Alex LatchininskyAlex LatchininskyAssistant Professor / Extension EntomologistAssistant Professor / Extension Entomologist

Dept. of Renewable ResourcesDept. of Renewable Resources

January 2006January 2006

PESTICIDE SAFETY AND PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION APPLICATION

PLNT 1150PLNT 1150

DISCLAIMERDISCLAIMER

Trade or brand names used in this Trade or brand names used in this presentation are used only for presentation are used only for educational purposes educational purposes

The information given herein is The information given herein is supplied with the understanding that supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended, and no no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement information of products endorsement information of products is impliedis implied

I. PRINCIPLES OF FIELDI. PRINCIPLES OF FIELDCROP INSECT CONTROLCROP INSECT CONTROL

You must know…You must know…

• Basics of insect classification and biologyBasics of insect classification and biology• Crop valueCrop value• Preventive measures Preventive measures • What’s new?What’s new?

II. WHAT CAUSESII. WHAT CAUSESINSECT OUTBREAK?INSECT OUTBREAK?

It can be weather, but…It can be weather, but…

… … Frequently it’s Frequently it’s our own fault …our own fault …

• Large-scale monoculturesLarge-scale monocultures

• Poor cultural practicesPoor cultural practices

• Overuse of insecticides Overuse of insecticides (killing natural enemies) (killing natural enemies)

• Pest introduction in the new Pest introduction in the new environmentenvironment

• Disruption of a natural Disruption of a natural equilibriumequilibrium

III. TYPES OF CONTROLIII. TYPES OF CONTROL1. Biological1. Biological

• Introduction of exotic species of parasites and Introduction of exotic species of parasites and predatorspredators

• Conservation of parasites and predatorsConservation of parasites and predators

• Augmentation of parasites and predators Augmentation of parasites and predators

• Microbiological control (pathogens)Microbiological control (pathogens)

Drawbacks: may be costly; Drawbacks: may be costly; often slow and weather-dependentoften slow and weather-dependent

Ladybird beetle larva and adultLadybird beetle larva and adult Pathogens Pathogens

Biocontrol agentsBiocontrol agents

TYPES OF CONTROLTYPES OF CONTROL

2. Mechanical2. Mechanical

• Hand pickingHand picking

• TrappingTrapping

• Using devices like screens and Using devices like screens and barriersbarriers

Drawbacks: time- and labor-consuming, Drawbacks: time- and labor-consuming, slow, often impractical at large-scaleslow, often impractical at large-scale

TYPES OF CONTROLTYPES OF CONTROL3. Cultural3. Cultural

• Crop rotation – good for insects with long life cycles Crop rotation – good for insects with long life cycles (e.g., corn rootworms)(e.g., corn rootworms)

• Trap crops – attracts pests; then the trap crop is Trap crops – attracts pests; then the trap crop is destroyed or treated with insecticidedestroyed or treated with insecticide

• Tillage – good for soil-inhabiting insectsTillage – good for soil-inhabiting insects

• Clean culture – removal of crop residuesClean culture – removal of crop residues

• Timing of planting and harvestingTiming of planting and harvesting

• Resistant plant varieties, including genetically modified Resistant plant varieties, including genetically modified cultivarscultivars

Cultural control: advantagesCultural control: advantages

• Normal farming practices, making Normal farming practices, making environments unfavorable for pestsenvironments unfavorable for pests• Preventive strategyPreventive strategy• EconomicalEconomical• Good for low-unit-value cropsGood for low-unit-value crops

Cultural control: drawbacksCultural control: drawbacks

• Will not work in an outbreak situation Will not work in an outbreak situation when pest infestation is heavywhen pest infestation is heavy

TYPES OF CONTROLTYPES OF CONTROL

4. Chemical4. Chemical

Reduction of insect populations or Reduction of insect populations or prevention of insect injury by the use of prevention of insect injury by the use of materials to poison them, attract them to materials to poison them, attract them to other devices, or repel them from specific other devices, or repel them from specific areasareas

Still our first line of defense despite adverse publicityStill our first line of defense despite adverse publicity

Chemical control: advantagesChemical control: advantages

• EfficientEfficient• EconomicalEconomical• Fast-actingFast-acting• Easy to useEasy to use• Generally safeGenerally safe

