Recent Developments in the Field of Photogrammetry

Alexander Borisoglebskiy

MIIGAIK Moscow

2015

Introduction

Geodesy - a branch of applied mathematics and earth sciences - is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space.

Means of Geodesy

Geodesy involves enormous amount of disciplines to collect data. It is processed by different computer software products. That data helps specialists make maps either of particular territory or the whole Earth.

Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of

accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional

position of points and the distances and angles between them.

Terms and definitions: Surveying

Surveying has been an essential element in the development of the human environment for so many centuries that its importance is often forgotten. It is an imperative requirement in the planning and execution of nearly every form of construction. Surveying was essential at the dawn of history, and some of the most significant scientific discoveries could never have been implemented were it not for the contribution of surveying. Its principal modern uses are in the fields of transportation, building, apportionment of land, and communications.

History of surveying

Except for minor details of technique and the use of one or two minor hand-held instruments, surveying is much the same throughout the world. The main surveying instruments in use around the world are the theodolite and steel band, the total station, the level and rod and surveying GPS systems. Most instruments are placed on a tripod when in use.

Instruments for surveying

The main problem is the complex figure of the Earth.Plane geometry strikingly different from the

geometry of the sphere.

The secondary problem is the change of the surface points of the Earth and heights, vertical and

horizontal angles as a consequence.

Geodetic problems

Terms and definitions: Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements from photographs, especially for recovering the exact positions of surface points.

Photogrammetry feeds the measurements from remote sensing and the results of imagery analysis into computational models in an attempt to successively estimate, with increasing accuracy, the actual, 3-D relative motions within the researched field.

History

Photogrammetry is as old as modern photography, can be dated to the mid-nineteenth century, and its detection component has been emerging from radiolocation, multilateration and radiometry while its 3-D positioning estimative component (based on modeling) employs methods related to triangulation, trilateration and multidimensional scaling.

Connection with other sciences

Photogrammetry uses methods from many disciplines, including optics,

physics, mathematics and projective geometry.

Their algorithms for photogrammetry typically attempt to minimize the sum of

the squares of errors over the coordinates and relative displacements of the

reference points.

Where we use photogrammetry

Photogrammetry is used in different fields, such as topographic mapping, architecture, engineering, manufacturing, quality control, police investigation, and geology, as well as by archaeologists to quickly produce plans of large or complex sites and by meteorologists as a way to determine the actual wind speed of a tornado where objective weather data cannot be obtained.

A3 Edge Digital Mapping Camera has higher GSD than other A3 models and higher efficiency.

New advantages:

Recent developments in instrumental part

*Largest footprint with 78,000 pixels - 4 times larger than other vendors' cameras

*Highest resolution per altitude - for example collects 10 cm GSD imagery from 14,000 feet

*High dynamic range imagery

Specialists of photogrammetry methods will always be in demand in view of the fact that the Earth is changing constantly. Photogrammetry infiltrates in more and more areas of human activity.

Demand for specialists of Photogrammetry

In future photogrammetry will intertwine with practically all aspects of life.

Opportunities for future development

GPS – Global Positioning System - Спутниковая система навигацииDetermine/Define the coordinates – определять/находить координатыPrecise measurements – точные измеренияSurveying – измерение расстояний, вертикальных и горизонтальных угловPeg and rope geometry – геометрия с использованием веревки и колышковTheodolite – устройство для снятия отсчётовBench mark – репер - точка с известными величинамиTo be placed on a tripod – быть установленным на штативGeoid – Геоид – поверхность перпендикулярная силе тяжести в любой точкеGSD - Ground Sample Distance - Расстояние на местности в одном пикселеMapping – вычерчивание картAberration and Distortion – аберрация и искажениеLarge scale – крупный масштабHigh resolution – высокое разрешениеApproximations and corrections – приближения и поправкиVisible spectrum – видимый человеческому глазу спектр

List of terms

-Magazine “Geoprofi”

-“Methodical instructions for completing Topographic Works” MIIGAiK

-“Course of lectures on Higher Geodesy” MIIGAiK

Resources:

http://global.britannica.com http://en.wikipedia.org http://oceanservice.noaa.gov http://www.dreamstime.com http://www.visionmap.com http://cyberleninka.ru http://www.geoprofi.ru/

Sources:

This review was solely written by me. In no way have I plagiarized (represented the work of another as my own) or otherwise violated the copyright laws and academic conventions of fair use. I know that violations of this policy may result in my being dismissed from Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography and/or appropriate legal action being taken against me.

Signed:

Alexander Borisoglebskiy

22 March 2015

Honor statement