alcohol benefits

8/7/2019 Alcohol Benefits

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Alcohol Benefits.

Is Alcohol a Nutrient?

Alcoholic beverages are food, containing approx. 7 calories per gram of ethanol. Beercontains small percentages of the recommended daily allowance of vitamins andsignificant proportions of the recommended daily allowance of trace metals andminerals. Wine, while possessing significantly smaller amounts of vitamins andminerals than beer, has considerably more iron. Both beer and wine have favorablepotassium to sodium ratio.102*

What Is Moderation?

Medical researchers generally describe moderation as one to three drinks per day. Itappears that consuming less than about half a drink per day is associated with only very

small health benefits. Four or five drinks may be moderate for large individuals butexcessive for small or light people. Because of their generally smaller size and otherbiological differences, the typical woman should generally consume 25 to 30 percent lessthan the average man. 114 And, of course, recovering alcoholics, those with any adversereactions to alcohol, and those advised against drinking by their physicians shouldabstain.

Drinking in moderation has been described by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuseand Alcoholism (NIAAA) as a man consuming four drinks on any day with anaverage of 14 drinks per week. For women, it is consuming three drinks in anyone day and an average of seven drinks per week

A standard drink is:

o A 12-ounce bottle or can of regular beero A 5-ounce glass of wineo A one and 1/2 ounce of 80 proof distilled spirits (either straight or in a

mixed drink)

The alcohol content of a standard drink of beer, dinner wine, or distilled spirits isequivalent. To a breathalyzer, they are all the same.

The health benefits associated with drinking in moderation are also similar for beer, wineand spirits. The primary factor associated with health and longevity appears to be thealcohol itself.

Moderate drinkers tend to have better health and live longer than those who are eitherabstainers or heavy drinkers. In addition to having fewer heart attacks and strokes,moderate consumers of alcoholic beverages (beer, wine and distilled spirits or liquor) are


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generally less likely to suffer strokes, diabetes, arthritis, enlarged prostate, dementia(including Alzheimers disease), and several major cancers.

Harvard's Healthy Eating Pyramid, produced by the Harvard Medical School Guide toHealthy Eating, was co-developed by scientists at the Harvard School of Public Health. It

is based on the best available scientific knowledge and recommends drinking alcohol inmoderation (unless there is a good reason to abstain).116

History about Alcohol consumption:

Alcohol has been used medicinally throughout recorded history; its medicinal propertiesare mentioned 191 times in the Old and New Testaments.1 As early as the turn of thecentury there was evidence that moderate consumption of alcohol was associated with adecrease in the risk of heart attack.2 And the evidence of health benefits of moderateconsumption has continued to grow over time.

The health benefits of moderate alcohol consumption have long been known. One of theearliest scientific studies on the subject was published in theJournal of the AmericanMedical Association in 1904.3

Reviews of research evidence report a strong, consistent relationship between moderatealcohol consumption and reduction in cardiovascular disease in general and coronaryartery disease in particular.4 On the basis of its extensive review of research, the NationalInstitute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) reported that moderate drinkershave the greatest longevity. It also found that moderate drinking is beneficial to hearthealth, resulting in a sharp decrease in heart disease risk (40%-60%).5 This is importantbecause cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in the United States, and

heart disease kills about one million Americans each and every year.6

The Director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism wrote that"Numerous well-designed studies have concluded that moderate drinking is associatedwith improved cardiovascular health," and the Nutrition Committee of the AmericanHeart Association reported that "The lowest mortality occurs in those who consume oneor two drinks per day."7 A World Health Organization Technical Committee onCardiovascular Disease asserted that the relationship between moderate alcoholconsumption and reduced death from heart disease could no longer be doubted.8 But thebenefits are not limited, important as they are, to reductions in heart disease.

General Health

Moderate drinkers tend to enjoy better health than do either abstainers or heavy drinkers.

A nation-wide survey in the U.S. revealed that daily moderate drinkersexperienced significantly less acute hospitalization.31

A nine year study of indicators of good health found moderate alcoholconsumption to be associated with the most favorable health scores.32


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A study that examined nearly 10,000 men and women at age 23 and again at age33 found that the moderate drinkers experience lower levels of poor generalhealth, long-term illness, and psychological distress when compared to abstainersand heavy drinkers.33

A study of nearly 20,000 Spaniards found that moderate consumption of any

alcohol -- beer, wine, or spirits -- was linked to better overall health, compared toabstinence from alcohol.34 A nation-wide Canadian study found that moderate drinkers who consumed

alcohol daily had 15% less disability than the general population.35

A Dutch study found that moderate drinkers under stress were less likely to beabsent from work than were either abstainers or heavy drinkers. The investigatorsconcluded that "abstinence is at least as unhealthy as excessive drinking."36

A study of 3,803 individuals age 18 to 101 found that lifelong teetotalers as wellas former drinkers are consistently less healthy than light to moderate drinkers(those who consume up to 60 drinks per month). The health superiority of lightand moderate drinkers extends to both physical and mental health.37

Hospitals Serve Alcohol

Nearly three-quarters of the teaching hospitals in the United States serve alcoholicbeverages to their patients.38

