Middl,and Lat, to which Acramic, Formativ, and Archaic phass ar addd. Our main dviation from L Brtonsclassification involvs his thr middl phass, namly Susiana b, c, and d; ths phass ar considrd hr as subdivi-sions of th long Middl Susiana priod. Our early Susiana priod and Lat Susiana 2 phas corrspond to L BrtonsSusiana aand erspctivly. Hr, as in th first volum, w hav addd anothr phas to L Brtons squnc by subdi-viding his Susiana dinto two sparat phass. L Brtons phas d (L Brton 1957, fig. 7:810) includs som lat Mid-dl Susiana typs (.g. his fig. 7:8) that stratigraphically do not occur with th typs h assignd to his phas d. Thrfor

without ths arlir typs, L Brtons phas d quals our Lat Susiana 1 phas (Farukh phas in Dh Luran). W thusconsidr any prhistoric archaological dposits in southwstrn Iran whos pottry assmblag includs dot motif asblonging to th Lat Susiana 1 phas.

In addition, w hav chosn Dlougazs trminology Protolitrat instad of th popular trm Lat Uruk toapply to th archaological phas in Susiana dating to th scond half of th fourth millnnium b.c., vn thoughSusiana and southrn Msopotamia shar an almost idntical rprtoir of matrial cultur. This choic of trminol-ogy is intndd to mak a crucial distinction btwn th two contmporary, but structually and socially diffrntculturs in southwst Asia.

A numbr of scholars considr two arlir phass for th first half of th fourth millnnium b.c., that is, earlyand Middl Uruk. As w discuss in Capter 1, at Chogha Mish w do not hav any convincing vidnc for this divi-sion of fourth-millnnium archaological matrials. Nvrthlss, it is obvious that th Protolitrat priod followdan arlir phas in Susiana with rlatd matrial that rprsnts an arly volutionary stag of urban dvlopmnt

in th rgion. But rfrring to th archaological phass in Susiana prior to th scond half of th fourth millnniumb.c.as early and Middl Uruk rquirs xplanations of th rol of southrn Msopotamia in th volution of Susi-ana socity in that priod that hav yt to b formulatd. Thrfor, to b consistnt with our charactrization of thSusiana intrnal dvlopmnt vis--vis that of southrn Msopotamia, w rfr to th first half of th fourth milln-nium as th early Susa 2 phas (Grgory Johnsons early Uruk), idntifid but poorly known from Susa Acropollvl 22. Our Middl Susa 2 phas (Johnsons Middl Uruk) corrsponds to Susa Acropol lvls 2119.

Th Protolitrat priod at Chogha Mish is rprsntd by two phass of architctur, Protolitrat 1 and 2.Ths phass rprsnt th tmporal dimnsion of th sttlmnt, but changs in th matrial cultur, spcially pot-try, do not sm to b prsnt. Th archaological squncs from Chogha Bonut and Chogha Mish ar dlimitdand dfind primarily on th basis of spcific classs of pottry that ar charactristic of th major priods discussdin this study; that is, Archaic, Middl, and Lat Susiana priods. Th subdivision of ths major priods (.g., earlyand Lat Middl Susiana, Lat Susiana 1 and 2) ar basd on th prsnc/absnc of crtain pottry shaps and dc-orativ motifs within ach priod, as wll as stratigraphy. Whn th availabl information prmitd, othr artifacts

such as spindl whorls, ston tools, and architctural componnts and faturs wr also usd as critria for dfiningth various priods and phass, but inconsistntly, as th availabl rcords for ach priod vary considrably. Whilw hav not bn abl to quantify our cramic diagnostics for ach priod/phas, w bliv th rsulting informa-tion can b usd as a basis for assssing priodization of th survyd sits in th rgion.

Th contour map of Chogha Mish (fig. 6) xtnds only ovr thos parts of th ancint sit that ar clarly dis-crnibl on th surfac, but not ovr thos prsumably covrd by wash from highr parts and now lying undrcultivatd filds. Whn I rsurvyd th sit in 1995, it bcam clar that th occupational dposit at Chogha Mishxtnds farthr to th ast and wst than th map indicats. Thrfor th adjustd 75 m contour map of 18.6 ha intabl 3 sms an undrstimation of th total ara of occupation at Chogha Mish. This infrnc, of cours, will havto b confirmd by tst trnchs at th sit.

