algorithmic approach to laboratory testing of von willebrand … · 2018-08-02 · • 20 y/o male...
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©2014 MFMER | slide-1 ©2014 MFMER | slide-1
Algorithmic Approach to Laboratory Testing of von Willebrand Disease and
Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome
Dong Chen M.D., Ph.D. Special Coagulation Laboratory
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DISCLOSURE
No Relevant Financial Relationship(s)
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Objectives:
• Clinical and laboratory features of von Willebrand disease (VWD) and acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS)
• Algorithmic approach to VWD and AVWS laboratory testing
• Exemplary cases of VWD and AVWS
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VWD – Classification
• Type 1 and 3 VWD
• Type 2 VWD
• Abnormal platelet adhesion: • 2A = selective deficiency of HMW multimers • 2B = increased platelet affinity, secondary loss of HMW multimers • 2M = decreased platelet or matrix binding, no selective deficiency of
HMW multimers
• Normal platelet adhesion, low factor VIII: • 2N = normal multimers, decreased factor VIII binding
VWD NHLBI Guidelines (2008)
HMW: High molecular weight
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AVWS-Associated Diseases Pathophysiologic Category Disease or Association
• Autoimmune: Antibodies to VWF MGUS, lymphoma, autoimmune disorders
• Shear-induced VWF proteolysis (ADAMTS13)
AS/R; MS/R; VSD; LVAD; HOCM; PH
• Thrombocytosis ET; and other MPNs. Blood. 1984 Nov;64(5):981-5.
• Aberrant VWF binding to tumor cells Wilm’s tumor; certain plasma cell or lymphoproliferative disorders
• Decreased VWF synthesis Hypothyroidism
• Drug-related AVWS Ciprofloxacin, valproic acid, hydryoxyethyl starch, griseofulvin
AS/R: aortic stenosis/regurgitation; ET: essential thrombocythemia; MS/R: mitral valve stenosis/regurgitation; HOCM = hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy; LVAD: left ventricular assist device; MGUS: Monoclonal Gammopathy; MPN = myeloproliferative neoplasms; PH: pulmonary hypertension; VSD: ventricular septal defect.
Blood, 1968;31:806-12
NEJM,1958;196
Federici, et al. Thromb Haemost 2000 Kumar, et al. Am J Hem, 2003 Budde, et al. Sem Thromb Hemo, 2002
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VWD NHLBI Guidelines (2008) VWD Testing - Laboratory
• Initial Testing:
• VWF:Ag; • VWF:Act (e.g. Ristocetin) and VWF:Act/Ag ratio • FVIII:C and FVIII/VWF:Ag ratio
• Additional Testing: • VWF multimer analysis • VWF collagen binding activity and VWF:Col/Ag ratio • VWF FVIII binding activity and VWF:FVIII binding/Ag ratio • Ristocetin-induced (low concentration, 0.5 mg/mL) platelet aggregation
(RIPA)
VWD NHLBI Guidelines (2008)
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Algorithmic Approach to Laboratory Testing of VWD and AVWS
FVIII:C/VWF:Ag
≥0.7 <0.7
VWD 2N Testing
VWF:activity/VWF:Ag ≥0.8 No AVWS Clinical Suspicion
Or AVWS Clinical Suspicion
Modified from Mayo Medical Laboratory VWD Testing Algorithm
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Case 1: A Young Patient with Bleeding Diathesis
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Patient’s Bleeding History
• 20 y/o male had significant bleeding after oral lesion excision requiring ED visit, surgical consultation and Amicar use.
• Since childhood – frequent epistaxis, gum bleeding after brushing his teeth.
• At age of 10 – large lower extremity hematoma after a sport injury
• At age of 17 – large upper extremity hematomas after trauma
• At age of 19 – 2 episodes of sport-related injuries resulting in large ecchymoses despite the use of DDAVP nasal spray
• Physical Exam: Unremarkable.