A review of the research reports that moderate drinking appears to reduce the riskof numerous diseases. "These include duodenal ulcer, gallstones, entericinfections, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and diabetes mellitus (type II).Compared with abstainers, moderate drinkers exhibit improved mental statuscharacterized by decreased stress and depression, lower abstenteeism from work,

and decreased dementia (including Alzheimer's disease)."39

Moderate drinking and exercise appear to slow down the health deterioration that

occurs with aging, according to a study of about 2,500 people aged 65 and olderwho were followed regularly for about eight years. Those who drank andexercised regularly had fewer difficulties with their daily activities and physicalfunctioning.40

Heart Health

Medical research has demonstrated a strong relationship between moderate alcoholconsumption and reduction in cardiovascular disease in general and coronary artery

disease in particular.41

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism found that moderate drinking isbeneficial to heart health, resulting in a sharp decrease in heart disease risk (40%-60%).42 This is important because cardiovascular disease is the number one cause ofdeath in the United States and heart disease kills about one million Americans each andevery year.43


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The Director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism wrote that"Numerous well-designed studies have concluded that moderate drinking is associatedwith improved cardiovascular health," and the Nutrition Committee of the AmericanHeart Association reported that "The lowest mortality occurs in those who consume oneor two drinks per day."44 A World Health Organization Technical Committee on

Cardiovascular Disease asserted that the relationship between moderate alcoholconsumption and reduced death from heart disease can no longer be doubted.45

Researchers studied volunteers in seven European countries and found that peoplewho have a daily drink of beer, wine or distilled spirits (whiskey, rum, tequila,etc.) have significantly better arterial elasticity, a strong indicator of heart healthand cardiovascular health, than nondrinkers. Moderate drinkers also hadsignificantly better pulse rates than those of abstainers from

A study of 1,795 subjects found that "the risk of extensive coronary calcificationwas 50% lower in individuals who consumed one to two alcoholic drinks per daythan in nondrinkers."46

Research demonstrates that moderate alcohol consumption is associated withbetter endothelial function, which contributes to better heart health and lowersrisk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.47

A study of over 3,000 men and women found that those who never drank alcoholwere at a greater risk of having high levels of CRP and IL-6 (excellent predictorsof heart attack) than were those who consumed alcoholic beverages inmoderation.48

Moderate Drinkers are Less Likely to Suffer Coronary Heart Disease and Heart

Attacks (Acute Myocardial Infarctions) than are Abstainers or Heavy

Drinkers.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) seems to have a negative association with regularmoderate alcoholic beverage use. While some report a linear relationship, most studiesagrees that the relationship is U-shaped. Many studies have suggested that this inverserelationship is due to alcohol's effect of increasing levels of high density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL), which acts in the removal of cholesterol from tissue. Otherexplanations for moderate alcohol's cardio-protective effect include: associated dietchanges in moderate drinkers, the silicon content in wine and beer, decreased plateletaggregation and coagulation, and the ability to lessen stress and/or alter personalitypatterns associated with CHD risks.

A National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism review of research studiesfrom at least 20 countries around the world demonstrate a 20- to 40-percent lowercoronary heart disease (CHD) incidence among drinkers compared tonondrinkers. It asserts that "The totality of evidence on moderate alcohol andCHD supports a judgment of a cause-effect relationship... there arecardioprotective benefits associated with responsible, moderate alcohol intake."49

Harvard researchers have identified the moderate consumption of alcohol as aproven way to reduce coronary heart disease risk.50


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A study of 18,455 males from the Physicians Health Study revealed that thoseoriginally consuming one drink per week or less who increased their consumptionup to to six drinks per week had a 29% reduction in CVD risk compared to thosewho did not increase their consumption. Men originally consuming 1-6 drinks perweek who increased their consumption moderately had an additional 15%

decrease in CVD risk.51

The Harvard Health Professionals Follow-Up Study of over 44,000 men found

moderate alcohol consumption to be associated with a 37% reduction in coronarydisease.52

A British study of women found moderate consumption of alcohol to beassociated with lower levels of cardiovascular risk factors.53

A study of over 5,000 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus found that coronaryheart disease rates "were significantly lower in women who reported moderatealcohol intake than in those who reported drinking no alcohol." Women whodrank more than 5 grams (about one-third glass) a day reduced their risk of CHD(fatal or nonfatal) by more than half.54

In a study of nearly 88,000 men, researchers found that drinking reduced risk ofcoronary heart disease risk among both diabetics and non-diabetics. Weeklyconsumption of alcohol reduced CHD risk by one-third (33%) while dailyconsumption reduced the risk by over half (58%) among diabetics. For non-diabetics, weekly consumption reduced CHD risk by 18% while dailyconsumption reduced the risk by 39%.55

Light to moderate consumption of alcohol appears to reduce the risk of coronaryheart disease by as much as 80% among individuals with older-onset diabetes,according to a study published in the Journal of the American MedicalAssociation.56

The Honolulu Heart Study found a 49% reduction in coronary heart diseaseamong men who drank alcohol in moderation.57

Harvard researchers concluded about coronary heart disease that "Consumption ofone or two drinks of beer, wine, or liquor per day has corresponded to a reductionin risk of approximately 20-40%."58

At a scientific conference, researchers from Korea, Italy, Germany, Poland, theNetherlands, and the United States reported finding striking reductions in deathamong moderate drinkers, with heart disease and total mortality rates about onehalf or less compared to non-drinkers.59