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Th High Mound, masuring about 200 150 m, is stpst toward th north and northwst, whr it slopsabout 23 m in 60 m, that is, an inclin of narly 1 in 3 m. Its wstrn dg is fairly rgular, but on its northast, ast,and southast sids it has four irrgularly shapd lobs sparatd by dply rodd gullis. Th trrac, about 400 300 m, has four lss prominnt paks in Squars H14 (lvation 8283 m), R16 (lvation 8485 m), O25 (lva-tion 8485 m), and H27 (lvation 8283 m).

Th summit of th High Mound is at lvation 100.54 m abov sa lvl. It is about 27 m abov th surroundingplain (at 73.50) and ovr 30 m abov th rivrbd of th Shur, to th ast (lvation 70.30 m). Th lowst lvation

at Chogha Mish was rachd at 71.70 m (Archaic 1 phas) in S22, putting th virgin soil hr at 71.60 m. In othraras, th virgin soil was rachd at highr lvations, about 72.00 m and vn 73.50 m, indicating that in th sv-nth millnnium b.c.and prhaps much latr th plain lookd vry diffrnt than it dos now. Approximatly 5 kmto th wst, at Chogha Bonut, th prsnt plain is at about 74 m abov sa lvl, just 1.0 to 0.5 m highr than th araaround Chogha Mish. Th virgin soil at Chogha Bonut, howvr, was rachd at 73.10 to 73.00 m, just 1 m blowth prsnt surfac of th plain. In this part of th plain th pattrn of alluvial dposition must hav bn vry dif-frnt from lswhr in th rgion, indicating that th rgion around Chogha Mish was lss suscptibl to flooding.This obsrvation should partly xplain th high concntration of sttlmnts, particularly thos of th arly Nolithicpriod, in this rgion.

Figur 88 (kindly producd by Nick Kouchoukos) is a computr-gnratd imag that shows both th surfacfaturs and a cross sction of this part of th plain. Th imag, as Kouchoukos notd, indicats that this ara mayhav bn th rmnant of a bluff or vn a ridg and thus highr than th lands on ithr sid of th Shur and Sia

Mansur rivrs. As just notd, this is th ara in Khuzstan whr almost all th Archaic priod sits, namly ChoghaMish, Chogha Bonut, and Bonh Fazl Ali ar locatd. At th lvl of our prsnt undrstanding of th gomorphol-ogy of th plain, it is facil to think that whn th first farmrs colonizd th land thy chos this highr part of thplain, away from th marshs and th parts of th plain that flood. On can furthr spculat that as th climat b-cam gradually drir and th rivrs startd to cut down thir bds, it bcam possibl to occupy th rgions on thwst of Sia Mansur and ast of th Shur. Whthr or not th Shur startd cutting its bd down to th prsnt lva-tion, prhaps around th scond millnnium b.c., rmains spculativ until gomorphological analysis is conductdin that ara.

To avoid rptition and to mak this volum mor managabl to us, only summaris of lngthy dscriptions ofpottry and objcts ar providd hr. Thrfor, th radr is invitd to consult th first volum for dtaild infor-mation not includd hr. In addition, w hav includd data obtaind from th arlir sit of Chogha Bonut, as wllas from othr sits in both Susiana and th narby Dh Luran to fill in th missing data from Chogha Mish itslf.

Capter 1is a rathr lngthy summary of prhistoric cultural dvlopmnt in lowland Susiana, with Chogha

Mish as th main sourc of information. W fl that by prsnting this summary first, th radr is providd witha gnral landscap against which numrous tchnical data and analyss offrd in th following chaptrs may bplacd. This chaptr mostly consists of a narrativ, th fabric of which is wovn from th availabl archaologicaldata. Th narrativ, howvr, is mbllishd with a crtain numbr of assumptions, infrncs, and vn imagina-tion. Nvrthlss, w hop w hav bn abl to lay out th facts clarly nough so that th radr can sift throughwhat is fact and what is spculation. As a rgional cntr for ovr two thousand yars, Chogha Mish offrs a uniquopportunity to study prhistoric socioconomic and crafts dvlopmnt at a singl sit. Sinc Chogha Mish did notdvlop in isolation, in Capter 1w us th sit as a focal point to discuss numrous lins of vidnc that prtainto th cultural dvlopmnt in th rgion.