Chemical control: drawbacksChemical control: drawbacks

• Temporary reliefTemporary relief• May cause resistanceMay cause resistance• Residues in harvestResidues in harvest• Environment: side-effects to non-targetsEnvironment: side-effects to non-targets• Some insecticides have direct hazardsSome insecticides have direct hazards

TYPES OF CONTROLTYPES OF CONTROL

5. Integrated (IPM)5. Integrated (IPM)

Management of insect populations by the Management of insect populations by the utilization of all suitable techniques in a utilization of all suitable techniques in a compatible manner so that damage is kept compatible manner so that damage is kept below economic levelsbelow economic levels

Ecological approach to avoid economic losses and to Ecological approach to avoid economic losses and to minimize adverse effectsminimize adverse effects

IV. MAJOR IV. MAJOR FIELD CROP FIELD CROP

PESTSPESTS

                         

Western Corn RootwormWestern Corn RootwormNorthern Corn RootwormNorthern Corn RootwormSouthern Corn RootwormSouthern Corn Rootworm

Spider (Banks grass) mitesSpider (Banks grass) mites

Western Corn RootwormWestern Corn Rootworm

• The larvae attack the roots, causing the plants to fall The larvae attack the roots, causing the plants to fall over and become goose-necked. over and become goose-necked.

• The adults feed on the silks and, at times, become so The adults feed on the silks and, at times, become so numerous that pollination cannot occur. numerous that pollination cannot occur.

• Overwinter as eggs in the soil. One generation per year.Overwinter as eggs in the soil. One generation per year.

Diabrotica virgifera Diabrotica virgifera - beetle- beetle

larvalarvaadultadult

Western Corn RootwormWestern Corn Rootworm

ControlControl

• The most effective means of control The most effective means of control is by is by crop rotationcrop rotation. Corn grown year . Corn grown year after year on heavy soil is the most after year on heavy soil is the most seriously damaged.seriously damaged.

• Pesticides: do not use when Pesticides: do not use when rotating crops. If necessary, apply rotating crops. If necessary, apply granules in a 6-7 inch bank over the granules in a 6-7 inch bank over the row at planting time or as a row at planting time or as a cultivation treatment.cultivation treatment.

• Do not apply sprays for adults Do not apply sprays for adults unless pollination is threatened. unless pollination is threatened.

Heavy root damageHeavy root damage

• Adults are found on the silks of corn. Like the western corn Adults are found on the silks of corn. Like the western corn rootworm, this species overwinter as eggs, which are deposited in rootworm, this species overwinter as eggs, which are deposited in cornfields. The adults are common on goldenrod flowers.cornfields. The adults are common on goldenrod flowers.

• ControlControl: Similar to Western corn rootworm.: Similar to Western corn rootworm.

Northern Corn RootwormNorthern Corn Rootworm

Diabrotica barberiDiabrotica barberi - beetle - beetle

• Yellowish-green 3/16 Yellowish-green 3/16 to 1/4 inch (5 to 6 mm) to 1/4 inch (5 to 6 mm) long, slightly smaller long, slightly smaller than the western and than the western and southern corn southern corn rootworms.rootworms.

• There are no markings There are no markings on the elytra.on the elytra.

Southern Corn RootwormSouthern Corn Rootworm• Pale greenish-yellow Pale greenish-yellow beetle with six black beetle with six black spots on each wing spots on each wing cover.cover.

• Slightly bigger than Slightly bigger than WCRW and NCRW.WCRW and NCRW.

• Occurs commonly on Occurs commonly on cucumber, melon vines, cucumber, melon vines, corn silk, weeds, and in corn silk, weeds, and in alfalfa fields.alfalfa fields.

• Overwinter as adults. Overwinter as adults. May have two or more May have two or more annual generations.annual generations.

• Other name: spotted Other name: spotted cucumber beetle. cucumber beetle.

Damage:Damage: The larvae damage roots of The larvae damage roots of corn and winter rye, and adults eat holes corn and winter rye, and adults eat holes in melon foliage. Adults spread bacterial in melon foliage. Adults spread bacterial wilt to cucumbers.wilt to cucumbers.

Control:Control: Similar to WCRW and NCRW. Similar to WCRW and NCRW.