After over 6,000 participants in the Framingham Heart Study were followed for aperiod of six to ten years, researchers found that "when consumed in moderation,alcohol appears to protect against congestive heart failure."60

The American Heart Association, based on the research evidence, concludes thatthe "Consumption of one or two drinks per day is associated with a [CHD]reduction in risk of approximately 30% to 50%."61

After reviewing the research, Dr. David Whitten reported that "The studies thathave been done show pretty clearly that the chances of suffering cardiac death aredramatically reduced by drinking" one or two drinks a day and asserted that "Wedon't have any drugs that are as good as alcohol."62


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Based on the medical evidence, noted investigator Dr. Curtis Ellison asserted that"abstinence from alcohol is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease." 63

The Moderate Consumption of Alcohol Increases the Survivability of Heart Attacks

Drinking alcohol in moderation throughout the year before a heart attack or acutemyocardial infarction (AMI) has been found to reduce the risk of dying afterward.Moderate drinkers had the lowest mortality rate, reducing their risk by 32%,compared to abstainers. The health benefits were virtually identical for beer,distilled spirits, and wine.64

Men who consume two to four drinks of alcohol after a heart attack are less likelyto experience a second heart attack than are abstainers, according to a study of353 male heart attack survivors. Researchers found that men who consumed anaverage of two drinks of alcohol per day were 59% less likely than non-drinkersto have another heart attack. Those who drank an average of four drinks per dayexperienced a risk reduction of 52% compared to abstainers.65

Research at the University of Missouri-Columbia found that drinking alcohol(beer, wine, or distilled spirits) in moderation reduced the damage to effectedtissue following a heart attack.66

A study for a five year period of over 85,000 men who had suffered previousheart attacks found that "moderate alcohol intake was associated with a significantdecrease in total mortality" compared to nondrinkers.67

Alcohol Abstainers Who Begin Drinking Reduce Their Risk of Cardiovascular

Disease

During a ten year study of 7,697 non-drinkers, investigators found that 6% began

consuming alcohol in moderation. After four years of follow-up, new moderatedrinkers had a 38% lower chance of developing cardiovascular disease than didthose who continued abstaining. Even after adjusting for physical activity, BodyMass Index (BMI), demographic and cardiac risk factors, this differencepersisted.

This study is important because it provides additional strong evidence that thereduced risk of cardiovascular disease among moderate drinkers is a result of thealcohol itself rather than any differences in lifestyle, genetics, or other factors.68

A study of men with high blood pressure found that those who averaged one tosix drinks per week has a 39% lower risk of death from cardiovascular causesthan were abstainers. Those who averaged more (one or two drinks each day)were 44% less likely to experience such death.69

Frequent Drinkers Enjoy Greater Heart-Health Benefits than Those Who Drink

Less Often


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In a study of nearly 88,000 men, researchers found reductions in coronary heartdisease risk with increasing frequency of drinking alcohol for both diabetics andnon- diabetics. Weekly consumption of alcohol reduced CHD risk by one-third(33%) while daily consumption reduced the risk by over half (58%) amongdiabetics. For non-diabetics, weekly consumption reduced CHD risk by 18%

while daily consumption reduced the risk by 39%.70

Exercising Can't Replace Benefits of Drinking in Moderation

Researchers at the National Institute of Public Health in Denmark studied about12,000 men and women over a period of 20 years. The investigators found:

Moderate Drinking vs. Lifestyle

Why drink to reduce the risk of heart disease? Wouldn't eating a good diet,exercising, and losing weight do the same thing? No, it wouldn't. The moderate

consumption of alcohol appears to be more effective than most other lifestylechanges that are used to lower the risk of heart and other diseases. For example,the average person would need to follow a very strict low-fat diet, exercisevigorously on a regular basis, eliminate salt from the diet, lose a substantialamount of weight, and probably begin medication in order to lower cholesterol by30 points or blood pressure by 20 points.

But medical research suggests that alcohol can have a greater impact on heartdisease than even these hard-won reductions in cholesterol levels or bloodpressure. Only cessation of smoking is more effective.

Additionally, other medical research suggests that adding alcohol to a healthfuldiet is more effective than just following the diet alone.71

o The lowest risk of fatal heart disease occurred among those who bothdrank moderately and exercised. They had a 50% reduced risk comparedto non-drinkers who didn't exercise. (Moderate drinking was defined asconsuming an average of up to two drinks per day for both men andwomen. This is twice as high as the US federal recommendation forwomen).

o A higher risk was found among (a) those who abstained from alcohol butexercised and (b) those who drank in moderation but didn't exercise. In

both cases the risk of heart disease dropped about 30% compared toabstaining non-exercisers.o The highest risk was found among those who neither drank nor exercised.

Their risk of dying from heart disease was twice as high as those whodrank moderately and exercised.