Capter 2dals with th architctural vidnc from th Archaic to th Iron III/Achamnid priods. It dscribsall th rlvant xcavation aras individually, namly th Gully Cut, Trnch XXI, th High Mound, tc. Whn ap-propriat and possibl, contmporary architctural rmains in th various xcavation aras ar linkd to provid a

largr pictur.Th pottry assmblags of all prhistoric and historical phass ar dscribd in Capter 3. A much mor d-taild dscription of th various classs of pottry was offrd in th first volum by Hln Kantor; in som r-spcts Capter 3 is thrfor an abbrviatd vrsion. For mor information and a lngthir tratmnt of th pottry,th radr must consult th first volum.

Capter 4is a survy of th stylistic trnds and mannrisms usd by ancint pottrs to dcorat various classsof prhistoric pottry. On of th objctivs of this survy is to prsnt a gnral pictur of som aspcts of thgrammar govrning th dsigns and compositions of Susiana prhistoric paintd pottry. From th arly Nolithicpriod, southwstrn Iran was in clos contact with Msopotamia; so th first part of th chaptr is dvotd to a sum-mary of th dvlopmnt and volution of som componnts of matrial cultur, spcially pottry in that rgion.In our opinion, this was particularly ncssary bcaus th qustion of th origins of th Archaic 3 clos-lin war

PREfACE

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and its contmporary Chogha Mami Transitional pottry and th l-Ouili war cannot b addrssd without rfr-nc to th Samarran pottry and its charactristics. In addition, a gnral survy of th pottris of th arly phassof Ubaid (Ubaid 12), possssing many shard faturs with thos of th early and Middl Susiana priods, is alsoprovidd in th sam sction to dmonstrat chang and continuity throughout th prhistoric squnc, as wll asintrrgional stylistic trnds.

Th gnral dscription of Msopotamian prhistoric pottry in th first part of Capter 4provids a back-ground for th scond part, which dals primarily with th volution of dsigns and shaps of th Susiana prhistoric

paintd pottry. It is in this sction that th argumnts for th spcial charactrs of th crucial Lat Susiana 1 pottryassmblag and its highland connction ar formulatd.

A foundation of knowldg on th cology of crafts in prhistoric Susiana is ssntial in making thortical infr-ncs on th volution of pottry production in th rgion. But at prsnt that knowldg is slim. I hop th analyss inCapters 14mak it clar that incrasing sophistication of th Susiana prhistoric pottry form, dcoration, and manu-factur tchniqu roughly corrsponds with th growth of Chogha Mish as a rgional cntr. Th dvlopmnt of ChoghaMish as a rgional cntr did not, of cours, occur in isolation. Th stady ris in rgional population in th Archaic priodand th sharp population ris of th early and Middl Susiana priods sms to b associatd with th frtility of th land,ampl watr supplis, improvd agricultural practics and tools, and prhaps th rduction of th aggrading rgim of thrgions main watr courss as wll as population donation from th intrmontan vallys of th Zagros.

Capter 5 is dvotd to th vidnc of administrativ tchnology throughout th prhistoric squnc and thProtolitrat priod. In th first volum, Hln Kantor offrd an xtnsiv and dtaild tratmnt of th Protolitr-at glyptic art. Hr w limitd ourslvs to th dscription and valuation of som nw typs of salings and somglyptic dsigns not addrssd in th first volum.