Diabrotica undecimpunctataDiabrotica undecimpunctata - beetle - beetle

Spider mitesSpider mites

Twospotted spider mitesTwospotted spider mites Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticae

Banks grass mites Banks grass mites Oligonychus pratensisOligonychus pratensis

• Overwinter as adults in debris. Several generations per year.Overwinter as adults in debris. Several generations per year.

• Damage:Damage: pierce plant cells and suck out liquid contents. Leaves pierce plant cells and suck out liquid contents. Leaves develop chlorotic spots and may die back. Start feeding on the lower develop chlorotic spots and may die back. Start feeding on the lower leaves and move upward. Hot, dry conditions are favorable.leaves and move upward. Hot, dry conditions are favorable.

• Control:Control: systemic insecticides. systemic insecticides.

Size: <1/32”Size: <1/32”8 legs8 legs

Alfalfa weevilAlfalfa weevilPea aphidPea aphidLygus bugLygus bug

Blister beetlesBlister beetles

Alfalfa weevilAlfalfa weevil

Hypera posticaHypera postica - beetle - beetle

• The color is brown with a darker brown stripe down the middle of the elytra.The color is brown with a darker brown stripe down the middle of the elytra.

• The pronotum has a dark brown stripe through which runs a pale line. The pronotum has a dark brown stripe through which runs a pale line.

• Adult length is about 1/4 inch (6 mm).Adult length is about 1/4 inch (6 mm).

• Larva is green or yellow with dark head.Larva is green or yellow with dark head.

• Damage:Damage: mostly by larvae. Skeletonize leaves. Feed on the mostly by larvae. Skeletonize leaves. Feed on the foliage, especially terminal leaf buds, then drop to the foliage, especially terminal leaf buds, then drop to the ground and pupate in the litter. ground and pupate in the litter.

• Adults overwinter. One generation per year.Adults overwinter. One generation per year.

Alfalfa weevilAlfalfa weevil

EggsEggs LarvaeLarvae

Alfalfa weevilAlfalfa weevil

• Cultural management:Cultural management: Early first harvest; fall grazing; spring Early first harvest; fall grazing; spring burning; resistant cultivars.burning; resistant cultivars.

• Chemical control:Chemical control: Mostly organophosphates, which are highly Mostly organophosphates, which are highly toxic for pollinators (bees) and other beneficials. Apply toxic for pollinators (bees) and other beneficials. Apply early in the morning or late in the evening.early in the morning or late in the evening.

Leaf skeletonizationLeaf skeletonizationby larvaeby larvae

Pea aphidPea aphid

Acyrthosiphon pisum Acyrthosiphon pisum

• Green, long-legged, about 1/6” long.Green, long-legged, about 1/6” long.

• Many generations per year.Many generations per year.

• Overwinter as eggs or adult females.Overwinter as eggs or adult females.

Pea aphidPea aphid

• Damage:Damage: Suck the sap. Cause wilting and reduce Suck the sap. Cause wilting and reduce quality and quantity of alfalfa hay.quality and quantity of alfalfa hay.

• Control:Control: preferably systemic insecticide sprays. preferably systemic insecticide sprays. Apply when Apply when T>50T>50°°F early in the morning or F early in the morning or late in late in the evening to preserve the beneficials. the evening to preserve the beneficials.

Lygus bugLygus bug

Lygus lineolarisLygus lineolaris – true bug – true bug

• Adults: ¼” long, variable in color. Distinct “V” on Adults: ¼” long, variable in color. Distinct “V” on the back. Piercing-sucking beak.the back. Piercing-sucking beak.

• Overwinter as adults. Three generations per year.Overwinter as adults. Three generations per year.

Lygus bugLygus bug

Lygus bug larvaeLygus bug larvae

• Damage:Damage: Most serious in seed production. Cause buds Most serious in seed production. Cause buds to die, flowers to drop, immature seeds to shrivel. to die, flowers to drop, immature seeds to shrivel. Forage production and quality also affected.Forage production and quality also affected.

• Control:Control: Systemic insecticides and carbaryl. Non- Systemic insecticides and carbaryl. Non-targets (predators, parasites and pollinators) are a targets (predators, parasites and pollinators) are a great concern. Timing of application is important.great concern. Timing of application is important.

                              

Blister beetlesBlister beetles

Toxic chemical cantharidin can make hay poisonousToxic chemical cantharidin can make hay poisonous

Mexican bean beetleMexican bean beetle

Mexican bean beetleMexican bean beetle

Epilachna varivestisEpilachna varivestis – a ladybird beetle – a ladybird beetle

larvalarva

adultadult

• Adults are red with 16 black spots, ¼” long.Adults are red with 16 black spots, ¼” long.