Moderate drinking and exercise are cumulative in their positive effects on thecardiovascular system. Doing one is better than nothing, but doing both is the best choice


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of all and dramatically reduces the risk death from heart attack. The same is also foundfor all-cause mortality.72

How Alcohol Promotes Good Heart Health

The moderate consumption of alcohol promotes good heart health in a number of ways,including the following:

Alcohol improves blood lipid profile:73

o It increases HDL ("good") cholesterol.74o It decreases LDL ("bad") cholesterol.75o It improves cholesterol (both HDL and LDL) particle size.76

Alcohol decreases thrombosis (blood clotting)

o It reduces platelet aggregation77o It reduces fibrinogen (a blood clotter).78o It increases fibrinolysis (the process by which clots dissolve)79

Alcohol acts in additional ways:80

o It reduces coronary artery spasm in response to stresso It increases coronary blood flow.81o It reduces blood pressure.82o It reduces blood insulin level.83o It increases estrogen levels.84

Strokes

Moderate alcohol consumption has also been linked with beneficial changesranging from better sensitivity to insulin to improvements in factors that influence

blood clotting, such as tissue type plasminogen activator, fibrinogen, clottingfactor VII, and von Willebrand factor.90* Such changes would tend to prevent theformation of small blood clots that can block arteries in the heart, neck, and brain,the ultimate cause of many heart attacks and the most common kind of stroke.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of 26 research studies (cohort or case-control) found that consuming two drinks per day is associated with a reducedrisk of ischemic stroke.85

The American Stroke Association states that "Studies now show that drinking upto two alcoholic drinks per day can reduce your risk for stroke by about half."86

A study of over 22,000 men found that light and moderate alcohol consumptionsignificantly reduces the overall risk of stroke.87

A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found thatconsuming one or two drinks a day can reduce the risk of stroke by about half. Italso found the protective effects of alcohol to occur among white, African-American, and Hispanic populations and among both men and women. Theinvestigators concluded that their findings support the National StrokeAssociation Stroke Prevention Guidelines regarding the beneficial effects ofmoderate alcohol consumption.88


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Research has found that HDL ("good" cholesterol) is protective against stroke andthat drinking alcohol in moderation is one of the ways that HDL can beincreased.89

A study published in the American Heart Association's journal found abstainers'risk of stroke to be double that of moderate drinkers.90

The American Heart Association also reports that moderate consumption ofalcohol is associated with dramatically decreased risk of stroke among both menand women, regardless of age or ethnicity.91

Abstainers Have Much Higher Risk of Stroke than Drinkers92

A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found thatconsuming one or two drinks a day can reduce the risk of ischemic stroke byabout half. Its findings support the National Stroke Association Stroke PreventionGuidelines regarding the beneficial effects of moderate alcohol consumption.93

A study of 944 residents of a Spanish city found that consumption of up to twoalcoholics per day reduced the risk of strokes by 42%.94

Alcohol & Weight


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Alcohol contains calories, but drinking alcohol doesn't lead to weight gain according toextensive medical research, and many studies report a small reduction in weight forwomen who drink.

Diabetes

Dry non-sweet wines and diluted distilled spirits have been recommended in thetreatment of diabetes. It has been suggested that alcohol may improve glucose toleranceand blood glucose response to ingested carbohydrates. Due to reported decreased HDLvalues in diabetics, alcohol has been suggested as useful for its HDL-increasing function.

Researchers examined the results of 15 different studies and found that moderatedrinkers are less likely to have type 2 diabetes than are abstainers. Teetotalers andheavy drinkers have equally high risk of the disease. The 15 studies wereconducted in the U.S., Japan, Finland, Korea, the Netherlands, Germany and theUK and followed a total of 369,862 men and women for an average of 12 years.

Moderate drinkers (those who drank between about a half a drink to four drinksper day) were found to be 30% less likely to develop type 2 diabetes thanabstainers or heavy drinkers. Whether drinkers consume beer, wine or distilledspirits makes little difference, but the pattern of consumption does. It's muchbetter to consume frequently (such as daily) rather than infrequently for maximumhealth benefits.95

An analysis of 13 studies found that "The results of these studies are consistentwith regard to moderate alcohol consumption, indicating a protective effect in theorder of 30%." There was no evidence that high consumption of alcohol increasedrisk of diabetes.96

An analysis of 32 studies found that "Compared with no alcohol use, moderate

consumption (one to 3 drinks/d) is associated with a 33% to 56% lower incidenceof diabetes and a 34% to 55% lower incidence of diabetes-related coronary heartdisease."97

An analysis of 20 cohort studies found that, compared with lifetime abstainers, aU-shaped pattern exists between alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes.The researchers concluded that "Our analysis confirms previous research findingsthat moderate alcohol consumption is protective for type 2 diabetes in men andwomen." 98

The American Diabetes Association reports that "In people with diabetes, light-to-moderate amounts of alcohol are associated with a decreased risk of heart disease,probably because alcohol raises HDL cholesterol, the so-called 'good

cholesterol.'"

99

An analysis of pairs of twins with different drinking patterns found that those whoconsumed alcohol in moderation had half the risk of developing type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes compared to those who consumed less alcohol. The study involvednearly 23,000 Finnish twins.100

A prospective study of 85,051 women found that the risk of diabetes decreased asthe consumption of alcohol increased. Compared with non-drinkers, those whoconsumed one-third to one drink per day had a 20% reduction in risk and those


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who consumed over one drink per day had a 40% reduced risk of developingdiabetes.101

A study of almost 21,000 physicians for over 12 years has found that men who arelight to moderate drinkers have a decreased risk of Type 2 (non-insulindependent) diabetes mellitus.102