• ISTH-BAT score: 8 (normal cutoff: ≤3; Haemophilia. 2014 Nov;20(6):831-5)
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Family History
• Father – significant bleeding after surgery
• Sister – severe menorrhagia
• Mother – no abnormal bleeding history
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Value Reference Blood type O CBC Normal INR 1.1 APTT 39 26-39 sec PFA-100 COL/EPI 131 78-206 sec FVIII 30 50-149% VWF:RCo 58 55-200% VWF:Ag 47 55-200% VWF:RCo/Ag 1.23 ≥ 0.7 FVIII/VWF:Ag 0.64 ≥ 0.7 VWF Multimer Normal Normal FVIII inhibor screen Negative Negative
Laboratory Results
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DDAVP challenge test (0.01% DDAVP nasal spray)
Baseline 1 hour 2 hours 4 hours reference Factor VIII 26 22 22 25 (50-149) VWF:RCo 48 49 47 48 (55-200) VWF Ag 40 40 37 39 (55-200) FVIII/VWF:Ag 0.65 0.55 0.59 0.64 >0.7
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Differential Diagnosis
Type 1 VWD in conjunction with
Mild hemophilia A
Type 2N VWD
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FVIII/VWF:Ag Ratios
0.7
Leger RR, et al. J Thromb Haemost. 2015 Jun; 13:497
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VWF:FVIII Binding Activity (%) %
Leger RR, et al. J Thromb Haemost. 2015 Jun; 13:497
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Additional VWD 2N Testing
• VWF FVIII binding activity: 16% (normal >20%)
• Genetic test for type 2N VWD: Heterozygous for Arg854Gln
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Case Summary and Diagnosis
• Positive personal and family bleeding history
• Persistently decreased VWF:Ag and VWF:Act
• Normal VWF multimer pattern
• Factor VIII / VWF Ag ratio < 0.7
• VWF Factor VIII binding assay < 20%
• Heterozygous for Arg854Gln
Diagnosis: Compound heterozygous type 1 and 2N VWD
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Compound Heterozygous Type 1 and 2N VWD: Mayo Clinic Experience
Age/Sex Clinical presentation Blood
type
VWF:Ag (IU/mL) 55-200
VWF:RCo (IU/mL) 55-200
FVIII:C (IU/mL) 55-205
FVIII:C/VWF:Ag
ratio >0.7
VWF:FVIII binding (> 20%)
FVIII binding/ VWF:Ag
2N mutations
Case 1 44 F
Lifelong spontaneous hematomas, menorrhagia and post-surgical bleeding
O 47% 50% 16% 0.34 7% 0.15 Het. Arg854Gln
Case 2 25 F
Extensive bruising, epistaxis, menorrhagia and post-partum bleeding.
A 48% 53% 25% 0.52 Not performed
Het. Arg854Gln
Case 3 19 F Easy bruising and menorrhagia O 14% 15% 10% 0.71 Not
performed
Het. Arg854Gln
Case 4 23 M
Hemarthrosis in his teens and delayed bleeding after tonsillectomy
NA 35% 32% 1 to 12% 0.34 Not performed
Het. Arg854Gln
Case 5 65 M Easy bruising and bleeding after oral surgery
A 41% 29% 31% 0.75 12% 0.29 Het.
Arg854Gln
Case 6 20 M Epistaxis and post-trauma bleeding O 34% 24% 24% 0.71 16% 0.47
Het. Arg854Gln
Modefied from Perez Botero J. et al. Br J Haematol 2016.
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Algorithmic Approach to Laboratory Testing of VWD and AVWS
FVIII:C/VWF:Ag
≥0.7 <0.7
VWD 2N Testing
VWF:activity/VWF:Ag ≥0.8 No AVWS Clinical Suspicion
Or AVWS Clinical Suspicion
Modified from Mayo Medical Laboratory VWD Testing Algorithm
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Case 2: A Patient with Persistent GI Bleeding
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CASE PRESENTATION
§ 64 year old, African American male
§ Recurrent overt gastrointestinal bleeding § 7 year history of episodic melena and
occasional bright red blood per rectum § Received over 50 units of pRBCs
§ EGD/colonoscopy: fern-like vascular ectasia in gastric body, proximal duodenum, cecum, ascending and transverse colon
§ Treated with Argon plasma coagulation several times
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CASE PRESENTATION
§ Exertional syncope of 13 years duration § Orthostatic syncope 7 years prior to presentation, during an
episode of melena § Diagnosed with obstructive variant of hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy - asymmetric septal hypertrophy
Brockenbrough - Braunwald - Morrow sign
Cardiac Catheterization
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Lab Results
§ CBC: Hb 15.1, WBC 7.3, PLT 172 § PT 13.2 (11.6 - 14.7) § aPTT 31.7 (22.7 - 36.1)
§ VWF:Ag 159% § VWF:RCo 116% § FVIII:C 119% § VWF:Rco/Ag 0.73 § FVIII/VWF:Ag 0.75
DIAGNOSIS: Acquired von Willebrand’s Syndrome (AVWS), Type 2
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Management
§ Offered cardiac surgery but opted medical treatment § Over the next 12 months - 3 episodes of GI bleeding § Underwent extended septal myomectomy
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Cardiac pressure gradient tracings vWF multimers Echocardiogram
PRE-OPERATIVE
POST-OPERATIVE
Patient Control
Patient Control
Brockenbrough - Braunwald - Morrow sign
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Diagnosis of AVWS • Clinical history is crucial in making the diagnosis of AVWS
• Bleeding onset: new • Bleeding pattern: typically mucocutaneous, GI or postoperative • AVWS-associated diseases
• Abnormal VWF:Ag, VWF:Act and/or multimer patterns • Type 1 AVWS • Type 2 AVWS
• Selective loss of VWF high molecular weight multimers • VWF:Act/Ag < 0.8: limited sensitivity and specificity
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Algorithmic Approach to Laboratory Testing of VWD and AVWS
FVIII:C/VWF:Ag
≥0.7 <0.7
VWD 2N Testing
VWF:activity/VWF:Ag ≥0.8 No AVWS Clinical Suspicion
Or AVWS Clinical Suspicion
Modified from Mayo Medical Laboratory VWD Testing Algorithm
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Summary:
• Clinical and laboratory features of von Willebrand disease (VWD) and acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS)
• Algorithmic approach to VWD and AVWS laboratory testing
• Exemplary cases of VWD and AVWS
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Thank You