• Larvae are yellow with branched spines, up to ¼” long.Larvae are yellow with branched spines, up to ¼” long.

• Overwinter as adults in litter. One generation per year.Overwinter as adults in litter. One generation per year.

Mexican bean beetleMexican bean beetle

Damage:Damage: Both adults and especially larvae chew off Both adults and especially larvae chew off portions of portions of leaves. They usually feed by clinging leaves. They usually feed by clinging to the to the under surface of the leaves and eating under surface of the leaves and eating irregular irregular sections of the lower leaf surface. The sections of the lower leaf surface. The upper upper surface of leaves quickly dries out, giving surface of leaves quickly dries out, giving a lace-like, a lace-like, skeletonized appearance. skeletonized appearance.

Mexican bean beetleMexican bean beetle

Control:Control: CulturalCultural – burning or destruction of crop – burning or destruction of crop residues; Resistant varieties (e.g., Lima beans);residues; Resistant varieties (e.g., Lima beans);

BiologicalBiological – several species of parasitoids available; – several species of parasitoids available;

ChemicalChemical – systemic and non-systemic insecticides, – systemic and non-systemic insecticides, soil applications and foliar spray. Difficult to soil applications and foliar spray. Difficult to control because feed underneath the leaves.control because feed underneath the leaves.

Sugar Beet Root MaggotSugar Beet Root MaggotBeet LeafhopperBeet Leafhopper

Sugar Beet Root MaggotSugar Beet Root Maggot

adult flyadult fly larva (maggot)larva (maggot)Tetanops myopaeformis – Tetanops myopaeformis – a true flya true fly

• Overwinters as a larva (maggot) in the soil.Overwinters as a larva (maggot) in the soil.

• Adult flies emerge in May.Adult flies emerge in May.

• Females deposit eggs around the base of sugar beet plant.Females deposit eggs around the base of sugar beet plant.

• One generation per year.One generation per year.

Sugar Beet Root MaggotSugar Beet Root Maggot

Damage:Damage: maggots attack seedlings and cause loss of maggots attack seedlings and cause loss of stand. Yields are reduced.stand. Yields are reduced.

Control:Control: only larval control is recommended. Apply only larval control is recommended. Apply granules to the soil as a 4-6” band over the row. granules to the soil as a 4-6” band over the row. Granules must have moisture to be activated. Granules must have moisture to be activated.

Beet LeafhopperBeet Leafhopper

                               

              Circulifer tenellusCirculifer tenellus

adultadult nymphnymph

• Overwinter as adults in weedy areas. Host plants Overwinter as adults in weedy areas. Host plants include wild mustards, Russian thistle and other weeds.include wild mustards, Russian thistle and other weeds.

• Eggs hatch and nymphs move into beet fields.Eggs hatch and nymphs move into beet fields.

• One or more generations per year.One or more generations per year.

Beet LeafhopperBeet Leafhopper

Damage:Damage: vector of the virus causing the disease curly vector of the virus causing the disease curly top in sugar beets.top in sugar beets.

Control:Control: Cultural – Weed management. Resistant Cultural – Weed management. Resistant varieties.varieties.

Chemical – granulated formulations to the soil. Chemical – granulated formulations to the soil. Moisture is necessary to Moisture is necessary to activate the granules. activate the granules.

Potato PsyllidPotato PsyllidColorado Potato BeetleColorado Potato Beetle

Potato Flea BeetlePotato Flea Beetle

Potato PsyllidPotato Psyllid

adultadult nymphsnymphs

Bactericerca (=Paratrioza) cockerelliBactericerca (=Paratrioza) cockerelli

• Related to aphids and leafhoppers. The adult has clear wings that Related to aphids and leafhoppers. The adult has clear wings that rest rooflike over the body. Predominantly black, with white rest rooflike over the body. Predominantly black, with white markings. Scale like flat markings. Scale like flat nymphsnymphs.. Psyllids jump quite readily when Psyllids jump quite readily when disturbed.disturbed.

• Overwinter as eggs. Several generations per year. Overwinter as eggs. Several generations per year.