A study of 8,663 men over a period of as long as 25 years found that the incidenceof type 2 diabetes was significantly lower among moderate drinkers than amongeither abstainers or heavy drinkers. These findings persisted after adjusting forage, smoking, blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, waist circumference, parentaldiabetes, fasting plasma glucose, body mass index (BMI), serum triglycerideconcentration, and cardiorespiratory fitness.103

Pre-menstrual women who consume a daily drink of beer, wine or distilled spirits(whiskey, rum, tequila, etc.) have a much lower risk of developing type 2 diabetesthan abstainers, according to a study that duplicates similar findings in men. TheHarvard study involved about 110,000 women age 25 to 42 over a ten-yearperiod. Dramatic reductions (about 60%) occurred among women who drank

between 1/2 and two drinks daily compared with abstainers. The reduction of riskwas lower for those who drank less.104

Drinking alcohol (beer, wine, or distilled spirits) in moderation was associatedwith a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes among women age 40-70 in alarge study in the Netherlands that followed them for an average of over six years.The authors wrote that the "findings support the evidence of a decreased risk oftype 2 diabetes with moderate alcohol consumption and expand this to apopulation of older women."105

Research conducted at the University of Padova Medical School in Italy foundthat consuming alcohol directly improved the action of insulin in both healthydiabetics. Alcohol also improved fatty acid levels.106

A study of 5,221 men in Britain that followed them for almost 17 years found thatthat the risk of developing diabetes was lowest for light and moderate drinkers.107

And the list of research evidence about the positive effects of moderate drinkingon diabetes continues.108

Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementia

A study in France found moderate drinkers to have a 75% lower risk forAlzheimer's Disease and an 80% lower risk for senile dementia.109

Research on 7,460 women age 65 and older found that those who consumed up tothree drinks per day scored significantly better than non-drinkers on global

cognitive function, including such things as concentration, memory, abstractreasoning, and language. The investigators adjusted or controlled for such factorsas educational level and income that might affect the results, but the significantpositive relationships remained.110

Researchers in Australia studied 7,485 people age 20 to 64 years. They found thatmoderate drinkers performed better than abstainers on all measures of cognitiveability. Sex, race, education and extroversion-introversion failed to account forthe findings.111


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Older people who drink in moderation generally suffer less mental decline than doabstainers, another study finds. Over one thousand persons age 65 and older werestudied over a period of seven years. Overall, light and moderate drinkersexperienced less mental decline than did non-drinkers.112

Women who consume alcohol (beer, wine or distilled spirits) moderately on a

daily basis are about 20% less likely than abstainers to experience poor memoryand decreased thinking abilities, according to data from 12,480 women age 70 to81 who participated in the long-term study.113

A study of about 6,000 people age 65 and older found that moderate drinkers havea 54% lower chance of developing dementia than abstainers. The type of alcoholbeverage consumed (wine, spirits, or beer) didn't make a difference in theprotective effects of drinking in moderation.114

A study of 7,983 people aged 55 of age or older in The Netherlands over anaverage period of six years found that those who consumed one to three drinks ofalcohol (beer, wine, or distilled spirits) per day had a significantly lower risk ofdementia (including Alzheimer's) than did abstainers.115

A study of over 400 people at least 75 years old who were followed for a periodof six years found that drinkers were only half as likely to develop dementia(including Alzheimer's disease) as similarly-aged abstainers from alcohol.Abstainers were defined as people who consumed less than one drink of alcoholper week.116

Moderate drinking among older women can benefit memory according to researchfunded by the National Institutes of Health. Moderate drinkers performed betteron instrumental everyday tasks, had stronger memory self-efficacy and improvedmemory performance." The performance memory tests include such topics asremembering a story, route, hidden objects, future intentions and connectingrandom numbers and letters. In all cases, the group who drank scored better thanthose who did not drink. Women who drank alcohol in moderation (defined asconsuming up to two drinks of beer, wine or spirits per day) also performed betteron attention, concentration, psychomotor skills, verbal-associative capacities andoral fluency.117

A study of 1,018 men and women age 65-79 whose physical and mental healthwas monitored for an average of 23 years found that "drinking no alcohol, or toomuch, increases risk of cognitive impairment," in the words of the editor of theBritish Medical Journal, which published the study.

A study of over 6,000 people in the U.K. found that those who consume as littleas a single drink of alcoholic beverage per week have significantly greatercognitive functioning than teetotalers. Abstainers were twice as likely asoccasional drinkers to receive the lowest cognitive functioning test scores. Thebeneficial mental effects of alcohol were found when a person drinks up to about30 drinks per week, and increased with consumption. The researchers did not testthe effects of higher levels of alcohol drinking. The research team suggests thatalcohol (beer, wine, or liquor) improves mental functioning because it increasesblood flow to the brain.118

Moderate alcohol consumption protects older persons from the development ofcognitive impairment, according to a study of 15,807 Italian men and women 65


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years of age and older. Among the drinkers only 19% showed signs of mentalimpairment compared to 29% of the abstainers. The relationship continued evenwhen other factors in cognitive impairment, such as age, education, and healthproblems were considered.119

An 18-year study of Japanese-American men found "a positive association

between moderate alcohol intake among middle-aged men and subsequentcognitive performance in later life." Moderate drinkers scored significantly higheron the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI), which includes tests ofattention, concentration, orientation, memory, and language. Both non-drinkersand heavy drinkers had the lowest CASI scores.120

