algorithm list of instructions for carrying out some process step by step. a sequence of...
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ALGORITHMList of instructions for carrying out some
process step by step.A sequence of instructions which has a clear
meaning and can performed with a finite amount of effort in a finite length of time.
Is a list of instructions for carrying out some process step by step.
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History of AlgorithmThe word algorithm comes from the name of
the 9th century mathematician ABU ABDULLAH MUHAMMAD IBN MUSA ALKWARIZMI.
ALOGORISM – referred only to the rules of performing arithmetic using hindu-arabic numerals from the European Latin Translations of AL-Kwarizmi’s name into ALGORITHM by the 18th century.
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EXPRESSIONS OF ALGORITHM1. Natural Languages
- rarely used for complex or technical algorithm.
2. Pseudocode and Flowchart- are structured way to express algorithm
3. Programming Languages- are primarily intended for expressing algorithms in a form that can be executed by a computer.
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PROBLEM SOLVING CONCEPT
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1. Identify the problem2. Understand the problem3. Identify alternative ways to solve the
problem4. Select the best solutions from the
alternatives5. List of instructions that enable you to
solve the problem by the selected method
6. Evaluate the solution
The problem steps:
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Program Development Cycle
Problem Analysis
Program Design
Program Coding
Testing and Debugging
Documentation
Maintenance
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FLOWCHARTIt is a diagram representing the logical
sequence in which a combination of steps or operations is to be performed.
It is consists of labeled geometrical symbols that are interconnected to provide pictorial representation of a data processing procedure.
A flowchart is actually a visual representation of an algorithm.
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INPUT/OUTPUT SYMBOL(PARALLELOGRAM)
The input/output
symbol represents an
instruction to an input or an
output device.
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PROCESSING SYMBOL(RECTANGLE)
This symbol is used to represent a group of program instructions
that performs a processing function of the program such as
to perform arithmetic operations, or to compare, sort
etc.
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DECISION SYMBOL(DIAMOND)
This diamond-shape box denotes a
point in the program
where more than one path can be taken.
It is used to document points in the program where, based upon variable conditions, a branch to alternative paths is possible. The particular path that is chosen depends on the answer to a question or the result of a test which is inserted in the symbol.
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PREPARATION SYMBOL(HEXAGON)
This symbol is used to represent an instruction or group of instructions
that will alter, or modify a program’s course of
execution. It is commonly used to specify operations
such as control, index registers, initialization,
setting, and in indicating switch loops.
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TERMINAL SYMBOL(OVAL)
The terminal symbol is used to designate the beginning and the
end of a program, or a point of interruption. It can also be used elsewhere in the flowchart for
specifying error conditions , such as parity error checks or
detection of invalid characters.
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PREDEFINED PROCESS SYMBOL(RECTANGLE WITH TWO VERTICAL BARS)
This symbol is a specialized process symbol that
represents a named operation or programmed step not explicitly detailed in the
program flow. As a subroutine, it can be used when a procedure needs to be
repeated several times. Rather than write the instructions for the procedure each time it is
needed, the predefined process symbol is used.
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ON PAGE CONNECTOR(SMALL CIRCLE)
This is a non- processing
symbol which is used to connect
one part of a flowchart to
another without drawing flow
lines.
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FLOW DIRECTION INDICATORS(ARROWHEADS)
Arrowheads are used to show the direction of processing or data flow. These are added to flow lines if a flowchart appears confusing in its layout.
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OFF-PAGE CONNECTOR(SMALL PENTAGON)
This type of connector is used instead of the on-page
connector to designate entry to or exit from a page when a flowchart requires
more that one page.
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FLOW LINES(VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL LINE)
Flow lines are used to show reading order or sequence in which flowchart symbols are to be read.