aletaha m. md labbafinejadmedical center
TRANSCRIPT
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Aletaha M. MD
Labbafinejad Medical Center , Shahid Beheshti University
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Extraocular muscle function
Muscle primary secondary Tertiary
Medial rectus Adduction -------------- ------------
Lateral rectus Abduction -------------- -------------
Inferior rectus Depression Excycloduction Adduction
Superior rectus Elevation Incycloduction Adduction
Inferior oblique
Excycloduction
Elevation Abduction
Superior oblique
Incycloduction
Depression Abduction
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Internal carotid artery
Ophthalmic artery
Muscular artery
Lateral(superior)
Medial(inferior)
LRM – SRM –SOM- LPS-
MRM –IRM -IOM
EOM arteries
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Fusion
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Strabismus =Ocular deviation Tropia ,Phoria ,Intermittent tropia
Comitant , Incomitant
Primary, Secondary
Unilateral, Alternate
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Esodeviation (esophoria, esotropia,intermittet esotropia)
Exodeviation (exophoria ,exotropia , intermittent exotropia)
Hypedeviation or hypodeviation
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Synergists (Agonists)Cooperative muscles in an eye to produce a special function
AntagonistsOpposite acting muscles in an eye
YokeCooperative muscles in both eyes to produce
a special version
Relationship of EOMs:
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Agonist Synergist Antagonist
Medial rectus SRM- IRM LR –SO- IOM
Lateral rectus SOM - IOM IRM –MRM -SRM
Superior rectus IOM -MRM IRM- SOM
Inferior rectus SOM -MRM SRM -IOM
Superior oblique IRM -LRM IOM -SRM
Inferior oblique SRM - LRM SOM -IRM
Synergist and antagonist muscles
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Sherrington's law:
Contractional power of Agonist
muscles is equal to the
relaxational power of Antagonist
muscles.
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Herring’ s law:
Equal innervations isinduced to yoke musclesFor each binocularmovement.
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Hering ‘s law ,Yoke muscles
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Versions
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Vergence
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History taking Age of onset of a deviation
Did its onset coincide with trauma or
illness
Is the deviation constant or intermittent
Is it present for distance ,near or both
Is it unilateral or alternating
Is the deviation associated with double
vision
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Con…
Is it present only when the patient is inattentive or fatigued
Does one eye have a tendency to close when the patient is outside in bright sunlight
History of thyroid or neurologic disease
Earlier treatment :
Amblyopia therapy, Spectacles ,Miotics, Orthoptic therapy , Prior eye muscle surgery
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Physical examComplete eye exam
Best visual acuity ,far or near E-chart – CSM methods
Full cyclo-refraction
Tests of ocular movement
Tests of ocular alignments Cover tests , corneal light reflex
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Monocular cover test
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Alternate cover test
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Alternate prism cover test
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Simultaneous alternate prism cover test
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Light reflex
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Amblyopia
Amblyopia is a unilateral or bilateral reduction of best corrected visual acuity
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Nearly all amblyopic visual loss is
preventable or reversible with
timely detection and appropriate
intervention.
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Amblyopia is caused by abnormal
visual experience early in life
Strabismus
Refractive error
Visual deprivation
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Classification
Strabismic amblyopia
Most common
Anisometropic amblyopia
Unequal refractive error
Isometropic amblyopia
Deprivation amblyopia
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Treatment
Eliminating any obstacle of
vision such as cataract
Correcting refractive error
Forcing use of the poorer eye
by limiting use of the better
eye
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Acquired strabismusNew onset eye deviationRuled out neurologic problemTreatment
Management of underlying lesion Relieving diplopia Prevention of amblyopia Surgery
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Sixth nerve palsyIncomitant esodeviation
Acquired palsy Diplopia ,head turn
Intracranial lesion(1/3) ,infectious or immunologic process ,head trauma , increased ICP
Patching , prism , injection of Botox, surgery
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Fourth nerve palsyUnilateral bilateral
Congenital or acquired (closed head trauma , CNS vascular problem, DM, brain tumor)
Hyperdeviation , head turn , extorsion
Treatment : follow up,surgery
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Third nerve palsy Children: Congenital(40-50%) ,
trauma , inflammatory ,neoplastic lesion..
Adult: intracranial aneurysm, DM , trauma , infection , tumor
Exodeviation ,hypodeviation , ptosis ,mydryasis
Follow up, Surgery
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Myasthenia gravis
MG is a chronic disease of
neuromuscular transmission
Palsy of various extraocular muscles
The easy fatigability of the muscle
Any type of strabismus
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MG must be considered in any patient with acquired ptosis or diplopia.
The muscles may be involved in only one eye
Pupillary abnormalities are uncommon
Characterized by remissions and exacerbations
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