The moderate consumption of alcohol was associated with superior mentalfunction among older women compared to abstainers in a study of 9,000 womenaged 70 to 79 over a period of 15 years. The women's mental function wasassessed with seven different tests. After adjusting for other factors that mightaffect mental function, the researchers found that the women who drank inmoderation performed significantly better on five of seven tests. They also

performed significantly better on a global score that combined all seven tests. Theresearchers found that the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitivefunctioning was the equivalent of being one to two years younger.121

Drinking alcohol (beer, wine or liquor) in moderation is one of the strategies thatcan reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia in later life according to areview of research conducted by scholars from the School of Aging Studies at theUniversity of South Florida and the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Theysystematically analyzed the existing research to identify how dementia can bereduced. Abstaining from alcohol and abusing alcohol are both risk factors forcognitive decline and dementia.122

Arthritis

A recent study found that alcohol consumption is associated with a significantlyreduced risk of developing arthritic conditions including Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA), Osteoarthritis (OA), reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis andspondylarthropathy.123

A large study in Sweden found that the risk of developing arthritis decreased asthe consumption of alcohol increased from light to moderate levels.124

Data from two other research studies in Scandinavia show that drinking alcohol isassociated with a reduction in the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Two independentcase-control studies of rheumatoid arthritis were used. The Swedish study used

1,204 cases and 871 controls and the Danish study used 444 cases and 533controls. Among alcohol consumers, the quarter with the highest consumptionlevels had a decreased risk of rheumatoid arthritis of 40-50% compared to the halfwith the lowest alcohol consumption.125

A study of 1,877 men and women found that drinking alcohol reduced both therisk and severity of rheumatoid arthritis. Non-drinkers were four times morelikely to develop rheumatoid arthritis than people who drank alcohol on more than


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ten days a month. The risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis decreased accordingto the frequency of alcohol consumption.126

Analysis of data from 1,666 patients in Finland indicates that alcoholconsumption significantly reduces the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis.127

Enlarged Prostate (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia or BPH)

An analysis of 19 published studies that included over 120,000 men found thatdrinking two or more drinks a day was associated with a 35% in risk ofdeveloping benign prostate enlargement.128

A dietary study found that men who consume two or more alcoholic drinks perday are 33% less likely to develop BPH than are teetotalers or alcoholabstainers.129

A study of 29,386 men age 40-75 for a period of eight years found that moderatedrinkers consuming up to about 3.3 drinks per day experienced a 41% reductionin risk of enlarged prostate.130

A study of 882 men (aged 65, 70, 75 and 80 years) found that increased alcoholconsumption was strongly associated with decreased risk of benign prostatichyperplasia.131

A study of 6,581 Japanese-American men for 17 years found that alcoholconsumption reduced the risk of obstructive uropathy caused by enlarged prostate.Men who drank an average of 1.3 drinks of alcohol per day experienced a 36%lower risk compared with alcohol abstainers.132

An investigation of 1,369 men in Italy younger than age 75 found that, comparedwith abstainers, those who consumed fewer than three drinks per day had a 12%lower risk and those who consumed seven or more drinks per day had a 35%lower risk of developing benign prostatic hyperplasia. The patterns of risk

reduction were similar for beer, wine, and spirits.133

A population based case-control study of 100 Chinese patients with benign

prostatic hyperplasia who were over 60 years of age and a control group of thesame size found that men who consumed alcohol experienced a 35% reduction inrisk of developing BPH compared with non-drinkers.134

In a prospective study a total of 142 patients who were admitted to an outpatientclinic with lower urinary tract symptoms were examined and 68.3% werediagnosed with clinical BPH. Over twice the proportion of patients withoutclinical BPH were alcohol drinkers, leading the researchers to conclude thatconsuming alcohol is a protective factor for clinical BPH.135

Data from 34,694 participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian

(PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial were analyzed. Researchers found that greateralcohol consumption was strongly associated with decreased risk of benignprostatic hyperplasia.136

This study analyzed 184 patients who were surgically treated for benign prostatichyperplasia within one year of its diagnosis and 246 patients with no symptoms ofenlarged prostate who were treated in the same hospitals for minor diseases orconditions (controls). There was no evidence that alcohol consumption increasedthe risk for BPH.137


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A case-control study of Chinese men found that those who consumed about twoto three drinks per day had a 35% reduction in risk and those who consumed overfour drinks per day had a 38% reduction in risk of developing an enlargedprostate.138

A study of 2,797 men age 60 or older participating in the Third National Health

and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) found that those who drankalcohol daily had a 41% lower chance of lower urinary tract symptoms than non-drinkers.139

The development of benign prostatic hyperplasia among 2,036 volunteers wasstudied by following individual participants for a period of from 12 to 21 years.The results demonstrated that the risk of developing BPH dropped as the level ofalcohol consumption increased.140

This case-control study of 910 Rhode Islanders, plus 2,003 men who served ascontrols, found that alcohol reduced the risk of developing benign prostatichyperplasia.141

Researchers followed, for a mean of nine years, 1,700 men who were part of the

population-based Massachusetts Male Aging Study. They examined numerousphysical, medical, and behavioral characteristics but found that virtually none,including alcohol intake, was a risk factor for benign prostatic hyperplasia.142

A community-based cross-sectional epidemiological study of 514 men in Koreafound that a lower risk of developing an enlarged prostate was associated with anincreasing daily consumption of alcohol.143