Potato PsyllidPotato Psyllid

Damage:Damage: nymphs inject toxin when feed causing nymphs inject toxin when feed causing “psyllid yellows” and upward curling of leaves.“psyllid yellows” and upward curling of leaves.

Control: Control: granular systemic insecticides at planting granular systemic insecticides at planting time. Foliar spray of synthetic pyrethroids.time. Foliar spray of synthetic pyrethroids.

Colorado Potato BeetleColorado Potato Beetle

Leptinotarsa decemlineataLeptinotarsa decemlineata

                                     

Colorado Potato BeetleColorado Potato Beetleadult and eggsadult and eggs

larvaelarvae

• Overwinters as an adult buried in soil.Overwinters as an adult buried in soil.

• Eggs hatch in the spring. Larvae feed on foliage.Eggs hatch in the spring. Larvae feed on foliage.

• One or two generations per year.One or two generations per year.

Colorado Potato BeetleColorado Potato Beetle

Damage:Damage: both larvae and adults are voracious feeders. both larvae and adults are voracious feeders. They often completely defoliate potato plants.They often completely defoliate potato plants.Control:Control: systemics in the soil at planting time. Foliar systemics in the soil at planting time. Foliar spray after egg hatch. Resistance may be an issue.spray after egg hatch. Resistance may be an issue.

Potato Flea BeetlePotato Flea Beetle

Epitrix cucumerisEpitrix cucumeris

• Adult beetle is 1/16” long and black in color.Adult beetle is 1/16” long and black in color.

• Has enlarged hind legs and jumps vigorously when Has enlarged hind legs and jumps vigorously when disturbed.disturbed.

• Overwinters as an adult in soil litter. One or two Overwinters as an adult in soil litter. One or two generations per year.generations per year.

Potato Flea BeetlePotato Flea Beetle

• Damage:Damage: destroys foliage. Spreads a fungal disease - destroys foliage. Spreads a fungal disease - early potato blight.early potato blight.

• Control:Control: Cultural – destruction of plant residues. Cultural – destruction of plant residues. Weed control. Late planting. Weed control. Late planting.

• Chemical – systemic insecticides to the soil at Chemical – systemic insecticides to the soil at planting time. Foliar spray with contact planting time. Foliar spray with contact insecticides against larvae. insecticides against larvae.

Pale Western CutwormPale Western CutwormWestern Curl MiteWestern Curl Mite

Russian Wheat AphidRussian Wheat AphidGreenbugsGreenbugs

GrasshoppersGrasshoppers

Pale Western CutwormPale Western Cutworm

Agrotis orthogoniaAgrotis orthogonia – “miller” moth – “miller” moth

adultadult larvalarva

• Eggs are laid in the soil in the fall.Eggs are laid in the soil in the fall.

• Overwinter as eggs. Hatch very early Overwinter as eggs. Hatch very early in spring. in spring.

• One generation per year.One generation per year.

Pale Western CutwormPale Western Cutworm

• Larvae feed mostly underground. Larvae feed mostly underground.

• Cause pruning of plants, loss of stand, and stunted Cause pruning of plants, loss of stand, and stunted and unthrifty plants.and unthrifty plants.

Wheat Curl MiteWheat Curl Mite

• The mites are very tiny, white, spindle-shaped, with 4 The mites are very tiny, white, spindle-shaped, with 4 legs near the anterior end.legs near the anterior end.

• Reproduce parthenogenetically (without males).Reproduce parthenogenetically (without males).

• Overwinter on grasses or volunteer wheat. Overwinter on grasses or volunteer wheat.

Eriophyes tulipaeEriophyes tulipae

                            

                             

Wheat Curl MiteWheat Curl Mite

Damage:Damage: Transmits a viral disease called Transmits a viral disease called wheat streak mosaic.wheat streak mosaic. This virus can cause serious reductions in wheat crop yields. Although the This virus can cause serious reductions in wheat crop yields. Although the mites feed on a variety of grasses, wheat is the preferred host and high mites feed on a variety of grasses, wheat is the preferred host and high populations can develop during the summer and fall on volunteer wheat. populations can develop during the summer and fall on volunteer wheat.

Control:Control: Cultural - prevent the growth of volunteer wheat. Late planting. Cultural - prevent the growth of volunteer wheat. Late planting. Resistant cultivars. Chemicals are rarely effective. Resistant cultivars. Chemicals are rarely effective. Hail belt areas are in greatest need of protection.Hail belt areas are in greatest need of protection.