Clay and ston figurins of all phass ar prsntd and discussd in Capter 6. Capter 7dals with smallobjcts, including mtal and bon objcts, as wll as ston tools and ston vssls. Th vidnc of basktry is dis-cussd at th nd of this chaptr. Th similaritis of th typs of objcts discussd in this chaptr to thos publishdin th first volum ar th rason for th brvity of Capter 7. Th radr, thrfor, is advisd to consult th firstvolum for mor dtails.

Appendix 1dals with instrumntal nutron activation analysis (INAA) of som Susiana shrds, which was pro-vidd by Royal Ghazal and Nick Kouchoukos of th Univrsity of Chicagos Dpartmnt of Anthropology and thircollagus at th Univrsity of Missouri Rsarch Ractor (MURR). Th radr should bar in mind that th rsultsof Ghazals INAA and his prsnt contribution must b considrd a work in progrss, sinc th final analysis anddtaild discussions will appar in his doctoral thsis. Th rational for Ghazals INAA of crtain classs of pottryfrom th Lat Susiana 2 and Protolitrat phass in th cours of which stat organizations prsumably dvlopd

in th rgion is ultimatly to tst th validity of Johnsons (1973) and Wright and Johnsons (1975) hypoth-sis that sociopolitical and conomic volution affctd th production of crafts, spcially pottry. Judith Brmanprformd a similar analysis (1986, 1989) by dividing hr sampls of 1,021 shrds from 104 Susiana sits intocompositionally similar groups, but hr rsults wr inconclusiv (Brman 1989: 262). In his contribution, Ghazaldiscusss improvd INAA tchniqus and argus that his initial analysis is promising in stablishing a link btwncompositionally similar cramic groups and hypothtical archaological groups. Th most intrsting conclusion ofthis analysis was th possibility that, dspit Johnsons hypothsis (Johnson 1973), Chogha Mish, Susa, and AbuFandowh wr not th only cntrs of pottry manufactur.

Appendix 2consists of a mastr list of all th availabl information on th xcavatd aras, various loci withinths aras, thir lvations, and th typ of archaological contxts that dfind th loci or wr found associatdwith thm. Th data providd in this list prtain primarily to th loci not dpictd on th top plans, though som arincludd. Information about th loci missing from th list can asily b found on th top plans and in Capter 2.

Appendix 3 prsnts th faunal information.Th txt concluds with two indics, an Index o loci and Istrated findsand an Index o georapica

Names.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSTh rsarch and compltion of th manuscript for this final publication wr mad possibl through a gnrous

grant from Th Shlby Whit-Lon Lvy Program for Archaological Publications. Thanks to th uniqu opportuni-

ty th Whit-Lvy program has providd, scholars around th world ar nabld to publish important archaologicalmatrials which would othrwis rmanin in th basmnts of musums.

* * * * *

I ow a dbt of gratitud to Frank Hol, Barbara Hlwing, Nick Kouchoukos, and Tony Wilkinson, who radth ntir or parts of an arly draft of th manuscript and mad valuabl suggstions and criticisms. On fact shouldnot b forgottn: this book is th fruition of dcads of hard work by Hln J. Kantor, my primary mntor. Shwould, howvr, b th most vocifrous critic of this work. Had Hln livd long nough to writ Chogha Mish II,sh would crtainly hav acknowldgd th gigantic fforts of Guillrmo Algaz. In th yars that Guillrmo and Iworkd closly with Hln, it was Guillrmo who was primarily rsponsibl for chcking th xcavation rcords,collcting th prtinnt data, organizing, collating, and classifying th rcords for prsntation and intrprtation.Without Guillrmos mticulous fforts this publication would not hav bn possibl.

Finally, som of th rsults of our archaological xcavations at Chogha Do Sar (KS-04) and KS-108 discussdin Capter 1wr obtaind during our Joint ICHTO-Orintal Institut 2004/05 xpdition to Khuzstan. Th x-pdition was mad possibl by a grant from th National Scinc Foundation (B.C.S-0345988). W ar gratful toDr. John Ylln for his hlp and favorabl considration of our grant application. Th National Scinc Foundationgrant was supplmntd by additional funds from th Orintal Institut. W thank Profssor Gil Stin, Dirctor ofth Orintal Institut, for his ncouragmnt and valuabl assistanc.

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