An analysis of 14,897 men who were members of the Kaiser Permanente MedicalCare Program found that those who consumed three or more drinks per day had a25% lower risk of BPH than non-drinkers.144

Osteoporosis

Researchers examined the evidence from 33 studies and found that alcoholconsumption increased neck bone density for each drink per day over the range of0-3 drinks per day; reduced the risk for hip fracture with increasing quantitiesconsumed; and was generally associated with reduced bone loss over time,compared with abstention from alcohol.145

A study was conducted using identical female twins, in which one twin drankvery little and the other twin drank moderately (one or two drinks each day).Twins were used because they are genetic clones. Because they have the samegenes and grew up in the same environment, it's easier to control for any otherpossible confounding factors. The study found that moderate drinkers had

significantly denser bones than the control group of twins consisting of very lightdrinkers.146

The National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment followed over 200,000postmenopausal women in the U.S. with no previous diagnosis of osteoporosiswho were seen at doctors' offices, with no previous diagnosis of osteoporosis. Asa result of screening, the study found that 39.6% had osteopenia or low bonedensity and 7% had osteoporosis. The study found that drinking alcohol reducedthe chances of developing osteoporosis.147


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Analyses using data from 13,512 persons ages 20 or older found that bone densitywas higher in men and postmenopausal women compared with those who do notdrink.148

A population-based cohort study of 5,865 adults aged 65 years and older fromfour U.S. communities found that moderate drinking was associated with a

significant decrease in risk of hip fracture. Compared with long-term abstainers,moderate drinkers of beer, wine or spirits had a 22% lower chance of developingosteoporosis. Alcohol consumption was also associated with bone mineral densityof the total hip and femoral neck in a stepwise manner, with approximately 5%higher bone density among consumers of 14 or more drinks per week than amongabstainers.149

Gallbladder Disease (Gallstones or Cholelithiasis)

A prospective study of 1,290,413 United Kingdom women followed them for anaverage of over six years. Drinking alcohol was found to decrease the risk of

developing gallstone disease. Women who drank 15 or more units of alcohol perweek has a 41% reduced risk compared with those who drank one to two units perweek. A unit equals ten mL of absolute alcohol.150

Information on 58,462 adults age 25 years and over who were randomly selectedfor the Italian National Health survey was analyzed. After controlling for age sexand other variables, researchers found that those who consumed up to about 1.3glasses of alcohol each day experienced a 17% decrease, those who consumedfrom 1.3 to 2.8 glasses daily had a 33% decrease, and those who drank more than2.8 glasses of alcohol each day enjoyed a 42% drop in risk for gallstone disease,compared with abstainers.151

Analysis of data from 88,837 women aged 34 to 59 who were followed for four

years after completing a detailed questionnaire about food and alcohol intakerevealed that those who drank alcohol daily had a 40% decrease in their risk ofdeveloping gallbladder disease.152

A study of 29,584 people enrolled in an epidemiological survey of the generalpopulation of Italy found that daily moderate alcohol consumption by mensignificantly lowered their risk of developing gallstone disease compared withnon-drinkers.153

A total of 80,898 women in the U.S. were followed for 20 years, with alcoholconsumption being measured every two to four years. The resulting finding wasthat alcohol consumption decreased the risk of developing gallstone disease. Asconsumption increased, the risk decreased. Compared with women who did not

drink, those who drank an average of up to one drink per day experienced a 14%decrease in risk whereas those who drank an average of four or more drinks perday had a 38% reduced risk of developing gallstone disease. In addition, asfrequency of consumption increased risk decreased dramatically. Beer, wine andspirits all reduced risk.154

Cancers


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Kidney Cancer (also called renal cell carcinoma)

An analysis of data from 12 prospective studies that included 760,044 men andwomen who were tracked for seven to 20 years found that moderate drinkers areabout 30% less likely to develop kidney cancer than are abstainers.155

A prospective study of 59,237 Swedish women age 40-76 found that those whoconsumed at least one drink per week had a 38% lower risk of kidney cancer thandid abstainers or those who drank less. For women over 55, the risk dropped bytwo-thirds (66%).156

A study of a large cohort of Finnish males found that risk of kidney cancerdeclined as total consumption of alcohol increased.157

Data from 88,759 women who were tracked for 20 years and from 47,828 menwho were observed for 14 years indicate that alcohol reduces the risk of kidneycancer in both men and women.158

Compared with nondrinkers, men who drank one or more drinks per day had a31% lower risk of kidney cancer among 161,126 HawaiiLos Angeles

Multiethnic Cohort participants.

159

A study of postmenopausal women in Iowa over a 15-year period found that thosewho drank alcohol, compared with nondrinkers, had a significantly lower risk ofdeveloping kidney cancer. This relationship persisted after taking into accountmany other confounding factors.160

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (often called Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma)

A review of findings from nine international studies demonstrates that drinkingalcohol reduces the risk of non- Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) by 27%. Theprotective effect of alcohol did not vary by beer, wine, or distilled spirits

consumption.