Russian Wheat AphidRussian Wheat Aphid

Diuraphis noxiaDiuraphis noxia

• Native to southern Russia and the Mediterranean region.Native to southern Russia and the Mediterranean region.

• Introduced in the U.S. in 1986.Introduced in the U.S. in 1986.• Reproduces sexually or asexually.Reproduces sexually or asexually.• Several generations per year.Several generations per year.• Overwinter as immatures or adults in grasses.Overwinter as immatures or adults in grasses.

Russian Wheat AphidRussian Wheat Aphid

Soybean AphidSoybean Aphid

Russian Wheat Aphid identificationRussian Wheat Aphid identificationcharacteristicscharacteristics

• Elongated Elongated • Short antennaeShort antennae• No cornicles (“tail-pipes”)No cornicles (“tail-pipes”)• Forked (double) tailForked (double) tail

Russian Wheat AphidRussian Wheat Aphid

Damage:Damage:• RWA initiates feeding at the base of the leaves near the top of the plant. It injects a RWA initiates feeding at the base of the leaves near the top of the plant. It injects a toxic saliva into the plant. The edges of the leaf curl inward protecting the pest.toxic saliva into the plant. The edges of the leaf curl inward protecting the pest.

• Plants become purplish and leaves develop longitudinal yellowish and whitish streaks.Plants become purplish and leaves develop longitudinal yellowish and whitish streaks.

• Tillers of heavily infested plants run parallel to the ground (a prostrate appearance). Tillers of heavily infested plants run parallel to the ground (a prostrate appearance).

• Heads are distorted.Heads are distorted.

Russian Wheat AphidRussian Wheat Aphid

Control: Control: • Cultural – control volunteer wheat; avoid early Cultural – control volunteer wheat; avoid early

planting; use resistant varieties; maintain planting; use resistant varieties; maintain healthy stand.healthy stand.

• Biological – parasitic wasps, ladybird beetles.Biological – parasitic wasps, ladybird beetles.

• Chemical – foliar sprays with systemics. Chemical – foliar sprays with systemics.

Greenbug aphidsGreenbug aphids

Inject toxin when feed. Cause “greenbug spots.”Inject toxin when feed. Cause “greenbug spots.”Control:Control: systemic insecticides. systemic insecticides.

Grasshoppers in the WestGrasshoppers in the West

• economically important in 17 western stateseconomically important in 17 western states

• a dozen pest species (out of >450)a dozen pest species (out of >450)

• annually remove 20-22% of rangeland vegetationannually remove 20-22% of rangeland vegetation

• estimated average loss $400 million per yearestimated average loss $400 million per year

• forage losses in 2000 in Texas: $190 millionforage losses in 2000 in Texas: $190 million

20052005RangelandRangelandGrasshopperGrasshopperHazard MapHazard Map

Based on adult Based on adult Survey 2004Survey 2004

GrasshoppersGrasshoppers112 species in Wyoming; only 112 species in Wyoming; only ~~10 are serious pests10 are serious pests

MigratoryMigratory DifferentialDifferential

Twostriped Twostriped Twostriped Twostriped

http://buzz.ifas.ufl.edu/269psj.jpg

Mormon cricketMormon cricket

Anabrus simplexAnabrus simplex

is neither a grasshopper nor a cricket – it’s a katydidis neither a grasshopper nor a cricket – it’s a katydid

Grasshoppers in WyomingGrasshoppers in Wyoming

• require vast areas to be chemically treated require vast areas to be chemically treated (up to 20 million ac per year during outbreaks)(up to 20 million ac per year during outbreaks)

• 400,000 acres 400,000 acres protectedprotected in 2003 in Wyoming in 2003 in Wyoming (Niobrara, Goshen, Platte and other counties)(Niobrara, Goshen, Platte and other counties)

• Reduced Agent and Area Treatments - RAATsReduced Agent and Area Treatments - RAATs

Grasshopper Outbreak Frequency 1944-1996Grasshopper Outbreak Frequency 1944-1996

20052005RangelandRangelandGrasshopperGrasshopperWyomingWyomingHazard MapHazard Map