161

A prospective study of 473,984 participants (285,079 men and 188,905 women)found that drinkers had a significantly lower risk of developing non-Hodgkin'slymphoma than did nondrinkers. For example, those who consumed over 28drinks per week, the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma was about 25%lower than among nondrinkers. This relationship existed for beer, wine anddistilled spirits.162

A cohort of 35,156 women aged 55-69 years who were studied over a nine-yearperiod found that alcohol consumption was associated with a significantly lowerrisk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma compared with abstaining and theamount of alcohol consumed, rather than the form (beer, wine, or distilled spirits),appeared to provide the protection against the cancer.163

In a population-based case-control study of adults from four U.S. Surveillance,Epidemiology, and End Results Study centers, researchers found that those whodrank alcohol had a significantly lower risk of developing non-Hodgkin'slymphoma than did nondrinkers.164

In a multi-center case-control study in Spain, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland andCzech Republic, researchers found that alcohol consumption significantly reduced


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the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma among men and among peopleliving in non- Mediterranean countries.165

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

A multi-center case-control study of subjects in Spain, France, Italy, Germany,Ireland and the Czech Republic found results "consistent with previous studies,suggesting a protective effect of alcohol on HL."166

Alcohol reduced the risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) for both men and women,but more so for men, whose risk was lowered by 53% in a population-based case-control study was conducted in Germany.167

A protective effect of alcohol consumption on risk of Hodgkin's lymphomaamong non-smokers in Italy was reported in a population-based case-controlstudy.168

Drinking alcohol reduced the risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma among both smokersand non-smokers in an analysis of data from a series of case-control studies in

northern Italy.

169

A common symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma is pain in the lymph nodes. This isreduced following the consumption of alcohol.170

Thyroid Cancer

A prospective study of over one and one-quarter million (1,280,296) women inthe U.K. confirmed the finding that drinking alcohol significantly reduces the riskof developing of thyroid cancer.171

Data from almost one-half million (490,000) men and women in the U.S. foundthat increased alcohol consumption decreased the risk of thyroid cancer.172

A country-wide population-based case-control study in New Caledonia found thatthe incidence of thyroid cancer was negatively associated with drinking alcoholamong both men and women.173 That is, consuming alcohol was found to beassociated with a lower risk of developing thyroid cancer.

A study of women identified through the Cancer Surveillance System (CSS), apopulation-based cancer registry in Washington State, found that higher levels ofalcohol consumption were associated with lower risk of developing thyroidcancer.174

Other Beneficial Effects Of Alcohol Consumption:

The moderate consumption of alcohol appears to be beneficial to reducing or preventingother diseases and health problems, including the following:

The Common Cold. Research has found moderate drinkers to be more resistant thanabstainers to five strains of the common cold virus. Those who consumed two to threedrinks daily had an 85% greater resistance. Those drinking one to two drinks daily had a65% lower risk and those who drank less than daily had a 30% lower risk thanabstainers.175


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Intermittent Claudication (IC). In a study of 18,339 observations, researchers foundthat drinking alcohol in moderation significantly reduces the risk of intermittentclaudication. IC is associated with a two- to four-fold increased risk of death fromcardiovascular disease.176

Metabolic Syndrome. To examine the relationship between alcohol consumption andmetabolic syndrome, a meta-analysis was conducted of seven studies with 22,000participants. Metabolic syndrome is a dangerous cluster of risk factors that increase therisk for coronary artery disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. The analysis found thatdrinking alcohol in moderation significantly reduced the prevalence of metabolicsyndrome. The positive effects existed among men who consumed up to a little over threedrink per day and among women who consumed up to one and one-half drinks eachday.177

Peripheral Artery Disease. Harvard researchers found moderate drinkers to be almost1/3 less likely to suffer Peripheral Artery Disease (a significant cause of death among the

elderly) than those consuming less than one drink per week.

178

Folate and Alcohol : Folate, the B vitamin that helps guide the development of anembryo's spinal cord, has equally important jobs later in life. One of the biggest ishelping to build DNA, the molecule that carries the code of life. In this way, folate isessential for accurate cell division.Alcohol blocks the absorption of folate and inactivates folate in the blood and tissues. It'spossible that this interaction may be how alcohol consumption increases the risk ofbreast, colon, and other cancers.Getting extra folate may cancel out this alcohol-related increase. In the Nurses' HealthStudy, for example, among women who consumed one alcoholic drink a day or more,

those who had the highest levels of this B vitamin in their blood were 90% less likely todevelop breast cancer than those who had the lowest levels of the B vitamin.100* Anearlier study suggested that getting 600 micrograms a day of folate could counteract theeffect of moderate alcohol consumption on breast cancer risk. 101*

The list continues with many others, such as essential tremors,179 hepatitis A,180kidney stones,181 macular degeneration (a major cause of blindness),182 PancreaticCancer,183 Parkinson's disease,184 poor physical condition in the elderly,185 stress anddepression,186 and type B gastritis.187.

Drinking patterns appear to be as important as the amounts consumed. "The key tohealthy, moderate consumption is a regular, one to three drinks per day pattern."117However, drinking a "weeks worth" of alcohol over a period of a few hours would beunhealthful, even dangerous, and clearly to be avoided.

All of the many health benefits of drinking apply only to moderate consumption - - neverto heavy drinking. To the contrary, heavy drinking is associated with reduced longevityand increased risk of a diversity of diseases. Unfortunately, there really can be too muchof a good thing.


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Whether or not to drink alcohol, especially for "medicinal purposes," requirescareful balancing of these benefits and risks.

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