Based on adultBased on adultSurvey 2004Survey 2004

I

II

III

IV

V

LIFELIFECYCLECYCLE

11stst instar - instar - critical stage critical stage for GH for GH survival survival (up to >90% (up to >90% mortality)mortality)

Duration of Duration of nymphal nymphal period: period: ~ 30-40 d~ 30-40 d

Grasshopper Treatment Grasshopper Treatment Application StrategiesApplication Strategies

Conventional/BlanketConventional/Blanket

RAATsRAATs

THE RAATs CONCEPTTHE RAATs CONCEPT• Hoppers killed directly in the treated swathsHoppers killed directly in the treated swaths

• More predacious insects and parasitoids More predacious insects and parasitoids survive treatment survive treatment

• Hoppers move into treated strips and die Hoppers move into treated strips and die

• Birds continue to feed on hoppersBirds continue to feed on hoppers

• Less disruption to bio-control agents of Less disruption to bio-control agents of weeds (APHIS data on weeds (APHIS data on AphthonaAphthona spp. spp. beetles on leafy spurge in Montana)beetles on leafy spurge in Montana)

ATV- RAATsATV- RAATs

Boom Buster nozzles

S.S. Co. ¼-KLC- 5 Fieldjet nozzles

•Half rate of “Boomless” Half rate of “Boomless” type @ 2 Qt/mintype @ 2 Qt/min

•Low cost and simplicityLow cost and simplicity

•17-21 ft swath17-21 ft swath

RAATsRAATsAerialAerial ATVATV

tre

ate

dtr

ea

ted

un

tre

ate

du

ntr

eat

ed

100 ft100 ft 100 ft100 ft

Malathion Malathion (Fyfanon(Fyfanon®®))

PROS: PROS: Low cost/unitLow cost/unit

ULV logisticsULV logistics

Reliable resultsReliable results

Familiar product (since 1965)Familiar product (since 1965)

CONS: CONS: Hot weather; rainHot weather; rain

Low residual (no RAATs)Low residual (no RAATs)

Non-target effectsNon-target effects

Harm to people and planesHarm to people and planes

Organophosphates – phasing outOrganophosphates – phasing out

Organophosphate; neurotoxin (AcChE inhibitor)Organophosphate; neurotoxin (AcChE inhibitor)

Carbaryl Carbaryl (Sevin(Sevin®® XLR Plus) XLR Plus)

PROS: PROS: Temperature RangeTemperature RangeSome Residual (RAATs)Some Residual (RAATs)Reliable ResultsReliable ResultsEasy Handling (water based)Easy Handling (water based)Familiar product (since 1979)Familiar product (since 1979)

CONS: CONS: Higher Volume Higher Volume Non-target effectsNon-target effectsHarm to peopleHarm to people

Carbamate; neurotoxin (AcChE inhibitor)Carbamate; neurotoxin (AcChE inhibitor)

Diflubenzuron Diflubenzuron (Dimilin(Dimilin®® 2L) 2L)

PROS: PROS: Safety (bees, people, etc.)Safety (bees, people, etc.)

Residual (RAATs)Residual (RAATs)

Reliable ResultsReliable Results

Temperature RangeTemperature Range

CONS: CONS: Timing!!! (IGR = nymphs) Timing!!! (IGR = nymphs)

Less Familiar (since …) Less Familiar (since …)

High Cost/unitHigh Cost/unit

Harm to aquatic invertebrates – R.U.P.Harm to aquatic invertebrates – R.U.P.

Benzoyl-Urea; IGR (chitin synthesis inhibitor)Benzoyl-Urea; IGR (chitin synthesis inhibitor)

MOLTMOLT

Insects are killed when Insects are killed when they grow to a next they grow to a next developmental stagedevelopmental stage

I

II

III

IV

V

recommendedrecommended

TIMINGTIMING is critical is critical

when when applying applying DimilinDimilin

not recommendednot recommendedineffectiveineffective

Risks for DifferentRisks for Different Groups Groups of Non-target Organismsof Non-target Organisms

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, 2003Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, 2003

Environmental ProfileEnvironmental ProfileCarbaryl Carbaryl Malathion Malathion Diflubenzuron Diflubenzuron

CAR CAR OP OP BU (IGR)BU (IGR)

Human toxicityHuman toxicity(WHO/EPA class)(WHO/EPA class) II (Moder.)II (Moder.) III (Low) III (Low) Unlikely to be Unlikely to be toxictoxic

Fish toxicityFish toxicity Moderate Moderate Low Low LowLow

Aquatic invertebrateAquatic invertebratetoxicitytoxicity Low Low Moderate Moderate High High

Mammalian toxicityMammalian toxicity Moderate Moderate Low Low LowLow

Toxicity for birds andToxicity for birds andreptilesreptiles Low Low Moderate Moderate Low Low

Toxicity for honey beeToxicity for honey bee High High HighHigh Low Low

Toxicity for otherToxicity for othernon-target arthr.non-target arthr. High High Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

RAATs RAATs vs.vs. Standard: Standard:EfficacyEfficacy

Control is 5 to 15% lowerControl is 5 to 15% lower

than conventional blanket methodsthan conventional blanket methods

(usually about 80% kill)(usually about 80% kill)

It costs a lot to kill them all.

Surviving grasshoppers provide a prey base for the

predators.

We haven’t observed any resurgence the following year in

treated areas.

RAATs COSTSRAATs COSTS

50-60% less than 50-60% less than the standard treatmentthe standard treatment

about $1.50 / acre protectedabout $1.50 / acre protected

Other OptionsOther Options Carbaryl bran baitsCarbaryl bran baits

Pros: Pros: Target specificityTarget specificity

Operator safetyOperator safety

Enhanced formulationsEnhanced formulations

Cons: Application logistics and costCons: Application logistics and cost

Species constraints (not all species take them)Species constraints (not all species take them)

Adverse conditionsAdverse conditions

Systemics applied in the furrow at plantingSystemics applied in the furrow at planting

RAATs – the preferred option for USDA RAATs – the preferred option for USDA grasshopper treatments in recent EISgrasshopper treatments in recent EIS

CARMA can be downloaded from CARMA can be downloaded from Grasshoppers of Wyoming and the WestGrasshoppers of Wyoming and the West at: at: www.wygisc.uwyo.edu/grasshopper/www.wygisc.uwyo.edu/grasshopper/

or request a free CD-ROM or request a free CD-ROM Grasshoppers: Their Biology, Identification Grasshoppers: Their Biology, Identification and Managementand Management from: from:

www.sidney.ars.usda.gov/grasshopper/www.sidney.ars.usda.gov/grasshopper/

Decision-Support softwareDecision-Support software

2005:2005:Crop protectionCrop protectionmodule addedmodule added

Pest Control in Wyoming:Pest Control in Wyoming:

Fine trophies guaranteed!Fine trophies guaranteed!

Come catch the Entomology Come catch the Entomology Short Course, 2006Short Course, 2006

February 1-3, 2006February 1-3, 2006

• What will be covered? What will be covered? General Entomology, Insect Identification, General Entomology, Insect Identification, Arachnids, Grasshopper Management, Biological Control, Mosquitoes, RS-GIS and more.Arachnids, Grasshopper Management, Biological Control, Mosquitoes, RS-GIS and more.

• When is it? When is it? February 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, 2006. We will begin at 1 PM on the first February 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, 2006. We will begin at 1 PM on the first day, go from 8 to 5 the second day and release you at noon on the third day.day, go from 8 to 5 the second day and release you at noon on the third day.

• Where is it? Where is it? College of Agriculture Building, 13th & Lewis St., University of College of Agriculture Building, 13th & Lewis St., University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. Wyoming, Laramie, WY.

• Who teaches it? Who teaches it? Dr. Alex Latchininsky & Scott Schell, UW-CES Extension Dr. Alex Latchininsky & Scott Schell, UW-CES Extension Entomologists. Plus guest lectures by other experts in their fields.Entomologists. Plus guest lectures by other experts in their fields.

You will get two books, a course packet, and 2 hours of You will get two books, a course packet, and 2 hours of college credit for as little as a $100 (maybe less)college credit for as little as a $100 (maybe less)

Questions?Questions?

Contact Alex Latchininsky or Scott Schell,Contact Alex Latchininsky or Scott Schell,Uwyo Extension EntomologistsUwyo Extension Entomologists

Phone 766-2298 or 766-2508Phone 766-2298 or 766-2508

Email: Email: latchini@uwyo.edulatchini@uwyo.edu or sschell@uwyo.edu or sschell@uwyo.edu

http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/UWCES/Entomology.asphttp://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/UWCES/Entomology.asp